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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Figural after-effects in kinesthesis: more data on age differences.

A cross-sectional study of figural after-effects in kinesthesis on 144 subjects ranging in age from 10 to 87 years was carried out. The procedure was nearly identical to one used by Köhler and Dinnerstein (1947). The data show a significant nonmonotonic age trend of the figural after-effect. There is a decline of the kinesthetic after-effect from the youngest to the 35-50-year-old group, followed by an increase in the 51-66-year-olds, and a decrease from this group to the 67-87-year-old group. The pre-test judgments follow a quadratic trend, with a minimal deviation from the objective block size in the group of 35-50-year-old people. The theoretical basis for the relationship between age and figural after-effects is discussed with respect to an age specificity of the attentional capacity, of the cognitive strategy for making successive comparisons, and of stimulus persistence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Vision and kinesthesis in accuracy of hand movement.

Two experiments examined the accuracy with which college students were able to touch a target when knowledge of the target location had been gained either visually, kinesthetically, or by both modalities. In all but "baseline" trials, individuals were not allowed to guide the hand visually and so relied on kinesthetic cues during movement to the target location. No feedback was provided. Contrary to students' expectations, accuracy of the movements was greater when the target location had been given kinesthetically (passive movement to the target) as opposed to visually. When target location was provided by seeing one's hand move to the target (kinesthetic plus visual), performance was slightly poorer (though nonsignificantly) than for the purely kinesthetic condition, but significantly better than for a purely visual target condition. These results are discussed in terms of visual dominance and the roles of vision and kinesthesis in guiding normal hand movements.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Shifts in kinesthesis through time and after active and passive movement.

The position sense of a stationary arm was investigated subsequent to an horizontally adductive movement with axis the shoulder joint. The right arm was the treated arm: it reached a test position actively, using minimal voluntary effort, or passively from each of 10 starting positons. The blind-folded S localized the index finger of the treated arm by attempting to touch it with the index finger of his left hand. The results indicate that subsequent to active movement the final position of a limb is more accurately known than a position resulting from passive movement. A second finding is that concomitant with both forms of limb placement there is a unidirectional drift of perceived limb position over trials.

Arm↗

PubMed1990

Vision, kinesthesis, and control of hand movement by young and old adults.

This study examined the accuracy with which 20 young (18 to 24 yr.) and 32 old (55 to 85 yr.) adults were able to move their hands when not allowed to guide them visually. They tried to touch a target spot given either visually or kinesthetically, under conditions in which the target either remained present during the response or was discontinued prior to the response. They also tried to touch points on the face with eyes closed and wrote their names and common words with and without visual input. While there was slight evidence of age-related decline in accuracy of moving the hand to a target location in some conditions, older adults appear to use kinesthetic cues to the target location as effectively as visual cues. The absence of age effects on touching the face or writing with the eyes closed suggests that the kinesthetic and motor control systems are relatively well preserved in healthy older adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Attention and visual dominance: a chronometric analysis.

Three chronometric experiments, each comparing vision and kinesthesis, were conducted to study visual dominance. The time required to switch attention from vision and from kinesthesis was equal, while switching to kinesthesis was faster than switching to vision (Experiment 1). Responses to a combined visual-kinesthetic stimulus were slower than responses to a kinesthetic stimulus alone when the subject was expecting the bimodal stimulus. The visual dominance effect was shown to depend on the subject knowing the modality of the stimulus in advance (Experiment 2). When subjects were instructed to attend one modality they had equal difficulty with conflicting visual and kinesthetic information (Experiment 3). These findings suggest that visual dominance results from a bias to attend vision when that modality seems adequate for the task. Te bias to attend vision may develop to overcome a deficiency in visual alerting.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1991

[Spatial representation of a two-dimensional pattern].

The purpose of this study was (a) to determine if vision and kinesthesis contribute differentially to the coding of a specific two-dimensional pattern and (b) to identify the effect of repetition on the spatial representation of this pattern. The reproductions of a specific pattern presented visually were compared with those of a pattern presented kinesthetically. The results showed that vision and kinesthesis had contributed equally to the coding of the directional components of the pattern. However, there was dominance of visual information over kinesthetic information when coding the distance between the intersecting points of the pattern, especially at the beginning of the process. Generally speaking, the visual or kinesthetic repetition, or both, have increased favourably the precision with which a specific pattern was reproduced in distance and direction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

On controlling inert gas narcosis.

Ten subjects breathed experimental mixtures of 20% and 35% nitrous oxide (N2O) balanced with oxygen and then aligned a pointer with a target using vision, kinesthesis, or combinations of these senses. In a prior session the subjects had been trained on the task with feedback while breathing N2O. The results showed that N2O did not influence variable error (VE), constant error, (CE), or absolute CE, but perceptual conditions influenced VE and absolute CE. These results suggest that the demonstration by Legge (1965) of changes in the variability and accuracy of matching on this task under N2O are indicative of changes in response bias and/or attention rather than perceptual sensitivity. It is argued that narcosis slows rather than distorts information processing. Slowing is accompanied by strategic changes that may be maladaptive. This suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the safety and efficiency of divers exposed to narcosis could be improved with training.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

HRNB factors with simultaneous-successive marker variables.

The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) was factor-analyzed along with a simultaneous and successive processing index form, the WISC-R. Using 970 learning disabled children, a four factor solution was found to represent the underlying structure best. The factors included: (1) Simple Motor, (2) Tactile-Kinesthesis with simultaneous processing demands, (3) Memory/Attention with interpretable loading on the successive processing index, and (4) Noverbal Visual-Spatial Memory with simultaneous processing demands.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Cognitive strategies of university athletes.

Thirty-six college basketball players and skiers, both men and women, were interviewed about their use of cognitive processes to prepare themselves for competition. The interviews examined cognitive techniques for enhancing motor skills and developing competitive strategies. During the interviews the subjects engaged in some of their cognitive preparation strategies and then described the details of these experiences. All athletes reported that the use of cognitive strategies enhanced their performance. Their imagery was rich, detailed, and multisensory. An average of three sensory modalities were present in the imagery. Vision, kinesthesis, and touch were the most common sensory experiences reported, but audition, taste, and smell were also experienced by some athletes. Strong affective states, especially confidence and satisfaction, accompanied the imagery. Individual differences in the imagery used by the athletes were also found and may be related to individual differences in the athletes' cognitive styles.

Basketball↗

PubMed1988

Mechanical transduction in biological systems.

Mechanical transduction, the transformation of cellular deformation into an electrochemical response, is essential to the survival of both cells and higher organisms. In the specialized sensory organs, mechanotransducers are responsible for the sensations of hearing, touch and vibration, local gravity, kinesthesis, and probably osmoreception. In the viscera, mechanoreception provides sensory feedback on organ volume and pressure. At the cellular level, mechanoreceptors are known to provide feedback for avoidance reactions in free-swimming protozoans and for the gravitational and tactile reactions of plants. Mechanotransducers are probably essential in regulating cell volume and cell division. The known properties of mechanotransducers can be accounted for by ion channels whose gating is controlled by membrane strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Use of citicoline in the study of chronic cerebrovascular diseases].

Some of the disturbances encountered in patients with chronic cerebral vasculopathies may be attributable to associated or concomitant pathologies such as arterial hypertension. In many of the papers published on citicoline it is less than clear whether the improvement in the symptoms is the result of the treatment of the hypertension or the substance used. In conclusion, the importance of correct treatment of hypertension in order to cure certain standard chronic cerebral vasculopathies is emphasised and the value of citicoline in improving kinesthesis, mnemonic and perceptive-motor efficiency is confirmed.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1989

Interhemispheric transfer in patients with incomplete section of the corpus callosum. Anatomic verification with magnetic resonance imaging.

Tests of interhemispheric disconnection including visual, somesthetic, kinesthetic, auditory, and complex motor functions were performed on seven patients with chronic epilepsy who had undergone partial surgical section of the corpus callosum, verified by magnetic resonance imaging. Two patients with only one third of the splenium remaining demonstrated disconnection syndromes involving all modalities except vision, which was completely intact. Five patients had lesions involving the rostrum and the anterior two thirds to four fifths of the body of the callosum, with the splenium spared. They demonstrated little evidence of disconnection in the modalities indicated, except for left ear suppression on a dichotic listening task and partial somatosensory disruption in some cases. These results emphasize the importance of the posterior corpus callosum for interhemispheric sensory and sensorimotor transfer, although some discrepancies between current behavioral data and previous anatomic findings remain.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Organization of postcranial kinesthetic projections to the ventrobasal thalamus in raccoons.

To determine the presence and organization of kinesthetic, as compared with other mechanosensory projection zones in the thalamus of raccoons, unit-cluster responses to mechanical stimulation of the postcranial body were mapped electrophysiologically in the thalami of 14 raccoons anesthetized with Dial-urethane. A distinct zone of kinesthetic projections (from receptive fields in muscles, tendons, and joints) was found in the rostral and dorsal aspects of the mechanosensory projection zone. These projections are somatotopically organized: those from axial structures lie dorsalmost and those from successively more distal limb regions are successively more caudoventral. The kinesthetic forelimb representation is large and lies rostrodorsal to a large central core of cutaneous projections from the forepaw digits. A few scattered kinesthetic projections were found at the caudal edge of the sensory thalamic region. The large, spatially and somatotopically distinct kinesthetic projection zone in the thalamus parallels those seen in the cortex and medulla of raccoons. Similar findings in monkeys, and suggestions from data in cats and humans support the hypothesis of a distinct pathway to the cortex for kinesthetic information in all mammals.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1975

Development of dustbathing in Bobwhite quail. II. Effects of early pecking experiences.

The development of dustbathing was facilitated among groups of Bobwhite chicks allowed to peck into dust as compared to chicks allowed to peck at dust or those inexperienced with dust. A 2nd study found a consistent, but nonsignificant, facilitation among chicks pecking into dust on Days 1-3 as compared to Days 4-6. In Study 3, groups of chicks pecked into dust on Days 2,4, or 6. Dustbathing development was facilitated among chicks pecking on Day 2, and inhibited among chicks pecking on Day 4, as compared to those pecking on Day 6. The only difference, however, between each of these groups and chicks with no pecking experience in dust (Study 1) was an inhibition of dustbathing among chicks pecking on Day 4.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal development in the premature infant.

The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on the neonatal development of 12 premature infants were investigated. Experimental infants received four 15-min periods of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation daily for 10 days. The control infants received only standard, routine nursery care. Data were collected daily on 8 dependent measures: weight, number of feedings, amount of formula intake, body temperature, respiration, heart rate, frequency of voiding, and frequency of stooling. The data analyses revealed significant differences in amount of formula intake and in weight at the end of the treatment period in favor of the experimental infants. Additionally, the experimental infants required significantly fewer feedings during the stimulation period. All others dependent measures were nonsignificant.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1989

Visual head extension: transitional head coordination in the pigeon squab (Columbia livia).

We describe a previously unreported visuomotor behavior of the developing pigeon squab, which we term "visual head extension." The behavior consists of extension and lowering of the head as the bird descends towards a surface or experiences the optical equivalent of such a descent. A peak in performance occurs 10 days after hatching. Evidence obtained shows that both vestibular and dynamic visual information can independently produce head extension. We go on to place the new behavioral response in the context of a dynamic, relational approach to perceptuomotor coordination, and outline the corresponding advantages of studying the single-limb, head-neck system in the pigeon.

Aging↗

PubMed1990

Motion sickness susceptibility and the utilisation of visual and otolithic information for orientation.

Movement of large portions of the visual field can induce a static observer to experience illusory self-motion, changes in perceived orientation and motion sickness. Two experiments were performed to determine whether susceptibility to motion sickness might be related to an inability to ignore misleading visual information for orientation, measured here in terms of the magnitude of the apparent tilt of the vertical induced by rotation of the visual field about the line of sight. Significant and additive effects of sex and motion sickness susceptibility were demonstrated. Females susceptible to motion sickness proved highly inaccurate when attempting to set a line to the vertical with rotation of the background, while males resistant to motion sickness were the most accurate at this task. Two possible explanations are discussed, the first suggesting subclinical intersubject differences in otolithic sensitivity, and the second postulating deficiencies in intersensory integration. Parallels are drawn with the patterns of multisensory coordination for postural orientation seen in children and in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Phasic and tonic responses of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons to torque changes.

Responses to torque step perturbation of the wrist were compared in premotor area (PMA) and motor cortex (MI) neurons of the monkey. A substantial portion (39%) of cells recorded from the PMA had phasic responses with onset latencies as short as those found in MI (mostly between 15 and 50 ms). Responsiveness to small perturbations, directional specificity and linear correlation of phasic responses with the velocity of displacement are properties that were essentially present in the PMA. A role of somatosensory feedback to the PMA in accurate and fast up-dating of movement is suggested. Tonically sustained responses to torque change (mean latency around 60 ms) were encountered in both areas and preferentially in neurons that had a monotonic load-relationship under steady-state condition. Such cortical responses did not exhibit reflex-like features, i.e. no correlation with amplitude of torque step and resulting displacement. Instead, the new load condition seemed to be represented by the tonic response of any particular neuron in accordance with its individual firing rate-load characteristics. These tonic cortical responses may be involved in the swift and effective adaptation to the actual load.

Animals↗