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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

The joint capsule and joint laxity in dogs with hip dysplasia.

Present knowledge of the complexity of joint diseases makes it difficult to investigate the causes and early pathogenesis of canine hip dysplasia. Clinical signs of canine hip dysplasia including joint laxity may be a result of primary or secondary alterations of the joint. We already know that joint laxity is related to effusive synovitis (ie, accumulation of synovial fluid) and to other primary collagenous diseases. Canine hip dysplasia may be a third collagenous disease associated with joint laxity. This paper summarizes some of the studies that investigated the relationship between joint laxity and a defect in collagen metabolism and the influence that alterations in transsynovial flow have on joint laxity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bovine joint capsule and fibroblasts derived from joint capsule express aggrecanase activity.

Bovine joint capsule was maintained in explant culture in the presence of bovine aggrecan monomer and it was shown that the aggrecan monomer was degraded. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the resulting aggrecan core protein fragments revealed that the core protein was cleaved at five specific sites attributed to glutamyl endopeptidases referred to as aggrecanase activity. Fibroblast cultures were established from explant cultures of joint capsule and when these cells were exposed to aggrecan, cleavage of the core protein of aggrecan at the aggrecanase sites was observed. Inclusion of either retinoic acid or interleukin-1alpha in medium of either joint capsule explant cultures or fibroblast cultures did not increase the rate of cleavage of exogenous aggrecan present in the culture medium. When aggrecan monomer was incubated with conditioned medium from explant cultures of joint capsule maintained in medium, degradation could be detected after 10 min. After a 6-h incubation period the same fragments of aggrecan core protein were observed as those for tissue or cells incubated directly with aggrecan monomer. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA extracted from joint capsule fibroblasts showed that these cells express both aggrecanase-1 and -2 [ADAMTS-2 (Tang) and ADAMTS-5].

Aggrecans↗
PubMed1983

Comparative study of the properties of the shoulder joint capsule with those of other joint capsules.

To compare the collagen structure of the shoulder joint with that of other joints, the collagen of shoulder, elbow, and hip joints was examined electron microscopically, electrophoretically, and by its response to mechanical stress. Collagen Types I, III, and V were common to joint capsules. Electron microscopy of shoulder and elbow joint capsules did not identify any structural difference. When subjected to a mechanical force, the shoulder joint showed a greater capacity to stretch than the elbow joint, and greater force was required to break the shoulder joint than the elbow joint.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[The joint capsule of the cricoarytenoid joint: biomechanical and clinical aspects].

BACKGROUND: Impaired movement of the cricoarytenoid joint with hoarseness and immobility of the vocal ligament may occur as a consequence of laryngeal trauma and joint disease. Little is known to date about the cricoarytenoid joint capsule and its role in joint pathology. METHODS: The present study analyses the structure of the cricoarytenoid joint capsule by means of histological, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopical methods. Investigations are performed on larynges of 17 male and 16 female. RESULTS: The cricoarytenoid joint was found to be lined by a wide and lax joint capsule consisting of a fibrous and a synovial membrane. The capsule was strengthened posteriorly by the cricoarytenoid ligament. As like the fibrous membrane the cricoarytenoid ligament consisted mainly of collagen types I and III. Moreover the ligament was found to be rich in elastic fibers. Unexpected large and intensively vascularized synovial folds projected into the joint cavity. CONCLUSION: The capsule of the cricoarytenoid joint can be compared with the joint capsules of the limbs despite its structure and its involvement in joint pathology. Based on the laxity of the joint capsule it was concluded that invasive interventions at the respiratory tract with dislocation of the arytenoid cartilage can lead to incarceration of the synovial folds. After a trauma aero-synovitis or formation of hemarthrosis may occur, with subsequent fixation of the arytenoid in an abnormal position.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules.

Facet joint capsules (FJC) may experience large mechanical deformation under spine motion. There has been no previous quantitative study of the relationship between capsular strain and sensory nerve activation in spine FJC in vivo. Space limitation in the cervical spine makes such a study difficult, as the facet joint must be loaded while simultaneously monitoring nerve discharge from nerve roots immediately adjacent to the loaded tissue. A new methodology was developed to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules in vivo. The method incorporated a custom-fabricated testing frame for facet joint loading, a stereoimaging system, and a template-matching technique to obtain single afferent response. It was tested by loading goat C5-C6 FJC in vivo with simultaneous nerve root recordings and 3D strain tracking of the capsules. Preliminary data showed that 18 of 23 afferents (78.3%) were found to be mechanosensitive to tensile stretch, and five were not responsive, even under tensile load as high as 27.5 N. Mechanosensitive afferents in goat capsules had tensile strain thresholds of 0.119+/-0.080. Neural responses of all mechanosensitive units showed statistically significant correlations (all P<<0.05) with both capsular load (r(2)=0.744+/-0.109) and local strain (r(2)=0.868+/-0.088). This method enables the investigation of the correlation between tissue load, deformation and neural responses of mechanoreceptors in spine facet joint capsules, and can be adapted to investigate tissue loading and neural response of other soft tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of the distal radioulnar ligaments, interosseous membrane, and joint capsule in distal radioulnar joint stability.

The individual contribution of the distal radioulnar ligaments to dorsal and palmar translational stability during forearm rotation remains controversial. Furthermore, the role of the distal radioulnar joint capsule as a restraint and contributor to stability has not been investigated. A biomechanical study was performed in 11 fresh cadaver specimens to simultaneously measure dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligament tension. Joint rotation and radial translation were measured after sequential excision of the disk, interosseous membrane, joint capsule, and radioulnar ligaments. Results confirmed that the dorsal ligament tightens during pronation while the palmar ligament becomes progressively lax; the converse occurred during supination. Translational stability remained intact at all positions throughout the sectioning sequence until one of the radioulnar ligaments was sectioned. The most significant increases in translation occurred after sectioning the dorsal radioulnar ligament in pronation and after sectioning the palmar radioulnar ligament in supination. Forearm rotation increased significantly after excising either hemicapsule.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Neurophysiological and biomechanical characterization of goat cervical facet joint capsules.

Cervical facet joints have been implicated as a major source of pain after whiplash injury. We sought to identify facet joint capsule receptors in the cervical spine and quantify their responses to capsular deformation. The response of mechanosensitive afferents in C5-C6 facet joint capsules to craniocaudal stretch (0.5 mm/s) was examined in anaesthetized adult goats. Capsular afferents were characterized into Group III and IV based on their conduction velocity. Two-dimensional strains across the capsules during stretch were obtained by a stereoimaging technique and finite element modeling. 17 (53%) Group III and 14 (56%) Group IV afferents were identified with low strain thresholds of 0.107+/-0.033 and 0.100+/-0.046. A subpopulation of low-strain-threshold afferents had discharge rate saturation at the strains of 0.388+/-0.121 (n=9, Group III) and 0.341+/-0.159 (n=9, Group IV). Two (8%) Group IV units responded only to high strains (0.460+/-0.170). 15 (47%) Group III and 9 (36%) Group IV units could not be excited even by noxious capsular stretch. Simple linear regressions were conducted with capsular load and principal strain as independent variables and neural response of low-strain-threshold afferents as the dependent variable. Correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.73+/-0.11 with load, and 0.82+/-0.12 with principal strain. The stiffness of the C5-C6 capsules was 16.8+/-11.4 N/mm. Our results indicate that sensory receptors in cervical facet joint capsules are not only capable of signaling a graded physiological mechanical stimulus, but may also elicit pain sensation under excessive deformation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Joint capsule matrix turnover in a rabbit model of chronic joint contractures: Correlation with human contractures.

To evaluate changes in matrix molecules of the joint capsule, the right knees of 24 skeletally mature female NZW rabbits were immobilized while the contralateral limb served as an unoperated control. The immobilization was discontinued at 8 weeks and the rabbits were divided among four groups (n = 6) based on the number of weeks the right knees were remobilized: 0, 8, 16, or 32. Three rabbits (six knees) that did not have operations provided normal control joint capsules. The mRNA levels for collagen types I, II, and III, and MMP-1 and -13 were significantly increased in the joint capsules of the contracture knees in all groups when compared to normal and contralateral limb joint capsules. In contrast, the mRNA levels for TIMP-1, -2, and -3 were decreased in the joint capsules of the contracture knees in all groups when compared to normal and contralateral limb joint capsules. The mRNA levels for lumican and decorin were increased in the joint capsules of the contracture knees in all groups when compared to normal capsules. Many of the changes observed in this animal model are similar to those observed in human joint capsules from posttraumatic elbow contractures, supporting the value of this rabbit model.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Demonstration of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and protein gene product 9.5 containing nerve fibers in human cervical facet joint capsules.

STUDY DESIGN: Human cervical facet joint capsules were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. OBJECTIVES: To study the neuropeptide innervation of the cadaveric cervical facet joint capsules. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Various clinical and biomechanical studies indicate a role for cervical facet joint capsules in the etiology of neck pain. However, studies on innervation of these capsules are very limited. There is also a dearth of studies on the neuropeptide nature of this innervation. METHODS: Facet joint capsules harvested from unembalmed cadavers were studied by the avidin biotin peroxidase method for the presence of nerve fibers. Neuropeptide innervation was investigated by using antisera to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Antisera to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, were also used. RESULTS: In a study of 12 human cervical facet joint capsules, short segments of substance P were observed in 6 capsules, while fibers reactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide were demonstrated in 7 capsules. Nerve fibers immunoreactive to protein gene product 9.5 were also observed in 9 of the 14 capsules studied. Protein gene product 9.5 reactive fibers were the most extensively distributed fibers, observed as bundles and also as single fibers. CONCLUSIONS: An abundance of protein gene product 9.5 reactive nerve fibers indicates an extensive innervation of the cervical facet joint capsules. The presence of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide reactive nerve fibers in a population of these lends credence to cervical facet joint capsules as a key source of neck pain.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[10 years experience with denervation of the hip joint capsule for treatment of canine hip joint dysplasia and arthrosis].

Denervation of the canine hip joint capsule is described as a surgical therapy method in the treatment of canine hip joint dysplasia and arthrosis. The goal of this operation is a removal of the pain immediately and a reactivation of the dynamic active component of the hip joint in moving the body forward. Simple removal of the periosteum of the craniolateral acetabulum edge destroys the rami articulares of the cranial glutaeal nerve and the rami articulares dorsalis of the sciatic nerve. Within 10 years now we performed the denervation of the canine hip joint capsule. Evaluation of the post operative clinical course in 269 cases revealed an impressive improvement of lameness due to pain relief in almost 92% of the cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The anterosuperior insertion of the temporomandibular joint capsule and condylar mobility in joints with and without internal derangement: a double-contrast arthrotomographic investigation.

The insertion of the anterior temporomandibular joint capsule at the temporal bone constitutes an anatomic boundary of the joint. When condylar translation exceeds this site, the joint is classified as hypermobile. In this study, the distance from the apex of the articular eminence to the antero-superior capsule insertion was assessed in double-contrast arthrotomograms from 192 joints with and without disc displacement. Maximum condylar translation was also measured. The insertion point of the antero-superior capsule was, on the average, located 4.4 mm (SD, 1.7 mm) anterior to the apex of the eminence, regardless of disc position. Hypermobility was present in 56 joints. Sixty-eight percent of the hypermobile joints had a reducing disc and 62% of all the joints with a reducing disc were hypermobile. In joints with permanent disc displacement, the condyle generally was halted posterior to the apex of the eminence, but could pass extensively anterior to it. Condylar hypermobility thus does not exclude the presence of a permanently displaced disc. In 71% of patients with hypermobility, the condition was bilateral. Because of the close topographic relationship between the joint and nerve branches in the anterior vicinity of the joint, a hypermobile condyle may mechanically irritate the masseteric and deep posterior temporal nerve branches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Anatomical composition of the anterior shoulder joint capsule. A cadaver study on 12 glenohumeral joints.

Twelve right cadaver shoulder joints were investigated after alcohol-formalin-glycerol fixation. The tendons of the "rotator cuff" were separated from the joint capsule. The capsulo-ligamentous structures: Lig. coracohumerale, Lig. coracoglenoidale and Ligg. glenohumeralia were dissected. In addition to the Ligg. glenohumerale superius, medium et inferius, an "unknown glenohumeral ligament" coursed in the midline of the superficial layer of the anterior shoulder joint capsule. It arose from the axillary part of the Lig. glenohumerale inferius and the insertion tendon of the Caput longum m. tricipitis brachii, coursed upwards laterally and fused with the Lig. glenohumerale medium. Between the Ligg. glenohumerale medium et inferius it was connected with the shoulder joint capsule by loose connective tissue. Craniolaterally it melted into the superior portion of the M. subscapularis and inserted together with its tendon to the Tuberculum minus of the Humerus. The ascending fibres of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" and the oblique, descending fibres of the Ligg. glenohumeralia medium et inferius crossed twice and formed X-shape connections between the ligaments. In external rotation and abduction or anteversion the course of fibres of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" was spiral. According to the shape and anatomical position of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" we propose to name it "Lig. glenohumerale spirale".

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Quantification of mRNA levels in joint capsule and articular cartilage of the murine knee joint by RT-PCR: kinetics of stromelysin and IL-1 mRNA levels during arthritis.

We developed a method to isolate well defined joint specimens from different compartments of normal and arthritic murine knee joints in which mRNA levels of stromelysin and IL-1 were semiquantified using RT-PCR. Joint capsule specimens were isolated on medial and lateral sides of the patella with a biopsy punch. Cartilage layers were isolated from patellae after a mild decalcification with EDTA. EDTA treatment had no effect on the amount and efficiency of amplification of mRNA when tested on isolated chondrocytes. After induction of experimental arthritis, stromelysin mRNA was elevated approximately 50 times in both joint capsule and cartilage. IL-1 was elevated 100 times in joint capsule but only 10 times in cartilage. Kinetic analysis of mRNA levels in cartilage during arthritis showed a prolonged elevation of stromelysin mRNA compared to IL-1. The variation in mRNA levels between joints of individual mice proved to be low, showing that sampling of the specimens and subsequent RT-PCR can be performed reliably. The current method offers a valuable approach to study gene expression in knee joints during murine experimental arthritis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osteochondral fragments within the dorsal pouch or dorsal joint capsule of the proximal intertarsal joint of the horse.

The anatomy of the dorsal pouch of the proximal intertarsal joint (PIJ) and its communication with the tarsocrural joint (TCJ) was studied in 15 pairs of hocks from young and mature horses. The mediolateral length of the TCJ-PIJ fenestration was 14 to 29 mm. The potential volume of the dorsal pouch of the PIJ was 3 to 5 ml, and a recess extended 10 to 28 mm medial to the medial commissure of the TCJ-PIJ fenestration. In a correlated clinical study, osteochondral fragments were identified radiographically within the dorsal pouch (category 1) or dorsal joint capsule (category 2) of the PIJ in 17 horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the TCJ. In six horses with category 1 lesions, osteochondral fragments were found free within the dorsal pouch and were removed. In five horses, category 1 fragments were not located. All 11 horses were reported by owners to be sound after surgery. In seven horses, a minimally displaced fragment was identified at the distal aspect of the medial trochlear ridge, within the insertion of the synovium separating TCJ and PIJ (one horse had both types of lesions in the same hock). Five of the seven category 2 fragments were removed at surgery. Of the seven horses with category 2 lesions, four were training or racing, two were unsound, and one was still convalescing at the time of follow-up.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Distribution of collagens and glycosaminoglycans in the joint capsule of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the human finger.

BACKGROUND: The capsule of the proximal interphalangeal joint consists of the central slip of the extensor tendon dorsally, the collateral ligaments at the sides and the palmar ligament ventrally. Fibrocartilaginous menisci have been reported extending into the joint cavity and the central slip has a sesamoid fibrocartilage articulating with the proximal phalanx. This study relates ECM composition in the joint capsule to function. METHODS: Each part of the capsule from 24 fingers amputated because of trauma, carcinoma, isthaemia, fixed-flexion deformities or Dupuytren's contracture, was dissected out. Sections were prepared for routine histology or immunolabelled with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against collagens and glycosaminoglycans using the avidin/biotin/peroxidase procedure. RESULTS: All parts of the capsule consistently labelled for types I, III and VI collagens and for dermatan and keratan sulphate, though labelling was more pericellular in fibrocartilaginous regions. In contrast, only certain regions of the capsule in some fingers labelled for type II collagen, chondroitin 4 or 6 sulphate. The sesamoid fibrocartilage in the central slip showed the greatest degree of fibrocartilage differentiation, especially in fixed-flexion deformity fingers, and the palmar ligament the least. CONCLUSIONS: The immunolabelling patterns suggest that there is an ordered sequence of matrix changes accompanying fibrocartilage differentiation. Chondroitin sulphate-containing proteoglycans accumulate first, and type II collagen appears later. The presence or absence of type II collagen probably relates to different levels of compressive loading. No fibrocartilaginous menisci were found in normal joints and those described previously are regarded as synovial folds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Sensory properties of ankle joint capsule mechanoreceptors in acute monoarthritic chickens.

The physiological properties of joint capsule mechanoreceptors in the ankle joint of monoarthritic chickens were studied by recording the electrical activity from single sensory afferent nerve fibres dissected from the parafibular nerve. A monoarticular arthritis was induced by the intra-articular injection of Freund's complete adjuvant which resulted in an acute inflammatory condition and a very rapid onset of destructive cartilage damage. A detailed description of the anatomy in both the normal and arthritic joints was presented. It was considered that by day 3 after adjuvant injection there was a reproducible severe destructive arthropathy which was of value for investigating the physiological responses of the joint capsule receptors. The majority of receptor units identified were slowly adapting mechanoreceptors which were divided into groups III (CV: 2.5-20 m/sec) and IV (CV: < 2.5 m/sec) units. At least 3 significant differences were observed in the response characteristics of the joint capsule receptors from arthritic joints compared to those receptors found in normal joints. Firstly, there was an increase in receptive field size with 62% of group IV and 80% of group III units having large receptive fields. Secondly, there was a decrease in response threshold to mechanical stimulation of the joint capsule. Thirdly, a higher proportion of units responded to joint movement in the arthritic joints. These changes in sensitivity of the joint capsule receptors showed some similarities to adjuvant arthritis models in the rat and provide peripheral neural evidence for the possible painful consequences of the inflammatory arthropathies found in chicken.

Acute Disease↗