Kentucky Medical Insurance Company: an investment in the future of Kentucky medicine.
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Discrepancies Between strong immunochemical relations of S. typhimurium and S. kentucky and their behaviour "in vivo".
Proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. kentucky strongly cross-precipitated against sera prepared in rabbits with the respective strains; agglutinations paralleled the precipitations. The related antigens were, however, not involved in "in vivo" cross-protections. Mice immunized with proteins from S. kentucky resisted the toxicity of the homologous strain and that of a concentration of S. emek which killed the controls but did not survive the infection with 1LD100 of S. typhimurium. There was a long delay in the death of those mice infected with S. typhimurium while the mice immunized with S. typhimurium proteins were killed by the toxicity of 1LD100 S. kentucky, like the controls, within 20 hours. The results strikingly underline the specificity of host-parasite relations and the need for circumspection when involving common antigens in either virulence or toxicity.
Animals↗
Immunochemistry of S. kentucky (8.20); its relations with S. emek (8.20), S. virginia (8) and S. newport (6.8).
Immunochemical studies of S. kentucky showed that the strain has an identical polysaccharide with S. emek with which it shares the same "O" factors 8.20, and a common proteinic carrier of the polysaccharide. Absorptions of anti-S. kentucky sera with proteins from S. virginia ("O" factor 8) did not influence the homologous precipitations or agglutinations, nor the cross-reactions with S. emek. In contrast, the absorptions of the anti-S. Kentucky sera with proteins from S. newport (6.8) caused a conspicuous modification in the precipitations of S. emek proteins against the absorbed serum; this coincided with a drastic fall in the agglutinating titer for the heterologous S. emek strain while the homologous agglutination was unchanged. The results underlined the role of the specific proteins as agglutinogens and, in addition, sustain Kauffmann's recommendation for the preparation of the, empirically established, monofactor serum 20.
Agglutination↗
Nitrogen fixation associated with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.).
Associative nitrogen fixation in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turfs inoculated with five nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the acetylene reduction assay and nitrogen accumulation as indicators of fixation. 'Park' and 'Nugget' Kentucky bluegrass turfs were grown in controlled environment chambers and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W-2, W-6, and W-14), Erwinia herbicola (W-8), and Enterobacter cloacae (W-11). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had significant acetylene reduction activity using undisturbed turfs. Other treatments including turfs treated with heat-killed cells had no significant difference in acetylene reduction. In a second study, "Park' and 'South Dakota Certified' turfs were grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) and E. herbicola (W-8). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had increased acetylene reduction activity rates and also a greater nitrogen accumulation in aerial tissues when compared to controls. Acetylene reduction activity was correlated (r = 0.92) to nitrogen accumulation. Other treatments did not effectively increase acetylene reduction activity or nitrogen accumulation.
Acetylene↗
Kentucky Appalachian goiter without iodine deficiency. Evidence for evanescent thyroiditis.
In Breathitt County, Kentucky, an Appalachian Mountain community, 1,267 children were examined to determine goiter prevalence. Matched pairs of 82 goitrous and nongoitrous children were reexamined six months later for family history, urinary iodine excretion, serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, protein-bound iodine, thyrotropin, and thyroid autoantibodies. Goiter prevalence was 8.4%. Iodine deficiency was not found. Thyroid stimulating hormone levels were higher in the goitrous group. Microsomal autoantibody titers were elevated in 20% of the children with goiters vs 6% of controls (P less than .05). Fluorescent antibodies were associated with positive microsomal (P less than .01) but not with positive tanned RBC autoantibodies. Unexpectedly, on repeat examination, goiter was absent in 17 (21%) of the originally goitrous group, but was now present in 22 (25%) of the controls. We concluded that while evolving thyroiditis is common in Appalachian children, it does not explain all goiters in an area of abundant iodine intake and known familial goiter.
Adolescent↗
Regional genomic analysis of lineage distribution and transferable multidrug resistance among chicken-associated Salmonella Kentucky isolates in China.
Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky is an important multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogen in the poultry meat supply chain. Although recent broader genomic studies have elucidated the population structure and epidemiological significance of major lineages in China (e.g., ST198 and ST314), the regional dynamics within local poultry supply chains remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, 31 chicken meat-derived isolates from Shanghai and 39 publicly available genomes from China were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, conjugation experiments, and complete sequencing of representative plasmids. This enabled a systematic characterization of the molecular epidemiological features of the population and the mechanisms underlying resistance dissemination. Population genomic analysis revealed a lineage composition markedly different from the global epidemiological pattern: ST314 was the predominant sequence type among the Shanghai chicken-derived isolates (74.2%), whereas the internationally recognized high-risk clone ST198 accounted for only 25.8% of the local isolates. However, risk stratification analysis indicated that although ST198 was detected less frequently, it carried a significantly greater burden of acquired resistance genes and therefore represented a higher-risk resistant lineage. Functional and structural validation further elucidated the molecular basis of resistance dissemination within this high-risk lineage. Conjugation experiments confirmed the co-transfer of a multidrug resistance module carrying blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-267 to the recipient strain Escherichia coli J53. Complete plasmid analysis revealed that these two β-lactam resistance genes were co-localized on a 242-kb transferable plasmid flanked by Tn1331, Tn3, and multiple transposase-associated elements, thereby providing a structural basis for their horizontal transfer. This study provides important molecular epidemiological evidence for lineage-specific surveillance and risk-stratified control of resistant Salmonella in the poultry meat supply chain and further underscores the need for continuous monitoring of mobile genetic elements within a One Health framework.
Animals↗
Nutritional status of selected teenagers in Kentucky.
A nutrition survey was conducted in a six-county area of Kentucky which included 118 teenagers of both races and sexes, with a mean age of 15.5 years. Data collected included one 24-hr dietary recall, meal practices, smoking, and physical activity. Fasting blood and urine were analyzed. White boys had higher intakes in overall nutrients and had more regular meal taking habits than others. Intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A were grossly deficient among girls of both races, and vitamin A was most deficient in diets of boys, but the serum vitamin A and carotene values did not confirm a dietary deficiency of vitamin A. Black teenagers of both sexes had less acceptable mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. High incidences of low hemoglobin values below acceptable range were observed in all groups studied. A high incidence of overweight among girls of both races, of high blood pressure in black boys, and of elevated serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels in blacks of both sexes were observed. Intake of energy was correlated with work metabolic rate/basal metabolic rate ratio for both sexes. Blacks were less physically active than whites. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and beta-lipoproteins were positively correlated (P less than 0.01) to body weight of girls. Serum cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins were negatively correlated (P less than 0.05) to the degree of physical activity of boys.
Adolescent↗
Maduromycosis (Madura foot) in Kentucky.
The first case of proven maduromycosis originating in the state of Kentucky, and the 21st case reported in the United States, is described. The disease, which involved the foot, was caused by Monosporium apiospermum. The importance of suspecting and culturing for fungal organisms in cases of chronic or recurrent infections of the extremities is stressed. The method of treatment was experimental; whether true cure was accomplished may not be known for years. Although many fungi, including Monosporium apiospermum, are relatively resistant to all forms of chemotherapy, some types of fungi readily respond to easily administered antibiotics. Specific fungal identification by trained mycologists is important in all cases of mycetoma.
Adult↗
Epilepsy in rural Kentucky: prevalence in a population of school age children.
Seizure prevalence among school age children residing in a rural western Kentucky area (Hardin County) was determined utilizing a method designed to minimize false positives and to allow estimation of false negatives. The observed prevalence of epilepsy is 5.7/1,000 and of febrile seizures 17/1,000. Because of the high rate of false negative responses detected by random sample interview, the true rate of febrile seizures is believed to be closer to a projected rate of 31/1,000.
Age Factors↗
Suppression of the IgE antibody response in mice to kentucky blue grass pollen allergens.
Reagins in murine strains A/HeJ, RF/J C3H/HeJ and B6D2F1 were induced by immunization, in the presence of A1(OH)3, with the retentate (R) obtained by dialysis from the aqueous extract of Kentucky blue grass pollen (KBG-Aq. ext.). Administration of doses of R ranging from 50-200 microgram resulted in IgE antibody responses which were sustained for periods of the order of 6 months. The possibility of suppressing the anti-R IgE antibody response in sensitized A/HeJ mice was tested by the administration into these animals for a period of 14 weeks, biweekly injections of a skin-active, immunogenic fraction (DI) isolated from the dialysate of KBG-Aq. ext. This treatment effectively suppressed the secondary IgE antibody response to R and markedly increased levels of hemagglutinating antibodies. On the basis of the fact that DI comprised only 1.5% of the parent fraction KBG-Aq. ext. and since it was capable of modulating the immune response to R as described, it is suggested that DI may prove to be a useful agent for the immunotherapy of allergies to KBG pollen.
Aluminum Hydroxide↗
Who gets aftercare? A study of patients discharged from state hospitals in Kentucky.
A cohort of 579 patients discharged from state mental hospitals in Kentucky during a one-year period was studied to determine the amount and nature of after-care services provided to them. A total of 319 received some form of attercare from community mental health centers during the two to three years after discharge. The majority received at least one service that could be classified as individual therapy or chemotherapy, about one-third received evaluation or rehabilitation services, and only a few had family interviews or group therapy. The majority of those receiving services had contact with psychiatrists, nurses, or other mental health professionals; less than half had contact with social workers or psychologists. In general the aftercare services tended to be medically oriented, brief, and limited in number. They were provided to a majority of the patients within their first month in the community.
Adult↗
Preventive dentistry in private practice: a survey in Kentucky.
General practitioners in Kentucky were surveyed to establish a profile of preventive practice in the state and to identify factors influencing the profile. Both questionnaire and interview methods were used. A Kentuckian has a 55% chance of seeing a dentist who advises all his patients about prevention, and an 87% chance of seeing one who adivses some of his patients. Persons between the ages of 6 and 24 are most likely to receive preventive services. The dentist is selective about who receives a preventive-oriented examination, and he is more likely to perform the services than auxillaries. The profile shows the need for a greatly increased emphasis on preventive dentistry in undergraduate and continuing education courses and for the increased use of auxiliary personnel in the delivery of preventive services.
Adolescent↗
Hypertension detection and control in a rural white Kentucky community.
This report presents data on the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and the status of hypertension control in a rural Kentucky community. Medical care is provided to the population under study by a long established organization of nurse practitioners. With the exception of young males, detection of hypertension has been relatively successful. However, fewer than 50 per cent of persons with blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg are receiving antihypertensive therapy, and greater than 60 per cent of individuals on therapy have blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg. Despite detection of hypertension control has not been achieved in this rural white community.
Adolescent↗
An outbreak of a hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Kentucky.
In 1971, an outbreak of a hemorrhagic disease occurred in captive and free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Clinical signs and gross pathological lesions were consistent with those of epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue, as were serological and histopathological findings for samples sent to other laboratories. The infection rate among the 104 captive deer was 88-92%, and that among the free-ranging Park deer appeared to be similar. Mortality was negligible in the Park deer, but 65 (62%) of the captive deer died. The deaths were bimodally distributed over a 36-day period, and the mortality rate decreased from 97-100% for deer clinically ill during the first 17 days of the outbreak to 58% for deer first exhibiting clinical signs on day 16 or later. Mortality was equal in males and females, but less in yearlings than among fawns or adults. Winter mortality among survivors of the initial outbreak was associated with low ambient temperatures and sometimes fungal and bacterial abscesses, possibly sequelae or complications of the hemorrhagic disease. The pregnancy and birth rates among surviving does appeared to be normal.
Animals↗
Culicoides, the vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Kentucky in 1971.
The biting gnat, Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett), was shown to be a vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Kentucky because of virus isolations from parous females. Epidemiological evidence showed a close relationship of this vector to the animal host during an outbreak of EHD in penned deer. Larval breeding sites of C. variipennis were found and C. variipennis was the most abundant biting fly present during the outbreak. Females of C. variipennis were commonly observed biting deer, swine, cattle and, occasionally, man.
Animals↗
Experiential education for dental students at the University of Kentucky.
An experiential educational system at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry has been described. It consists of a summer externship program and an individualized externship program offered during the academic year. These programs provide dental students with extramural educational experiences in private dental offices to prepare them better for the practice of dentistry and to expose them to forces affecting the delivery of dental services.
Education, Dental↗
Faculty evaluation at the University of Kentucky.
Faculty at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry are now evaluated through the use of a negotiated Distribution of Effort Agreement. This document, negotiated at the beginning of each academic year, must satisfy both department objectives and the professional and personal requirements of the individual faculty member. It may be modified during the year if both the faculty member and his department chairman agree to the change. This document states work objectives for the year similar to learning objectives in a course. At the end of the year, each faculty member is evaluated on how well he has met his individual objectives. Information relevant to teaching, university service, and student service is gathered by college administrators and forwarded to department chairmen. Together with information on research accomplishment, these data are used by the chairman in the evaluation of each faculty member. The college has clearly charged department chairmen with the direct responsibility for faculty evaluation. The Appointments, Promotions, and Tenure Committee also plays a role in faculty development and evaluation by recommending to the dean ways of improving individual faculty performance.
Administrative Personnel↗
Epidemiological observations on contagious equine metritis in Kentucky, 1978.
Contagious equine metritis, introduced by importation of 2 comtaminated stallions from France, affected 54 Thoroughbred brood mares during the 1978 breeding season in Kentucky. The infection was diagnosed bacteriologically and by the use of a complement fixation test. Although lateral spread to stallions, and probably to a few mares, occurred through human agency in the breeding sheds of 2 stud farms, control measures instituted early in the epidemic confined the disease to brood mares bred by stallion on only these farms.
Animals↗