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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

A stress inoculation approach to anger management in the training of law enforcement officers.

Consultation with law enforcement personnel in the area of conflict-management has typically been concerned with interpersonal rather than intrapersonal conflict. An approach to anger management that is based on cognitive self-control techniques is described as it has been used in the training of police officers. The approach follows a procedure called "stress inoculation" that has been applied to anxiety and pain (Meichenbaum, 1975). Data are presented on the anger experiences of policemen, and suggestions are offered for the selection of police candidates regarding their proneness for provocation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Roles and expectations for mental health professionals in law enforcement agencies.

To assess consumer needs for and attitudes toward mental health services within law enforcement agencies, a questionnaire composed of a comprehensive list of mental health services potentially available to police departments was administered to populations of police officers and mental health workers. Respondents rated the services according to perceived utility of the service for law enforcement needs. Generally, police officers seemed receptive to several kinds of mental health service, although they were less enthusiastic about the value of the services than professionals. The implication of these data for the community mental health worker are discussed in terms of establishing and maintaining effective, mutually satisfying relationships with law enforcement agencies.

Attitude↗
PubMed1977

Law enforcement and crisis intervention services: a critical relationship.

Law-enforcement officers tend to look at traditional mental health services as being of little help to them in dealing with persons they encounter experiencing emotional emergencies. They are frequently skeptical that emergency mental health programs offer more than they deliver. Because of their traditional base as the primary, and frequently only, available emergency "field" service in a community, a mental health emergency program must have a cooperative working relationship with law enforcement to serve a community successfully. This paper describes the development and maintenance of such a relationship, designed to increase the police case-finding potential.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Drug control strategies of United States law enforcement.

The American approach to drug control is conditioned by several national characteristics, including fragmentation of the law enforcement system, a 12,000-mile international boundary and a legal system that restricts police authority to search, arrest, detain, eavesdrop and maintain intelligence files. Drug problems in the United States, though, are by all accounts greater than in any other country. Enforcement has traditionally emphasized street-level arrests, investigation of distribution networks, crop eradication and smuggling interdiction. These practices can be shown to produce arrests and seizures, but there is little evidence to show that they reduce drug supply or drug abuse. More contemporary and promising approaches include community policing, problem-oriented policing, financially oriented investigations, increased international co-operation and a renewed emphasis on drug demand reduction. The most pressing needs in law enforcement are (a) improved intelligence-gathering and analysis and (b) research on the illicit drug industry and on the effectiveness of drug control strategies.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1976

Efficacy of law enforcement procedures concerning alcohol, drugs, and driving.

Fatality rates in autobomile crashes vary widely from nation to nation. For instance, in 1970 Japan reported a rate of 11.4 and the United States 2.6. Finland stood about midway with 6.2 fatalities per 100 million vehicle kilometers 1970 (OECD, 1974). These rates reflect all fatal crash causes. The alcohol rates are quite imprecise for many nations but a comparison of the Finnish and United States figures reveals some interesting facts. The United States rate of alcohol involvement in highway deaths is about 50% (of a rate of 2.6). The Finnish rate of alcohol involvement is 27% (of a rate of 6.2). Thus the alcohol rate for Finland is about 1.7, and for the United States 1.3. These percentages provide a guide for enforcement officials. The higher the percentage, the higher the priority. Moreover, the role of traffic deaths in overall mortality is important. For instance, in Japan each year 25 traffic deaths occur in each 100,000 of population, while in the United Kingdom the figure is 13 (1970 figures; OECD, 1974). Another factor is available countermeasures. Safety features on cars, quality of roads, driver training, and cultural attitudes toward cars all contribute. Driver behavior controlled by law enforcement is a very important factor. There is evidence that enforcement of drunken driving laws is extremely lax even in those nations claiming vigorous programs. An enforcement program that will screen the corporate whole of the driving population on an optimal basis will identify those drivers whose drinking is a problem for treatment ranging from punitive to therapeutic on the basis of their needs and at the same time bring about a general deterrence because of a perception of the high risk of being apprehended.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

Can road traffic law enforcement permanently reduce the number of accidents?

In this paper it is argued that conventional analyses of road user adaptation to traffic law enforcement, based on parametric rational-choice theory, are flawed. Such analyses only consider road-user actions as a response to enforcement level and penalty size and do not simultaneously consider enforcement as a response to road-user behaviour. If each party is considered a rational agent who adapts to the other's behaviour, the proper way to analyze the outcomes is by the way of game theory. A game-theoretic model is presented and the main implications are: (i) most attempts at enforcing road traffic legislation will not have any lasting effects, either on road-user behaviour or on accidents; (ii) imposing stricter penalties (in the form of higher fines or longer prison sentences) will not affect road-user behaviour; (iii) imposing stricter penalties will reduce the level of enforcement; (iv) implementing automatic traffic surveillance techniques and/or allocating enforcement resources according to a chance mechanism, and not according to police estimates of violation probability, can make enforcement effects last, but both alternatives are difficult to implement. Relevant empirical studies are reviewed, and they seem to support the conclusions arrived at by the game-theoretic model.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1979

New frontiers in the relationship between suicidology and law enforcement.

This paper reviews some historic ties between crisis intervention and the beginning of suicidology. It reviews the author's involvement in suicidology and law enforcement, in terms of crisis intervention, management of the man with a gun, studies of suicide among police, bereavement of widows of slain police officers, jailer stress, psychological aspects of kidnapping, kidnappers, victim survival in kidnapping, hostage negotiation, and application of the psychological autopsy to homicide investigation. In addition, the development of a program to offer survivor counseling for those whose loved ones have been killed and for those whose loved ones were the killers is described. Other new areas for suicidology application are outlined in terms of survivors, industry, and school.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1992

Law enforcement approaches and measures used in countering illicit drug problems in Thailand.

The Government of Thailand, which has long recognized the serious threat posed by illicit drugs, has implemented stringent law enforcement measures aimed at suppressing illicit drug trafficking by dismantling clandestine laboratories, intercepting essential chemicals, effecting significant seizures and eradicating illicit crops. In addition, the Government has taken steps to initiate the enactment of legislation providing for the confiscation of proceeds derived from illicit drug trafficking activity. Furthermore, it has maintained and strengthened its already close bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the field of drug abuse control.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed1991

Be a winner: Arkansas' approach to involving law enforcement officers in drug education.

This paper describes a project which is a joint venture of the Northwest Arkansas Police Institute and the Program in Health Sciences at the University of Arkansas. Funded by the U.S. Department of Education under the Drug Free Schools and Communities Act, the focus of the project has been the development of an innovative drug education program which brings uniformed law enforcement officers into the elementary school classroom. The officers lead an eight week instructional program at the fifth or sixth grade levels using our Be A Winner curriculum.

Arkansas↗
PubMed1992

Why does the injured drunk driver escape arrest and conviction? A case presentation and discussion by health care and law enforcement professionals.

Serious injury protects the drunk driver from prosecution and conviction for driving drunk. This escape from liability occurs despite the fact that almost half of all traffic fatalities are attributable to alcohol. Consequently, the drunk driver who is injured may resume driving as soon as he is physically able to do so, thereby becoming a renewed threat to himself and others. On the other hand, a conviction for driving while impaired (DWI) results in loss of the driving privilege, reducing exposure of other drivers to a public health hazard. A DWI conviction may also stimulate the drunk driver to seek treatment for alcoholism. Unless they are prosecuted, even seriously injured drunk drivers are seldom referred for alcoholism counseling or treatment. To explore the reasons for this continuing cycle of impairment and injury, a panel of experts from the fields of health care and law enforcement was convened on October 30, 1991, during the Third Annual North Carolina Conference on Injury Control. The panel considered the hypothetical case of an alcohol-related motor vehicle crash in which a passenger was killed. We present here an edited transcript from that conference.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1977

Coping patterns of law enforcement officers in simulated and naturalistic stress.

Psychophysiological and self-report measures of reactivity were obtained from 135 police deputies exposed to a stressful film. Subjects categorized according to trait anxiety level and character defense pattern were encouraged to anticipate benign or threatening experiences or were given no preparatory information. In general, information abetted stress reduction; individual personality variables also influenced reactivity. The vigilant coper group uniformly demonstrated intolerance for uncertainty, whereas the responses of the neutral and avoider groups were separable according to anxiety level, in which lower anxiety facilitated adaptation to the stressor. The dramatic correspondence of supervisory ratings of field performance and the data for the no-warning condition suggests that the demands for success in law enforcement service were approximated by the simulated stress procedure.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[The mental state in the employees of law-enforcement organs who have gone through an earthquake].

Rescue emergency psychiatric team composed of psychiatrists and psychologists of the Central Medical Psychological Research Laboratory of the Ministry for Internal Affairs of the USSR made the checkup of 237 law-and-order officials that had come through an earthquake in Armenia. Persons, who had lost their close relatives, homes and property, had the most heavy upset, mainly of the reactive depression type. An important part in safe-keeping of the optimal capacity for work was played by the healthy psychological microclimate between the colleagues, as well as by constant and competent guidance, moral and psychological influence of the leadership.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport.

Three cases of positional asphyxia are described that occurred while victims were in a prone position in rear compartments of police patrol cars. These deaths are attributed to positional asphyxia. Autopsy findings and specific scene and circumstantial correlations of the investigation are discussed with emphasis placed on the limitations of interpretation of the anatomic changes at autopsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Promoting law enforcement for child protection: a community analysis.

The Colorado Occupant Protection Project (COPP) intervention provided police with brief instruction concerning the importance of citations for drivers' failure to use child safety seats and special coupons to accompany citations. Coupons were exchangeable by drivers for a safety seat and brief training in its use, plus a waiver of the $50 citation fine. Over 4.5 years of archival records were employed, using an ABA design and a comparison community to evaluate the program. Few tickets were issued for nonuse of safety seats during the 3-year baseline in either community. Citations for nonuse of safety seats increased to over 50 per month during the intervention period at the test site, whereas rates remained essentially zero at the comparison site. After the COPP intervention was removed at the intervention site, citation rates for nonuse of safety seats decreased to about 15 per month. Differences between intervention conditions and settings were statistically significant. During the intervention, officers were 44 times more likely to write citations than were controls. Results suggested that a behavioral program can increase police citation writing for child protection purposes.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1977

Immunization: public health programming through law enforcement.

The pre-inoculation program review of the school immunization records in fall, 1974 found that only 60 per cent of the 63,000 children in the Cincinnati primary school system were adequately immunized. Following a program based upon their legal authority to require immunizations, the Board of Health in collaboration with the Board of Education was able to obtain in a two-year effort a 91 per cent immunization level.

Child↗