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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Pathways to retirement: patterns of labor force participation and labor market exit among the pre-retirement population by race, Hispanic origin, and sex.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the pre-retirement labor force participation behavior of Black, White, and Hispanic men and women to determine how patterns of labor market exit differ among groups. METHODS: We combine data from the first and second waves of the Health and Retirement Study and apply multinomial logit regression techniques to model labor force status in the first wave of the HRS and change over time. RESULTS: Black, Hispanic, and female elderly persons experience more involuntary job separation in the years immediately prior to retirement, and the resulting periods of joblessness often eventuate in "retirement" or labor force withdrawal. Minority disadvantage in human capital, health, and employment characteristics accounts for a large part of racial and ethnic differences in labor force withdrawal. Nevertheless, Black men and Hispanic women experience more involuntary labor market exits than Whites with similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. DISCUSSION: Workers most vulnerable to labor market difficulties during their youth confront formidable obstacles maintaining their desired level of labor force attachment as they approach their golden years. This has significant policy implications for the contours of gender and race/ethnic inequality among elderly persons, particularly as life expectancy and the size of the minority elderly population continue to increase.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

[[Labor force life tables: an analysis of the Korean female labor force]].

"This study attempts to analyze the quantitative aspects of the female labour force in [the Republic of] Korea, 1970 and 1980, by constructing a series of labour force life tables which are useful in studying the process of the growth and structural change of the labour force." Data are primarily taken from the census. Factors affecting women's entry into and exit from the labor force are analyzed, including fertility, age of children, and marital status. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Testing local level labor force and unemployment projections.

The labor force projections perform well, even for small areas, which suggests that changes in local labor force participation rates can be approximated by national changes. In fact, the mean absolute percent errors are low even when the previously calculated population projections are used. The unemployment projections do not do as well, and using 1980 census labor force data instead of previously calculated labor force projections offers no improvement in the results. A two-step study is needed to determine why the errors are so large. First, the state level changes from 1970 to 1980 should be compared with national changes to determine the difference in unemployment rate changes by race and sex. Second, state level data on the occupational mix should be examined for the relationship between this and the changes in state level unemployment rates by race and sex. It is hypothesized that the first step will show that even state level changes in unemployment rates by race and sex cannot be well approximated by the national changes and the second step will show that some of the variation can be explained by state differences in occupational mix. Further studies should be made to determine how the calculation of national changes affects the results. Changes in labor force participation rates seem to follow trends, and therefore extrapolation may not have much effect on the results. Although using the actual changes in unemployment from 1970 to the latest year available as a proxy for the changes from 1970 to the target year may have a serious detrimental effect on the unemployment projections, if some of the variation in the national changes in race and sex can be explained and some adjustments made, the actual changes may be the best proxy to use.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1982

Individual mobility, population growth and labor force participation.

Trends in labor force participation rates and the age of retirement are shown to be important of upward mobility. Reductions in age specific participation rates increase the speed of movement through the employment hierarchy. In conjunction with economic development, the falling labor force participation of older men acts to offset the adverse effects of slowing population growth on promotional prospects. These conclusions are reached by extending a model of employment status developed by Keyfitz to limit employment competition to only those actually in labor force.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The contribution of arthritis and arthritis disability to nonparticipation in the labor force: a Canadian example.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the factors affecting labor force participation and understand how arthritis affects labor force participation in a Canadian working population. METHODS: Data from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey population (n = 35,221) were used. Labor force participation was dichotomized as in the labor force and not in the labor force. Stratified logistic regression analyses by sex were carried out to identify factors associated with not being in the labor force, including arthritis, chronic disorders, and sociodemographic and family composition variables. RESULTS: Overall, 6.7% of men and 23.0% of women were not in the labor force compared with 18.6% and 36.0%, respectively, of men and women with arthritis. After controlling for other covariates, disability caused by arthritis was significantly associated with increased risk of being out of the labor force, with odds ratios of 2.70 for men and 1.91 for women. Low education, pain, and nonarthritis disability were also significantly associated with being out of the labor force. The effects of age and family structure on employment were sex dependent. Women were at higher risk at all age groups. Men with dependent children were more likely to work, as were women who lived alone. For women, having dependent children increased the likelihood of not being in the labor force. CONCLUSION: People with arthritis disability were more likely to be out of the labor force. It was not arthritis per se that limited people in labor force participation, but rather the arthritis disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Local labor markets, children and labor force participation of wives.

Most research on married women's labor force participation relates characteristics of individual women to their probability of labor force participation. Some studies relate characteristics of geographic areas to average labor force participation rates in those areas, although these aggregate level analyses are usually gross tests of ideas about individual-level processes. Here we take a quintessentially sociological perspective and seek to understand how characteristics of geographic areas structure the relationship between properties of individual women and their probabilities of labor force participation. Our analysis has two steps. In step one, we fit individual-level probit models of married women's probability of labor force participation. A separate model is fitted in each of 409 areas using 1970 Census data, and the relationship between individual characteristics and labor force participation is found to vary substantially across areas. In step two, we attempt to explain areal variation in the effects of women's children on their labor force participation. We hypothesize that the effect of children on their mothers' labor force participation is a function of the cost and availability of childcare , and of the "convenience" of jobs for working mothers in the places where the mothers live. Measures of childcare cost, childcare availability and job convenience are developed. Weighted least squares analyses of probit coefficients from the first stage are, in general, very consistent with our findings, and suggest that the approach taken in this paper is likely to be a fruitful one for future studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Substance use and labor force participation among homeless adults.

OBJECTIVES: We measured the proportion of homeless adults in the labor force and examined the impact of substance use on labor force participation. METHODS: A county-wide probability sample of 397 homeless adults was interviewed three times in a 15-month period. RESULTS: Almost 80% of homeless adults were employed or looking for work at one point in time; however, only 47.7% remained in the labor force over the 15-month study period. Recent drug users were only 5% as likely as other homeless adults to be in the labor force; and consistent public entitlement recipients were only 18% as likely as other homeless adults to be in the labor force. CONCLUSIONS: Recent illicit drug use posed a deterrent to labor force participation among homeless adults, but heavy alcohol use did not. Most homeless adults were not consistently in the labor force and those who were, did not receive public entitlement benefits. This finding poses an interesting dilemma since previous studies indicated that homeless adults, who are consistent public entitlement recipients, were more likely to get housed than those who are not.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Reciprocal effects of health and labor force participation among women: evidence from two longitudinal studies.

Longitudinal data were analyzed to provide information concerning the effects of health on women's labor force participation and the effects of labor force participation on women's health. The data were from a representative national sample of middle-aged women and a representative sample of women from Alameda County, California. Significant relationships were observed between self-reported health and subsequent changes in labor force participation. Women who reported poorer health were more likely to leave the labor force and less likely to join the labor force. In contrast, no significant relationships were observed between labor force participation and subsequent self-reported change in health. (These latter relationships could be tested only for married women in the national sample.) In conclusion, our analyses provide substantial evidence that health affects women's labor force participation (the healthy worker effect). In contrast, we did not find evidence that, on the average, labor force participation has either harmful or beneficial effects on the general health of middle-aged married women in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Labor force participation among registered nurses and women in comparable occupations.

Comparison of labor force participation of female nurses with women in comparable occupations showed no difference in overall participation rates. However, analysis by family life cycle did show differences: married nurses of all ages with young children were more likely to be in the labor force than those over age 35 without young children, while the reverse was true for married women in the comparison groups. Data were obtained from a pooled national sample survey of adult noninstitutionalized persons residing in the continental United States from 1972 through 1978 and 1980. Separate discriminant function analyses on nurses, teachers, and a composite group of other women using independent variables derived from a conceptual model of pushes and pulls into the labor force and labor force status as the dichotomous dependent variable were compared. Findings indicated that the presence of young children at home keeps married teachers and others out of the labor force but has no effect on married nurses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

How valid are self-report measures for evaluating relationships between women's health and labor force participation?

For a sample of white women aged 45-64, women who were out of the labor force had poorer self-reported health and higher mortality than women who were in the labor force. It has been hypothesized that women who are out of the labor force may tend to exaggerate their poor health in self-report data. However, no evidence of bias of this type was found in an analysis of the relationships between self-reported health and subsequent mortality. The validity of self-reports of illness as a reason for not seeking work has been assessed using data for a sample of 30-44 year old women who were out of the labor force. Over 90% of the women who gave illness or disability as their main reason for not seeking work had previous or contemporaneous independent, self-report evidence of poor health. The findings of this study and previous evidence indicate that poor health reduces the likelihood that a woman will join the labor force, and this is a major reason why women who are not in the labor force have poorer health than those who are in the labor force.

Employment↗
PubMed1994

[Women in the labor force and migration. The female labor market between 1950 and 1990 and female migration to Santiago, Chile].

"This article examines the relationships between changes in the volume, relative importance and growth rates of female migration to Santiago [Chile], and modifications in the structure of the female labour market during the past four decades. It also analyzes changes in the characteristics of occupational insertion of migrants as compared to non-migrant women." The author investigates the impact of modernization, education, access to contraceptives, rural labor markets, and development strategies. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence and patterns of major depressive disorder in the United States labor force.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: In this paper, we identify the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder in and out of the labor force, and among the employed and unemployed. We examine whether prevalence by labor force and employment status varies by gender and over the life cycle. Finally, we examine whether people can "recover" from depression with time by identifying patterns of labor force participation and employment as time since most recent episode passes. METHODS: We examine data collected as part of the National Comorbidity Survey, a survey representative of the population of the United States designed to identify the prevalence of major mental illnesses. The National Comorbidity Study identified cases of major depression via the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Using these data, we estimate univariate and bivariate frequency distributions of major depressive disorder. We also estimate a set of multivariate models to identify the effect of a variety of dimensions of major depression on the propensity to participate in the labor force, and be employed if participating. RESULTS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of depression are similar in and out of the labor force. Within the labor force, however, depression is strongly associated with unemployment. The negative relationship between depressive disorder and employment is particularly strong for middle age workers. Depression and the number of depressive episodes have a differing pattern of effects on labor market outcomes for men and women. We find evidence that labor force participation and employment rates for people with a history of depression increase significantly over time in the absence of additional depressive episodes. DISCUSSION: Labor market status represents an important dimension along which prevalence of major depression varies. The relationship between depression and employment status is particularly strong for middle aged persons, but becomes weaker as time passes since the last depressive episode. Continued exploration of the association between work (or lack of work) and depression may ultimately help in the prediction, treatment and assessment of the illness. IMPLICASIONS FOR PRACTICE AND POLICY: These results present a basic set of facts about the relationship between major depressive disorder and labor market outcomes. We have not, however, attempted to sort out the complexities of this relationship here. These complexities arise at almost every turn. For instance, the high level of prevalence of depression among the unemployed may be due to the possibility that the stresses associated with unemployment trigger depressive episodes or to the possibility that workers who are depressed are more likely to be fired or quit. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Our continuing research attempts to address these problems. Understanding when and how depression affects labor market outcomes and when and how labor market outcomes affect depression is an important endeavor for those interested in treating the disease and understanding its consequences.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Labor force dynamics of older men.

"This paper describes and analyzes movements of older men among labor force states [in the United States] using quarterly observations derived from the Retirement History Survey (RHS)." The results indicate "substantial undercounts in the biannual data, indicating that the prevalence of labor force movements at older ages has been underestimated previously.... The results show that labor force dynamics at older ages are important, including duration and spell occurrence dependence, and work experience effects. These effects are robust to nonparametric controls for unobserved heterogeneity. The estimates indicate that social security benefits have strong effects on the timing of labor force transitions at older ages, but that changes in social security benefit levels over time have not contributed much to the trend toward earlier labor force exit."

Americas↗