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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia Var. cordiformis) and Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.).

The polyphenolic compositions of three heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) varieties (Imshu, Campbell CW1, and Campbell CW3) were examined and compared with those of two Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties (Combe and Lake). The nuts were defatted, extracted, and separated into three different fractions, the free phenolic acid (FPA), acid-hydrolyzable phenolic acid (AHPA), and bound phenolic acid (BPA) fractions. The total phenolic contents (TPCs) in both FPA and AHPA of the Persian walnuts were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those of the heartnuts, but not in the BPA (P = 0.20). LC-ESI-MS(n)() studies revealed that except for the FPA fraction, the major polyphenolics in both heartnut and Persian walnut were ellagic acid and valoneic acid dilactone. Persian walnuts contained an average of 0.29 and 1.31 mg of ellagic acid/g nut in the 80% methanol extractable fractions FPA and AHPA, respectively. Heartnuts contained an average of 0.16 and 0.60 mg of ellagic acid/g nut in the respective fractions. Bound ellagic acid in the residue was 0.93 and 0.70 mg/g of nut in the Persian walnut and in the heartnut, respectively. Valoneic acid dilactone was tentatively identified and quantified as milligrams of ellagic acid equivalent per gram of nut. These components were found to contribute to the strong total antioxidant activities measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power and photochemiluminescence methods.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2005

Studies on the constituents of Juglans species. I. Structural determination of (4S)- and (4R)-4-hydroxy-alpha-tetralone derivatives from the fruit of Juglans mandshurica MAXIM. var. sieboldiana MAKINO.

Four enantiomerically pure new alpha-tetralones, (4S)- and (4R)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-alpha-tetralones and (4S)- and (4R)-5,8-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-alpha-tetralones were isolated, together with five known ones, (4S)- and (4R)-4,8-dihydroxy-alpha-tetralones, (4S)-4,8-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-alpha-tetralone and (4S)- and (4R)-4-hydroxy-alpha-tetralones, from the fruit of Juglans mandshurica MAXIM. var. sieboldiana MAKINO. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first isolation of the (4R)-4-hydroxy-alpha-tetralone derivative from Juglans species.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Extensive in vitro cross-reactivity to seed storage proteins is present among walnut (Juglans) cultivars and species.

BACKGROUND: Tree nuts, including English walnuts (Juglans regia), are sources of food allergens often associated with life-threatening allergic reactions. It is unknown if seed storage proteins from other Juglans species have IgE epitopes similar to those of the important English walnut allergens, Jug r 1 (2S albumin) and Jug r 2 (vicilin-like). OBJECTIVE: To screen for potential germplasm sources of hypoallergenic seed storage proteins of relevance in walnut food allergy. We sought to identify English walnut cultivars (cvs) or other Juglans species that showed decreased IgE binding to major seed storage proteins or an inability to cross-react with Jug r 1 or Jug r 2. METHODS: We determined if IgE in sera of patients who have had life-threatening systemic reactions to English walnut bound protein extracts from all tested walnut cvs (57 cvs total) or species (six) by Western immunoblot. Further, we used immunoblot inhibition to determine the in vitro cross-reactivity of Jug r 1 and Jug r 2, native and recombinant, with several walnut species. RESULTS: All walnut cvs and species contain allergenic proteins. Furthermore, as shown by in vitro immunoblot inhibition, the major walnut allergens in the species tested cross-reacted with those in J. regia cv. Chandler and J. nigra cv. Thomas extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, it is unlikely that a composite hypoallergenic walnut could be bred from available germplasm. In addition, patients with severe allergy to English walnut are likely to be clinically allergic to all commercial English walnut cvs and other closely related Juglans species.

2S Albumins, Plant↗

PubMed2005

The antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts to acne-developing organisms.

This study aims to present the in vitro inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts on the main developer of acne lesions, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and other organisms that are isolated from acne lesions. Thirty-eight subjects (males and females) who had various types of acne were enrolled in the study. The contents of the acne lesions were cultured and the frequency of P. acnes (alone and with Staphylococci spp.) was 47%, whereas the frequencies for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were 13% and 24%, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts, determined by disk diffusion method (zone of inhibition), were compared to tea tree oil (TTO), doxycycline and clindamycin antibiotics. The zones of inhibition due to the Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts ranged from 15.8-17.6 mm against P. acnes, 11.3-15.7 mm against S. aureus and 12.9-15.5 mm against S. epidermidis, respectively. These zones of inhibition were significantly higher than those of TTO and equivalent in case of Staphylococci spp., but less in case of P. acnes, to those obtained from doxycycline or clindamycin. It can be concluded that Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts may be beneficial in treating acne especially when they are known to have anti-inflammatory activities.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed2000

Phylogeny and biogeography of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and ITS sequence data.

We investigated phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within Juglans (walnuts), a Tertiary disjunct genus, using 15 species of Juglans and related (Juglandaceae) outgroups. The relationships were analyzed using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matK and its flanking spacers and of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The DNA sequences provided 246 informative characters for parsimony analysis. ITS data supported as monophyletic groups the four generic sections, Cardiocaryon, Dioscaryon, Rhysocaryon, and Trachycaryon. Within Rhysocaryon, the temperate black walnuts and the tropical black walnuts were supported as monophyletic groups. When the two data sets were combined, J. cinerea was nested within Cardiocaryon. Combined analysis with published nuclear DNA restriction site data placed J. cinerea in a monophyletic group with Cardiocaryon. These analyses consistently supported Juglans as a monophyletic group and as the sister group to the genus Pterocarya. The results of this work are consistent with the known geological history of Juglans. The fossil record suggests that the butternuts had evolved by the early Oligocene in North America. The presence of butternuts in Eurasia could be the result of migration from North America to Eurasia during the warming trend of the mid Oligocene.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

[Characteristics of available P in the rhizosphere soil in pure Juglans mandshurica and Larix gmelinii and their mixed plantation].

The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were sampled in the pure and mixed plantations of Juglans mandshurica and Larix gmelinii by peeling the adhering soil of the roots, and the available P content were analyzed. The results showed that the available P content in the rhizosphere soil in the pure Larix gmelinii was 55.8% higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil, while the available P content in the pure Juglans mandshurica was higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil by 10.1%. The roots of Larix gmelinii had important effect on mobilizing P in the rhizosphere soil. The available P content in rhizosphere soil of Juglans mandshurica in the mixed plantation was higher than that in the pure plantation by 45.2% due to the effects of the roots of Larix gmelinii. The mechanism by which the available P content in the rhizosphere soil of Larix gmelinii was much higher was elucidated by means of P absorption, P desorption, and inorganic P gradation.

Juglans↗

PubMed2006

Flowering phenology and wind-pollination efficacy of heterodichogamous Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Heterodichogamy differs from normal dichogamy, in that it involves two mating types (protogyny and protandry) that occur at a 1 : 1 ratio in a population. Flowering phases of the two mating types are synchronized and reciprocal, which was considered to ensure between-type outcrossing. This study aims to quantify the flowering pattern and pollination efficacy in Juglans mandshurica, a wind-pollinated heterodichogamous tree. METHODS: The pattern of flowering phenology was monitored within individual trees and pollen traps were used to measure air-borne pollen loads during the spring in 2003 and 2004. Pollen longevity was determined by staining technique. Also a pollen supplementation experiment was performed in 2004 to assess pollen limitation of fruit production. KEY RESULTS: There was no overlap between sexual functions within individual trees. Flowering periods of the two mating types were reciprocal and synchronous in both 2003 and 2004. Air-borne pollen loads were large, and protogynous and protandrous individuals each produced a high pollination peak, consistent with the two blooming periods. Maximum pollen longevity was about 4 h for protandrous individuals, and 3 h for protogynous individuals. Pollen supplementation did not increase fruit production in either protogynous or protandrous individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Heterodichogamous flowering in Juglans mandshurica effectively avoids selfing, promotes between-type outcrossing, and leads to efficient pollination in a natural population.

Breeding↗

PubMed2006

Improving disease resistance of butternut (Juglans cinerea), a threatened fine hardwood: a case for single-tree selection through genetic improvement and deployment.

Approaches for the development of disease-resistant butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) are reviewed. Butternut is a threatened fine hardwood throughout its natural range in eastern North America because of the invasion of the exotic fungus, Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Nair, Kostichka and Kuntz, which causes butternut canker. Early efforts were made to identify and collect putatively resistant germ plasm, identify vectors and to characterize the disease. More recently, molecular techniques have been employed to genetically characterize both the pathogen and the resistant germ plasm. Much of the host resistance may originate from hybridization with a close Asian relative, Japanese walnut (Juglans ailanthifolia Carr.), and from a few natural phenotypic variants. Further genetic characterization is needed before classical breeding or genetic modification can be used to produce canker-resistant trees.

Genetic Engineering↗

PubMed1996

First findings of plum pox virus in walnut trees (Juglans Regia L.)

Plum pox virus (PPV) was transmitted from infected buds and leaves of walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) on the following herbaceous indicators: Chenopodium foetidum Schrad., Nicotiana bigelovii var. quadrivalvis Fuchs., N. clevelandii x N. glutinosa. A positive ELISA reaction with antisera against PPV was obtained from infected buds and leaves of Juglans regia L. and from attacked leaves of indicator plants.

Antigens, Viral↗

PubMed2003

Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.).

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a plant that has significant economical value and medicinal importance for human health. It is consumed in large quantities by people, therefore, it has a very important place in the public nutritive habits. Turkey has a very good walnut population of walnut varieties when compared to other parts of the world. Our objective was to investigate kernel properties and fatty acid composition, proximate composition and minerals of genotypes that are commonly grown in Turkey. Investigated genotypes were Sebin-Type-I, Körcegöz, Karabodur, Tozam and Güvenli. Physical properties are attributed to quality criteria of nuts. Sebin Type-I and Güvenli showed a good quality according to the test results. Average fatty acid compositions of genotypes (%) were 16:0; 6.88, 18:0; 7.50, 18:1; 21.16, 18.2; 43.41, 18:3; 6.25: 20:0; 11.75 for Sebin-Type-I, Körcegöz, Karabodur, Tozani and Güvenli, respectively. Proximate compounds (%) were: protein, 13.77; ash, 1.81; moisture, 2.98; fat, 62.84; total carbohydrate, 18.67. Average mineral contents (mg/100 g) were: P, 316.0; K, 270.0; Ca, 85.0; Mg, 90.0; Zn, 2.01; Mn, 2.46; Cu, 1.01; Fe, 2.90; B, 1.03.

Fatty Acids↗

PubMed2002

Anti-human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 activity of constituents from Juglans mandshurica.

Three naphthalene glycosides (1-3), four flavonoids (4-7), and two galloyl glycosides (8-9) were isolated from the stem-bark of Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). Their structures were determined by chemical and spectral means, including to 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) experiments. Amongst the isolated compounds, taxifolin (4) showed the most potent HIV-induced cytopethic activity against MT-4 cells with complete inhibitory concentration (IC100) value of 25 microg/ml and maximum cytotoxic concentration (CC100) value of above 100 microg/ml. However, naphthalene glycosides (1-3), flavonoids (5-7), and galloyl tannins (8-9) were inactive against anti-HIV-1 activity.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMed2003

DNA topoisomerases I and II inhibitory activity of constituents isolated from Juglans mandshurica.

Nine diarylheptanoids (1-9), one triterpene (10), one sesquiterpenoid (11), one naphthoquinone (12), four tetralones (13-16), one naphthalene carboxylic acid glucoside (17) and six naphthalenyl glycosides (18-23) were isolated from the roots of Juglans mandshurica Maximowicz (Juglandaceae), and their structures determined from the chemical and spectral data. Here, we report the inhibitory effects, on the DNA topoisomerases I and II activities, of all these compounds. Compounds 10 and 23 showed more potent inhibitory effects, on the DNA topoisomerases I and II (94.0 and 86.0% inhibitions at the concentration of 5 microg/mL, respectively), than the positive control compounds, camptothecin and etoposide.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective constituents from the leaves of Juglans sinensis.

In the course of searching for hepatoprotective agents from natural products, six compounds were isolated from the MeOH extract of the leaves of Juglans sinensis, as guided by their DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The structures were determined as juglanoside B (1), quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (avicularin, 2), quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (guaijaverin, 3), quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (quercitrin, 4), (+)-catechin (5) and quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (hyperin, 6). Compounds 2-6 showed significant DPPH free radical scavenging effects. An evaluation for the hepatoprotective activity of the isolated compounds on drug-induced cytotoxicity was conducted, and compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed protective effects against nitrofurantoin-induced cytotoxicity, and compound 5 also exhibited a moderate protective effect on amiodarone-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2003

Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia L.).

Three hydrolyzable tannins, glansrins A-C, together with adenosine, adenine, and 13 known tannins were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of walnuts (the seeds of Juglans regia L.). Glansrins A-C were characterized as ellagitannins with a tergalloyl group, or related polyphenolic acyl group, based on spectral and chemical evidence. The 14 walnut polyphenols had superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity with EC(50) 21.4-190 microM and a remarkable radical scavenging effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (EC(50) 0.34-4.72 microM).

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed2002

Effects of Juglans sinensis Dode extract and antioxidant on mercury chloride-induced acute renal failure in rabbits.

This study was undertaken to determine if Juglans sinensis Dode, an oriental medicinal herb, extract (JSE) and antioxidant exert beneficial effect against mercury-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Acute renal failure was induced by subcutaneous injection of mercury chloride (10 mg/kg), and animals were pretreated with JSE (0.1 g/kg, orally) for 7 days or N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (0.5 g/kg, i.p.) 24 h prior to the injection of mercury chloride. Urine and blood samples were collected for 24 h before (the basal period) and after the administration of mercury chloride. Urine volume and GFR in mercury chloride-injected animals were decreased as compared with the basal values, which were accompanied by the increase in serum creatinine levels and fractional excretion of Na(+), indicating that the administration of mercury chloride produces acute renal failure. p-Aminohippurate uptake by renal cortical slices was inhibited by mercury chloride injection. Mercury chloride treatment in vivo increased lipid peroxidation in renal cortical tissues. Such changes were significantly prevented by JSE pretreatment. Mercury chloride-induced acute renal failure was also prevented by an antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. Mercury chloride treatment in vitro increased lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation in renal cortical slices, which were prevented by JSE. These results indicate that JSE exerts the beneficial effect against mercury chloride-induced acute renal failure and its effect may be due to antioxidant action. In addition, these results suggest that lipid peroxidation is responsible for the cell injury induced by mercury chloride in vivo and in vitro.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed2003

Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability, and nutritional value of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal.

Six cultivars (Franquette, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise, Lara, and Parisienne) of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) were collected during the 2001 crop, from Bragança, Portugal. Chemical composition, including moisture, total oil content, crude protein, ash, carbohydrates, and nutritional value, was evaluated. Fat was the predominant component, ranging from 62.3 to 66.5%. Total oil was extracted and analyzed for fatty acids, sterols, oxidative stability, and peroxide value. Fatty acids and sterols were determined by gas-liquid chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector. Eighteen fatty acids were quantified. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, linoleic acid were predominant. Beta-Sitosterol, delta(5)-avenasterol, and campesterol were the major sterols found. Differences were observed among the studied cultivars, especially in peroxide values and in the sterol profile.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2004

Triacylglycerol composition of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars: characterization by HPLC-ELSD and chemometrics.

A total of 26 walnut (Juglans regia L.) samples from 9 cultivars (Arco, Franquette, Hartley, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise, Parisienne, and Rego) harvested in the 2001, 2002, and 2003 crop years and grown in two geographical origins (Braganca and Coimbra, Portugal) were evaluated with regard to their triacylglycerol composition. The methodology employed was reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an evaporative light-scattering detector (RP-HPLC-ELSD) after extraction of the lipidic fraction of the nuts. Nine compounds were separated, identified, and quantified. All samples presented an identical qualitative profile composed by LLnLn, LLLn, LLL, OLLn, OLL, PLL, OOL, and PLO (P = palmitoyl; O = oleoyl; L = linoleoyl; Ln = linonenoyl). Trilinolein (LLL) was the major triglyceride, followed by dilinoeoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (OLL) and dilinoleoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (LLLn), with mean values of 37.7, 18.5, and 18.4%, respectively. Significant differences in composition were found between cultivars, and these differences were also significant when cultivars were grouped by year of production, showing that besides genetic factors, the triacylglycerol composition can be strongly influenced by environmental factors.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2005

Vitamin E composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.): a 3-year comparative study of different cultivars.

The tocopherol and tocotrienol composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) was determined for nine cultivars (cvs. Arco, Franquette, Hartley, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise, Parisienne, and Rego). Walnuts were harvested over three consecutive years from two different geographical origins (Bragança and Coimbra, Portugal), for a total of 26 samples. The methodology employed was a normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a series arrangement of a diode array detector followed by a fluorescence detector, allowing the simultaneous analysis of all tocopherols and tocotrienols. The analyses showed that all samples presented a similar qualitative profile composed of five compounds: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, and gamma-tocotrienol. gamma-Tocopherol was the major compound in all samples, ranging from 172.6 to 262.0 mg/kg, followed by alpha- and delta-tocopherols, ranging from 8.7 to 16.6 mg/kg and from 8.2 to 16.9 mg/kg, respectively. Multivariate analysis of the data obtained showed the existence of significant differences in composition among cultivars. These differences were also significant when cultivars were grouped by year of production, showing that besides genetic factors, the vitamin E composition was influenced by environmental factors.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗