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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

The joint capsule and joint laxity in dogs with hip dysplasia.

Present knowledge of the complexity of joint diseases makes it difficult to investigate the causes and early pathogenesis of canine hip dysplasia. Clinical signs of canine hip dysplasia including joint laxity may be a result of primary or secondary alterations of the joint. We already know that joint laxity is related to effusive synovitis (ie, accumulation of synovial fluid) and to other primary collagenous diseases. Canine hip dysplasia may be a third collagenous disease associated with joint laxity. This paper summarizes some of the studies that investigated the relationship between joint laxity and a defect in collagen metabolism and the influence that alterations in transsynovial flow have on joint laxity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparative study of the properties of the shoulder joint capsule with those of other joint capsules.

To compare the collagen structure of the shoulder joint with that of other joints, the collagen of shoulder, elbow, and hip joints was examined electron microscopically, electrophoretically, and by its response to mechanical stress. Collagen Types I, III, and V were common to joint capsules. Electron microscopy of shoulder and elbow joint capsules did not identify any structural difference. When subjected to a mechanical force, the shoulder joint showed a greater capacity to stretch than the elbow joint, and greater force was required to break the shoulder joint than the elbow joint.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The role of the distal radioulnar ligaments, interosseous membrane, and joint capsule in distal radioulnar joint stability.

The individual contribution of the distal radioulnar ligaments to dorsal and palmar translational stability during forearm rotation remains controversial. Furthermore, the role of the distal radioulnar joint capsule as a restraint and contributor to stability has not been investigated. A biomechanical study was performed in 11 fresh cadaver specimens to simultaneously measure dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligament tension. Joint rotation and radial translation were measured after sequential excision of the disk, interosseous membrane, joint capsule, and radioulnar ligaments. Results confirmed that the dorsal ligament tightens during pronation while the palmar ligament becomes progressively lax; the converse occurred during supination. Translational stability remained intact at all positions throughout the sectioning sequence until one of the radioulnar ligaments was sectioned. The most significant increases in translation occurred after sectioning the dorsal radioulnar ligament in pronation and after sectioning the palmar radioulnar ligament in supination. Forearm rotation increased significantly after excising either hemicapsule.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

The anterosuperior insertion of the temporomandibular joint capsule and condylar mobility in joints with and without internal derangement: a double-contrast arthrotomographic investigation.

The insertion of the anterior temporomandibular joint capsule at the temporal bone constitutes an anatomic boundary of the joint. When condylar translation exceeds this site, the joint is classified as hypermobile. In this study, the distance from the apex of the articular eminence to the antero-superior capsule insertion was assessed in double-contrast arthrotomograms from 192 joints with and without disc displacement. Maximum condylar translation was also measured. The insertion point of the antero-superior capsule was, on the average, located 4.4 mm (SD, 1.7 mm) anterior to the apex of the eminence, regardless of disc position. Hypermobility was present in 56 joints. Sixty-eight percent of the hypermobile joints had a reducing disc and 62% of all the joints with a reducing disc were hypermobile. In joints with permanent disc displacement, the condyle generally was halted posterior to the apex of the eminence, but could pass extensively anterior to it. Condylar hypermobility thus does not exclude the presence of a permanently displaced disc. In 71% of patients with hypermobility, the condition was bilateral. Because of the close topographic relationship between the joint and nerve branches in the anterior vicinity of the joint, a hypermobile condyle may mechanically irritate the masseteric and deep posterior temporal nerve branches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Quantification of mRNA levels in joint capsule and articular cartilage of the murine knee joint by RT-PCR: kinetics of stromelysin and IL-1 mRNA levels during arthritis.

We developed a method to isolate well defined joint specimens from different compartments of normal and arthritic murine knee joints in which mRNA levels of stromelysin and IL-1 were semiquantified using RT-PCR. Joint capsule specimens were isolated on medial and lateral sides of the patella with a biopsy punch. Cartilage layers were isolated from patellae after a mild decalcification with EDTA. EDTA treatment had no effect on the amount and efficiency of amplification of mRNA when tested on isolated chondrocytes. After induction of experimental arthritis, stromelysin mRNA was elevated approximately 50 times in both joint capsule and cartilage. IL-1 was elevated 100 times in joint capsule but only 10 times in cartilage. Kinetic analysis of mRNA levels in cartilage during arthritis showed a prolonged elevation of stromelysin mRNA compared to IL-1. The variation in mRNA levels between joints of individual mice proved to be low, showing that sampling of the specimens and subsequent RT-PCR can be performed reliably. The current method offers a valuable approach to study gene expression in knee joints during murine experimental arthritis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osteochondral fragments within the dorsal pouch or dorsal joint capsule of the proximal intertarsal joint of the horse.

The anatomy of the dorsal pouch of the proximal intertarsal joint (PIJ) and its communication with the tarsocrural joint (TCJ) was studied in 15 pairs of hocks from young and mature horses. The mediolateral length of the TCJ-PIJ fenestration was 14 to 29 mm. The potential volume of the dorsal pouch of the PIJ was 3 to 5 ml, and a recess extended 10 to 28 mm medial to the medial commissure of the TCJ-PIJ fenestration. In a correlated clinical study, osteochondral fragments were identified radiographically within the dorsal pouch (category 1) or dorsal joint capsule (category 2) of the PIJ in 17 horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the TCJ. In six horses with category 1 lesions, osteochondral fragments were found free within the dorsal pouch and were removed. In five horses, category 1 fragments were not located. All 11 horses were reported by owners to be sound after surgery. In seven horses, a minimally displaced fragment was identified at the distal aspect of the medial trochlear ridge, within the insertion of the synovium separating TCJ and PIJ (one horse had both types of lesions in the same hock). Five of the seven category 2 fragments were removed at surgery. Of the seven horses with category 2 lesions, four were training or racing, two were unsound, and one was still convalescing at the time of follow-up.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Distribution of collagens and glycosaminoglycans in the joint capsule of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the human finger.

BACKGROUND: The capsule of the proximal interphalangeal joint consists of the central slip of the extensor tendon dorsally, the collateral ligaments at the sides and the palmar ligament ventrally. Fibrocartilaginous menisci have been reported extending into the joint cavity and the central slip has a sesamoid fibrocartilage articulating with the proximal phalanx. This study relates ECM composition in the joint capsule to function. METHODS: Each part of the capsule from 24 fingers amputated because of trauma, carcinoma, isthaemia, fixed-flexion deformities or Dupuytren's contracture, was dissected out. Sections were prepared for routine histology or immunolabelled with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against collagens and glycosaminoglycans using the avidin/biotin/peroxidase procedure. RESULTS: All parts of the capsule consistently labelled for types I, III and VI collagens and for dermatan and keratan sulphate, though labelling was more pericellular in fibrocartilaginous regions. In contrast, only certain regions of the capsule in some fingers labelled for type II collagen, chondroitin 4 or 6 sulphate. The sesamoid fibrocartilage in the central slip showed the greatest degree of fibrocartilage differentiation, especially in fixed-flexion deformity fingers, and the palmar ligament the least. CONCLUSIONS: The immunolabelling patterns suggest that there is an ordered sequence of matrix changes accompanying fibrocartilage differentiation. Chondroitin sulphate-containing proteoglycans accumulate first, and type II collagen appears later. The presence or absence of type II collagen probably relates to different levels of compressive loading. No fibrocartilaginous menisci were found in normal joints and those described previously are regarded as synovial folds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Sensory properties of ankle joint capsule mechanoreceptors in acute monoarthritic chickens.

The physiological properties of joint capsule mechanoreceptors in the ankle joint of monoarthritic chickens were studied by recording the electrical activity from single sensory afferent nerve fibres dissected from the parafibular nerve. A monoarticular arthritis was induced by the intra-articular injection of Freund's complete adjuvant which resulted in an acute inflammatory condition and a very rapid onset of destructive cartilage damage. A detailed description of the anatomy in both the normal and arthritic joints was presented. It was considered that by day 3 after adjuvant injection there was a reproducible severe destructive arthropathy which was of value for investigating the physiological responses of the joint capsule receptors. The majority of receptor units identified were slowly adapting mechanoreceptors which were divided into groups III (CV: 2.5-20 m/sec) and IV (CV: < 2.5 m/sec) units. At least 3 significant differences were observed in the response characteristics of the joint capsule receptors from arthritic joints compared to those receptors found in normal joints. Firstly, there was an increase in receptive field size with 62% of group IV and 80% of group III units having large receptive fields. Secondly, there was a decrease in response threshold to mechanical stimulation of the joint capsule. Thirdly, a higher proportion of units responded to joint movement in the arthritic joints. These changes in sensitivity of the joint capsule receptors showed some similarities to adjuvant arthritis models in the rat and provide peripheral neural evidence for the possible painful consequences of the inflammatory arthropathies found in chicken.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

The cricoarytenoid joint capsule and its relevance to endotracheal intubation.

UNLABELLED: Impaired movement of the cricoarytenoid joint with hoarseness and immobility of the vocal ligament may occur as a consequence of endotracheal intubation. Little is known about the cricoarytenoid joint capsule and its role in intubation. We investigated the joint capsules of 48 cricoarytenoid joints by means of gross anatomy microscopy, histology, and scanning electron microscopy; 30 unfixed cadaver larynges were also subjected to attempts to simulate traumata such as those that may occur during intubation trials. The larynges were intubated with the arytenoid tip entering the lumen of the tracheal tube or extubated with the cuff of the tube only partially deflated. Subsequently, i.e., after dissecting the left and right cricoarytenoid joint from each larynx, the morphologic changes induced experimentally were analyzed by using histologic methods. The cricoarytenoid joint was found to be lined by a wide joint capsule. Unexpectedly large and intensively vascularized synovial folds projected into the joint cavity. After simulation of intubation and extubation, histologic analysis revealed injuries to the synovial folds and joint surface impressions, but no trauma or rupture of the outer joint capsule. We conclude that laxity of the joint capsule and the large synovial folds are predisposing factors for intubation trauma of the cricoarytenoid joint, potentially leading to hemarthros and finally to cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction. IMPLICATIONS: The present study illustrates by morphological investigations and intubation experiments that laxity of the joint capsule and large synovial folds are predisposing factors for intubation trauma of the cricoarytenoid joint, potentially leading to hemarthrosis and finally to cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[On the etiology of the loose shoulder--biochemical studies on collagen from joint capsules].

In order to investigate the etiology of loose shoulder, biochemical characteristics of collagens from four major joint capsules of extremities and from joint capsules of loose shoulder have been investigated. Joint capsules of normal shoulder were found to synthesize less collagen fibers comparing to those of other major joints. Furthermore formation of inter-molecular cross-links of collagen from shoulder joint capsule was relatively lower than that of collagens from other major joints. Noteworthy was the fact that collagen fibers from joint capsules of loose shoulder were more soluble and contain less amount of the reducible cross-links than those from joint capsules of the normal shoulder. These data suggest that collagen synthesis and formation of collagen fibers vary with the differences in joint structures, functions and movements. It may also be implied that the joint capsules of loose shoulder produce immature collagen fibers which may reflect the clinical feature of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Immunohistochemical approach for the investigation of nerve distribution in the shoulder joint capsule.

Twenty six shoulder joint capsules obtained from 13 autopsy cases were studied to evaluate the nerve distribution using immunohistochemical techniques. Immunohistochemical staining of polyclonal S-100 protein or protein gene product 9.5 was more sensitive, specific, and reproducible compared with conventional gold chloride methods. A small number of clustered nerve fibers were found in the superficial layer, and many nerve fibers with large diameters were found in anteroinferior portions of the deep layer. Nerve fibers of various sizes were more numerous in posterosuperior and anterosuperior portions of the boundary zone between labrum and capsule. A Pacinian corpuscle was clearly recognized in a capsule. In the central portion of the long head of some biceps brachii tendons, relatively large nerve fibers continued from capsules. The results suggest that the capsule and long head of the biceps brachii tendon may play a partial role in the stability of the shoulder joint through afferent feedback.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Mechanical states encoded by stretch-sensitive neurons in feline joint capsule.

1. The sensitivity of group II joint afferents innervating cat knee joint capsule to in-plane stretch was studied in vitro. Single afferents were recorded from teased filaments of the posterior articular nerve. The capsule was stretched by applying forces through tabs along the edges of the capsule (3 tabs/edge) with the use of an apparatus that allowed for independent control of each load. The relationships between the neural responses of these afferents and the local continuum mechanical state of the joint capsule have been investigated. By appropriately loading the tissue margins, it was possible to establish states of uniaxial and biaxial tension, including shear. 2. Plane stress was calculated from the loads along the tissue margins. Stress at the location of the mechanoreceptor ending was estimated by interpolation. Strain was calculated from deformations of the capsule measured by tracking markers on its surface. Full characterization of tissue stress and strain made it possible to determine strain energy density and the magnitudes of other coordinate invariant mechanical quantities. 3. Individual afferents (n = 15) exhibited pronounced selectivity to the direction of applied stress and strain. There was no overall preferred orientation across neurons, and simple correlation of individual stress or strain components with the neuronal response revealed no consistent relationship between neuronal response and any single tensor component. However, linear multiple regression of the combined stress and strain components with the neuronal response revealed high correlation (mean R = 0.91), indicating that the measured mechanical states strongly determine the neuronal response. There was a much stronger relationship between neuronal response and stress variables than with strain variables. Simple correlation of the first invariant of the stress tensor with neuronal response had the highest mean correlation of the tensor quantities (R = 0.51). On average, strain energy density was only modestly correlated with the neural response (R = 0.28). 4. These findings indicate that capsule mechanoreceptors are encoding the local continuum mechanical state in the joint capsule. The neural response of these mechanoreceptors is more strongly correlated to local stress than to local strain.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Quantitative examination of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibres in the cat knee joint capsule.

The knee joint of the cat has been used extensively to study the morphology and function of primary afferents in a deep somatic tissue. A proportion of these neurones synthesizes various neuropeptides, with calcitonin gene-related peptide being the most prominent. In the present study we examined the distribution and density of nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide within the medial articular capsule. The fibres were predominantly located in the superficial layer of the capsule. They formed a dense innervation pattern, mainly accompanying blood vessels. Electron microscopy showed that most fibres were in close proximity to small arteries. The highest innervation density was found in parts of the capsule that were located over the epicondyle of the femur with 21 +/- 12 fibres per mm2 (mean +/- SD). In the tissue over the joint cleft this density was lower, with 11 +/- 6 fibres per mm2. In conclusion, the high innervation density of the knee joint capsule by nerve fibres containing calcitonin gene-related peptide supports the hypothesis of an important regulatory function of this peptide in normal tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Sensory receptors in ankle joint capsules of normal and arthritic rats.

The responses of afferent fibers innervating the capsule of the ankle joint have been investigated in 34 normal and 19 arthritic anaesthetised rats. Afferent fiber diameter and conduction velocity were in the same range in normal and arthritic rats. All receptors examined were excited by mechanical stimulation of the joint capsule and the majority adapted slowly. A resting discharge was absent in normal rats in contrast to the arthritic animals where it was present in about 25% of the sample. The mechanical thresholds of the responses, measured using either von Frey hairs or the force transducer, ranged from 4.6 mN to 65 mN for 11 units recorded in normal and exceeded 80 mN for 11 others. For 30 units recorded in arthritic animals the thresholds ranged from 0.4 to 46 mN. When tested, pressure on the ankle or small degrees of flexion or extension produced a high rate of discharge in receptors of arthritics while similar stimuli were ineffective in normals. Repeated indentation at short intervals caused a progressive reduction in response to 10 to 15% of control values in normal and almost to extinction in arthritic rats. Recovery occurred within minutes in normals but was delayed in arthritics. These results suggest that the changes in responsiveness of somatosensory neurons and in behaviour, previously described in arthritic rats, can be partly accounted for in terms of the altered properties of the joint capsule receptors.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histologic evaluation of the glenohumeral joint capsule after the laser-assisted capsular shift procedure for glenohumeral instability.

Glenohumeral joint capsule obtained from 42 patients who had undergone an arthroscopic laser-assisted capsular shift procedure was evaluated histologically. A total of 53 samples from the anterior inferior glenohumeral ligament of the joint capsule were collected before and at various times after the procedure (range, 0 to 38 months). Despite glenohumeral instability, joint capsule of the patients before the procedure showed no significant histologic lesions. Laser treatment significantly altered the histologic properties of the tissue as evidenced by hyalinization of collagen and necrotic cells (time 0). Tissues sampled during the short-term period (3 to 6 months) after the procedure demonstrated fibrous connective tissue with reactive cells and vasculature. Collagen and cell morphology returned to normal in the middle- to long-term period (7 to 38 months) after the procedure, while the number of fibroblasts remained elevated. Joint capsule collected from the shoulders of six patients who experienced stiffness after the procedure showed persistent synovial, cellular, and vascular reaction even after 1 year postoperatively, the cause of which is unclear. This study revealed histologic evidence of robust tissue healing and maturation after thermal treatment by the laser-assisted capsular shift procedure, although mechanical and biochemical characterization of the tissue was not evaluated. Correlation with clinical follow-up must be performed to further clarify the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure.

Adult↗