[Public health in the city of Hamburg in the 19th century, with regard to medical legislation (1586--1818--1900)].
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FDA authority over medical devices is a fact of life, certain to have an effect on the dental trade industry. Trends toward acquisitions and mergers of companies within the dental trade industry and the employment of additional personnel, in response to the regulations, have already become apparent. While some improvement in the quality of dental products can be anticipated, it is also expected that the regulations will result in fewer sources of dental products, higher costs for products fewer new products, and a reluctance to accept goods for return or repair. Whether the net impact of the Medical Device Amendments upon the industry will be positive or negative, remains to be seen.
Mandatory continuing medical education, because of the need to validate participation, rewards classroom activities but not self-education. To determine if self-education is still a major study method for practicing physicians, we surveyed 158 cardiologists to learn how they first heard of, and continued their education in, echocardiography, a technique in which 81% of the physician-sample receiving no training in medical school, residency, or fellowship. Initial and continuing sources of information included professional journals and literature, meetings and conferences, discussion with colleagues, and courses. Professional journals ranked first in use; individual and group learning activities were used about equally by physicians. Recent legislation requiring validation of attendance may cause educators and legislators to ignore the self-learner. This study should remind educators and legislators that variations in learning style must be considered when planning and legislating approaches in continuing medical education.
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