[Fine structure of the laryngeal cartilages and laryngeal muscles--with special reference of the dynamics of the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages].
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Adult↗
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Results for “LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES”
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Age estimation using radiographic analysis of laryngeal cartilage.
The laryngeal cartilages undergo age changes, including mineralization and ossification. Keen and Wainwright defined, in male and female subjects, recognizable stages of radiopacity of the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. The present study analyzed quantitatively the degree of laryngeal radiopacity to determine whether radiography of the larynx can be used routinely in forensic pathology to estimate age at death. In each of 82 subjects, the larynx was removed during forensic autopsy and subjected to radiography in an anteroposterior orientation. Each radiograph was independently scored by two observers. For each case, the degree of laryngeal radiopacity was evaluated according to the classification of Keen and Wainwright. There was a positive correlation between the total score of laryngeal radiopacity and age (correlation coefficient = 0.74). It was concluded that this method is simple, fast, and nondestructive and has a good reproducibility between observers. Because there was a wide interindividual variability in the same age class, this method must be associated with more accurate methods.
Adolescent↗
[Fabrication of allogeneic cartilage with tissue engineering technique and repair of laryngeal cartilage defects in rabbits].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fabrication of allogeneic tissue engineered cartilage in predetermined shapes and its ability to repair laryngeal cartilage defects. METHODS: Tissue engineering technique was used to make allogeneic tissue engineered cartilage in predetermined shapes, and then some of them were utilized to repair cartilage defects in the rabbit larynges(n = 12). Finally, the chondrogenesis and reparative effect were studied grossly and histologically at various periods. RESULTS: 1. The gross specimens of 4 weeks after implantation revealed the presence of new hyaline cartilage of approximately the same shapes as original predetermined shapes, which had fair elasticity and support ability. Histological evaluation showed the characteristics of cartilage tissue. 2. Laryngeal cartilage defects were well repaired using allogeneic tissue engineered cartilage in different periods after operation. A few chondrocytes were observed between the reparative areas with tissue engineered cartilage and normal cartilage. Abundant matrices were also detected in the reparative and interfacial areas. No inflammatory cells were found. CONCLUSION: It is possible to regenerate new cartilage in predetermined shapes using tissue engineering technique in allograft animals with immunity. Allogeneic tissue engineered cartilage can be used as reparative material to repair cartilage defect of rabbit larynx.
Animals↗
[Visualization and thin sectional anatomy of the laryngeal cartilages].
OBJECTIVE: To establish digitized visible model of the laryngeal cartilages of the visible human, providing morphological data for image diagnosis and laryngectomy. METHODS: Cross-sectional images of fresh tissues from the Chinese visible human data set were reviewed, and the laryngeal cartilages structures data were used, the data was on a section-by-section basis. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions of the laryngeal cartilages were generated from these data by surface rendering on a SGI workstation. RESULTS: The digital images from the visible human offer unique insights into the complex anatomy and ossification of the laryngeal cartilages, the quality of the computerized 3D-reconstructed images was distinct and perfect. CONCLUSIONS: The visible human data set can provide complete and accurate data The digitized model of the laryngeal cartilages offer unique insights into the laryngeal anatomy, could be used for resident education, rehearsal of an unfamiliar surgery and for developing a new surgical approach.
Adult↗
Self-association of proteoglycan subunits from pig laryngeal cartilage.
Proteoglycans from pig laryngeal cartilage prepared by dissociative extraction in guanidine hydrochloride were studied in dilute solution by light-scattering and ultracentrifugation. In buffered 150mM-NaCl, pH7.4, the proteoglycan particle weights were about 5x10(6) daltons, but at 100mM-, 200mM- and 300mM-NaCl particle weights of 2.5x10(6)--3.0x10(6) daltons were observed. These results, together with corroborative evidence from sedimentation-velocity experiments, were interpreted in terms of proteoglycans self-associating at physiological ionic strength. The data were examined by using a proteoglycan monomer-dimer model. Proteoglycan preparations that had thiol groups partially carboxymethylated gave particle weights of 3.2x10(6)--3.5x10(6) daltons in 150mM-NaCl, which suggested that carboxymethylation inhibited multimerization and hence that the protein core is implicated in the binding site. Further studies showed that the multimers were stable to 60 degrees C, unlike the hyaluronate-proteoglycan complex.
Animals↗
[On the receptor innervation of the perichondrium of the laryngeal cartilages (experimental morphological investigation)].
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Bone and Bones↗
Effect of harvesting autogenous laryngeal cartilage for laryngotracheal reconstruction on laryngeal growth and support.
OBJECTIVE: Determine the effect of harvesting autogenous thyroid cartilage on subsequent laryngeal growth and stability in a kitten model. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective controlled trial in animals. METHODS: Seventeen kittens were divided into three groups. Group one (n = 5) included kittens that underwent a unilateral thyroid cartilage resection. Group two (n = 5) included kittens that underwent a bilateral cartilage resection. Group three (n = 7) comprised kittens that did not undergo any surgical procedure (controls). All animals underwent endoscopic examination followed by the surgical procedure designated for that group. Kittens were then assessed daily for 2.5 months. At the end of that period the now "adolescent" cats were examined endoscopically then euthanized. The larynx was removed for gross and histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: All kittens tolerated the surgical procedure without airway compromise. Subsequent endoscopic examination 2.5 months after surgery revealed normal vocal cord function. Measurements of the true vocal cord and aryepiglottic and subglottic diameter did not differ significantly (one-way analysis of variance, P = .05) with respect to the side or the group. Histopathologic evaluation of the laryngeal sections indicated a patent airway, stable and viable thyroid cartilage, and no evidence of cartilaginous regrowth. CONCLUSIONS: The removal of unilateral and bilateral superior thyroid alar cartilage can be performed in kittens without postoperative respiratory or wound problems. The harvesting of autogenous thyroid cartilage has no apparent effect on subsequent laryngeal growth and stability in a kitten model.
Animals↗
Local invasion by laryngeal carcinoma--the importance of focal (metaplastic) ossification within laryngeal cartilage.
Patterns of cartilage invasion by squamous carcinoma were examined in 34 consecutive laryngectomy specimens with particular reference to selective involvement of ossified cartilage. Direct infiltration of the laryngeal framework was demonstrated in 17 cases--16 (out of 17) transglottic carcinomas and in a simgle example of a combined glottic and infraglottic tumour. The susceptibility of ossified laryngeal cartilage to tumour invasion was confirmed, and morphological studies ahve clarified the underlying mechanisms. Invasion is a largely indirect process dominated by local bone destruction by osteoclasts, operating in front of the advancing tumour. One established, carcinoma cells infiltrate and erode bone alone, and the osteoclasts disappear. Reasons for the particular susceptibility of ossified laryngeal cartilage to tumour invasion are discussed and attention is drawn to the role of the tumour-associated osteoclast activating factors such as postaglandins. Therapeutic implications of cartilage invasion are noted.
Adult↗
Ossification of the laryngeal cartilages as it relates to computed tomography.
Ossification of adult laryngeal cartilages was studied using cross sections cut in planes parallel to those used in computed tomography (CT). The percentage of ossification of surfaces of thyroid laminae was calculated and marked variations were found. There was no correlation between ossification and age (all subjects were 50 years or older). Generally, laryngeal cartilages of men were ossified to a greater extent than those of women. Some male cartilages were only slightly ossified, however, while some female cartilages were nearly completely ossified. Inner and outer surfaces of thyroid laminae differed by as much as 35% in some cases. Left and right laminae showed even greater differences, indicating that symmetry of ossification is not the rule. Ossification of arytenoid and cricoid cartilages also varies. This study reveals that there is no reliable pattern of ossification of laryngeal cartilage that would be of use the radiologist in evaluating CT scans for invasion of cartilage by cancer.
Aged↗
Value of laryngeal cartilage sclerosis as a predictor of outcome in patients with stage T3 glottic cancer treated with radiation therapy.
PURPOSE: To determine whether sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilages was a predictor of a poor outcome in patients with stage T3 glottic cancer treated with radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with stage T3 glottic cancer underwent computed tomography (CT) before radiation therapy. Twenty-two patients underwent posttreatment CT. The presence of cartilage sclerosis, cartilage erosion, marrow invasion, and cartilage necrosis was determined. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 33 patients had cartilage sclerosis at CT. Seventeen patients had sclerosis of a single laryngeal cartilage (14 arytenoid, two cricoid, and one thyroid), and two had sclerosis of adjacent laryngeal cartilages (arytenoid and cricoid in both cases). Of the 17 patients with isolated laryngeal cartilage sclerosis, disease was controlled with radiation therapy alone in 15 and with salvage laryngectomy in two. Both patients with cricoid and arytenoid sclerosis died of their original cancer despite undergoing early salvage laryngectomy. Of the 14 patients without sclerosis, eight had no evidence of disease, two died of their disease, and four died of intercurrent disease. CONCLUSION: T3 glottic cancer with isolated laryngeal cartilage sclerosis can be cured with radiation therapy.
Glottis↗
[Experimental study on laryngeal cartilage defects repair with differently preserved allogeneic cartilages transplantation].
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of laryngeal cartilage defect repair with differently preserved allogeneic cartilage grafts. METHODS: 16 New Zealand white rabbits were used and divided into two groups. A 6 mm x 3 mm x 1 mm whole thickness cartilage defect was made in each side of the thyroid cartilage of each rabbit. In group one, the tissue-cultured cartilage grafts, preserved in RPMI-1640 medium for 30 days, were implanted in the left defects and the 4% formaldehyde preserved cartilage grafts for 30 days were implanted in the right defects. Fresh autogenous and allogeneic grafts were seprately transplanted into the right and left thyroid cartilage defects of the other group. Thyroid cartilages were taken out at 7, 30, 180 and 360 days after implantation. Samples were observed by macroscopy and prepared for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS: No marked changes in form and volume were found in the fresh allografts and RPMI-1640 cultured cartilage grafts. The same as the autogenous cartilages, the defects of thyroid cartilage were successfully repaired by the fresh allografts and RPMI-1640 cultured cartilages. Whereas 4% formaldehyde preserved cartilage grafts were completely absorbed and replaced by cicatricial tissues in the thyroid cartilage defects. Histological observation showed that severe inflammatory cellular infiltration in the formaldehyde preserved cartilages at 7 and 30 days. The cartilage matrixes were resorpted and the chondrocytes showed degenerative change. Finally they were replaced by fibrous connective tissue at 360 days. In the RPMI-1640 cultured and fresh allogeneic cartilages only a little inflammatory cellular infiltration was observed and the cartilage matrixes were almost normal from 7 to 360 days. CONCLUSION: It is clinically feasible to use allogeneic grafts stored in RPMI-1640 medium or fresh allogeneic cartilage grafts for repairing laryngeal cartilage defects.
Animals↗
A metrical study of laryngeal cartilages and their ossification.
This study was carried out on the laryngeal cartilages of 150 postmortem/dissection room specimens of adult age groups, ranging from 16 to 55 years in both the sexes. The age, height, sex and profession (in known postmortem cases) were noted. Various measurements of the laryngeal cartilages were taken from the inner surface. From the present study we can conclude that the various measurements in the laryngeal cartilages were more marked in male than the female except of the thyroid angle and the length of the superior horn. The thyroid angle on an average in male was 78 degrees +/- 10 degrees and in female 106 degrees +/- 14 degrees. There was no correlation with total body height. The presence of cuneiform cartilage, cartilago-triticea and corniculate cartilage is not constant, they were seen more commonly in females than in males.
Adolescent↗
MRI of normal or cancerous laryngeal cartilages: histopathologic correlation.
MRI appearances of laryngeal cartilages, normal or invaded by cancer, are still relatively unfamiliar to most clinicians. Twelve primary laryngeal tumors out of a series of 65 patients which have been investigated by MRI were examined postoperatively by macroscopic and microscopic sectioning of the surgical specimens. Images were obtained with a 0.6 Tesla superconductive system using a solenoid surface coil. The authors emphasize the value of a combined use of T1-weighted and balanced (relatively T2-weighted images with still T1-characteristics) Spin Echo images. T1-weighted images permit differentiation between pathological and normal bone marrow. Balanced images allow separation between nonossified cartilage and tumor tissue. MRI is an additional tool in the diagnostic workup of cartilage invasion by tumor.
Aged↗
[OPERATIONS ON THE LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES AFTER IRRADIATION].
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Cartilage↗
[Fabrication of laryngeal cartilage by means of tissue engineering technique].
OBJECTIVE: To explore the method of fabricating tissue engineered laryngeal cartilage. METHODS: The rib and articular cartilage of infant New Zealand white rabbits were harvested in sterile condition. The chondrocytes were separated by collagenase digestion and cultured in vitro for 3 passage. Serial steps of solution casting, extrusion molding and particulate leaching were used to make larynx-shaped biomaterial models with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate, PHBHH). The chondrocytes were seeded onto PHBHH scaffolds to form cell-PHBHH composites, which were subsequently in vitro for one week. After that, the measure of filling inner space of cell-PHBHH composites together with wrapping total composites using either greater omentum (n = 9) or fascia flap and muscle (also n = 9) in experimental groups was taken to implant the larynx-shaped biomaterial models seeded with chondrocytes into the belly and the back of adult New Zealand white rabbits. Control groups (every group n = 3) were the same measure as experimental groups but without chondrocyte on PHBHH scaffolds. Finally, morphological observation, HE staining & special staining and immunohistochemical test were conducted to assess cartilage regeneration and its shape at different period following implantation. RESULTS: The rate of viable cell in the final cell suspension was (93 +/- 2)% after well-controlled prolongation of digestion trypsin. Similar to that by traditional procedures (94 +/- 2)% (P > 0.05). The larynx-shaped PHBHH models with edges and corners of laryngeal cartilage made by us appeared to be hollow half-trumpet shape and its porosity was more than 90%. It showed that chondrocytes equally attached to the surface of porous PHBHH and filled within porousness with scanning electron microscopic examination. Tissue engineered larynx-shaped specimens could alternatively be harvested with the above mentioned two different implantation measures. The specimens presented to be similar to that before implantation in gross shape. It was demonstrated to be cartilaginous tissue through histological and immunohistochemical examination. Furthermore, There was nearly no difference between two kinds of tissue engineered laryngeal cartilage with two measures of implantation in morphology and histology. CONCLUSIONS: The regeneration of tissue engineered cartilage in vivo is not influenced by the chondrocytes harvested by improvement of well-controlled prolonged digestion with trypsin during in vitro cell culture. It seems that PHBHH may be used as scaffold in cartilage tissue engineering and wrapping together with filling method with either greater omentum or fascia flap and muscle is appropriate for fabricating tissue engineered laryngeal cartilage.
Animals↗
Ossification of laryngeal cartilages on lateral cephalometric radiographs.
This study was undertaken to identify the variations in the physiologic ossification of human laryngeal cartilages by evaluating the lateral cephalometric radiographs of healthy males and females referred to our facility. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 359 patients (141 male and 218 female; ages 10 to 59 years) referred from various specialty clinics between April 1998 and March 2000 were used. Frequencies and confidence intervals were obtained and tabulated for both thyroid and cricoid ossifications as seen on these cephalometric radiographs. The interobserver agreement was strong for both thyroid (kappa = .986) and cricoid (kappa = .982) observations. Overall, thyroid cartilage was more frequently ossified compared with cricoid. Various degrees of thyroid and cricoid cartilage ossification were found in 186 patients (120 female and 66 male) in the third decade and beyond. Among 173 patients in the first 2 decades (98 females and 75 male), evidence of thyroid ossification was found in 2 male patients aged 14 and 18, and ossification was detected in the cricoid cartilage in 12 patients. There was a preponderance of laryngeal cartilage ossification in men compared with women. Radiographically detectable laryngeal ossification increased with age starting in the third decade. There is a general trend of increase in the ossification of laryngeal cartilages as the age advanced.
Adolescent↗
[Neoplastic invasion of laryngeal cartilage: diagnosis by computed tomography].
The diagnostic of the laryngeal cartilage neoplastic invasion plays an important role in the accurate staging of the laryngeal carcinoma and its treatment. To evaluate the accuracy of the CT diagnosing cartilage involvement, the present study is reported. 127 patients with carcinoma of the larynx and hipopharynx T3-T4, surgical treated between 1993 and 1997 at Ciudad Sanitaria y Universitaria de Bellvitge, are retrospectively studied. TC presents an a accuracy of 78%, a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 54% in the diagnostic of laryngeal cartilage invasion of the laryngeal and hipopharyngeal carcinoma.
Aged↗
Tumor involving the laryngeal cartilages.
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Cartilage↗