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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1997

Back pain in the workplace. What you lift or how you lift matters far less than whether you lift or when.

In spite of more than 50 years of concerted effort to diminish task demand, the incidence of compensable back injuries has not wavered. Before we persist for another 50 years in the quest for the "right way to lift," we should consider recent multivariate clinical investigations that suggest alternative approaches. Because task context is at least as important as task content in this regard, it follows that including regional backache under the rubric of "compensable injury" demands reconsideration. Likewise, rather than pursuing the "right way to lift," the more reasonable and humane quest might be for workplaces that are comfortable when we are well and accommodating when we are ill.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

A comparison of isokinetic lifting strength with static strength and maximum acceptable weight with special reference to speed of lifting.

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of the speed of lifting and box size on isokinetic strength and to compare isokinetic lifting strengths with static lifting strengths and psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights. Nine male college students lifted three different boxes (250, 380 and 510 mm wide) from the floor to a bench height of 0.8 m using a free-style lifting technique at a rate of 0.2 lifts min-1. For each lifting task static strength was measured at the origin of lift. Isokinetic lifting strength was measured at 0.41, 0.51 and 0.6 ms-1 using a Biokinetic ergometer and attaching boxes to the load cell. Ratings of perceived exertion were recorded for the low back. There was a progressive decrease in mean and peak isokinetic lifting strengths both with an increase in lifting speed and with an increase in box width (p < 0.01). The lifting speed had a much greater effect (29% and 27%) than the box width (18% and 15%) on mean and peak isokinetic lifting strengths. However, high speed lifting was perceived subjectively to be less stressful (RPE = 10.7) than slow speed lifting (RPE = 12.7). Static strength and maximum acceptable weight had higher correlations with mean isokinetic strength (r = 0.65 and 0.82) than with peak isokinetic strength (r = 0.52 and 0.73). At 0.41 ms-1, mean isokinetic strength peak 6% greater than the mean static strength (p > or = 0.05). Extrapolation of mean isokinetic strength data showed that at 0.73 ms-1 the estimated mean isokinetic strengths were within 6% of maximum acceptable weights. It is concluded that isokinetic strength is highly dependent upon the speed of lifting. At a slow speed (0.41 ms-1), mean isokinetic strength is equal to mean static strength; and, at a high speed (0.73 ms-1), it appears to be equal to the maximum acceptable weight. It is recommended that both speed of lifting and box width should be controlled carefully to stimulate job-specific isokinetic lifting strength.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Influence of lifting technique on perceptual and cardiovascular responses to submaximal repetitive lifting.

Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate, ventilation and central rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in repetitive lifting while executing squat and stoop techniques were investigated in ten male forestry workers. In all five mass/frequency combinations studied, VO2 was significantly higher for the squat than for the stoop technique. No differences were found in RPE between the techniques. The VO2 and RPE recordings were also related to those obtained during maximal repetitive lifting (same lifting technique) and maximal treadmill running. The VO2 expressed as a percentage of that obtained during maximal repetitive lifting with the same lifting technique was defined as relative aerobic intensity (% VO2max,lifting). The % VO2max,lifting was not significantly different between the techniques except for the lowest mass lifted (1 kg). This study therefore would support the hypothesis that RPE is more closely related to % VO2max,lifting than to absolute aerobic intensity. Related to maximal treadmill running, it was demonstrated for both lifting techniques that relative RPE (percentage of the RPE during maximal running) was more accurate than relative VO2 (percentage of maximal VO2 during maximal running) for determining the % VO2max,lifting in repetitive lifting. The study showed that the higher VO2 during squat lifting compared to stoop lifting was caused by the VO2 expended in lifting and lowering the body rather than the VO2 expended lifting and lowering the external mass. It was concluded that the stoop technique was not superior to the squat technique in terms of central RPE. Based on % VO2max,lifting, there may be a rationale for choosing the stoop technique during repetitive lifting with light masses, but not with heavy masses.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effect of lifting belts, foot movement, and lift asymmetry on trunk motions.

Whether or not lifting belts protect workers from injury is a topic of considerable interest in industry. Not only is the protective effect uncertain, but the biomechanical basis for belt function is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if lifting belts provide a means for controlling trunk motions during asymmetric material-handling tasks. We recruited 16 nursing personnel as experienced lifters to participate in two lifting sessions. A lifting belt was worn in one session and for a week prior to this session during the subjects' routine work activities. Each session required 42 lifts, distributed across three asymmetry conditions (0, 45, and 90 deg) and temporally spaced 30 s apart. Foot motion was not permitted in half the lifts. Results indicated that during lifting, lateral bending and twisting motions were reduced by both the lifting belt and foot motion; the most pronounced effect was observed at 90 deg of asymmetry. Trunk motions in the sagittal plane during lifting were not affected by the lifting belt. These results appear to support the use of lifting belts in asymmetric lifting conditions, but more research is needed to determine whether the muscles in the torso benefit from the reduced motion or are working harder to overcome this resistance to motion, causing increased internal loads on the spine during asymmetric material-handling tasks.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Maximum acceptable weight of lift for side and back lifting.

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to find maximum acceptable weights in front, side, and back lifting. Fifteen college students participated in the experiment. Experimental trials for each type of lifting were conducted for 10 min for each subject at a rate of 4 lifts/min. Psychophysical methodology was used to find the acceptable weight based upon their perceived feeling of stress in the lower back. It was found that subjects are willing to lift the heaviest load using back lifting (average maximum acceptable weight: 41.5 lbs). Front lifting was the close second with 39.4 lbs. Also, there was a significant difference in maximum acceptable weight of lift between side lifting (average maximum acceptable weight: 25.5 lbs) and the other two types of lifting. It was also found that leg strength was a limiting variable for maximum acceptable weight in front lifting. Composite strength and shoulder strength were found to be limiting variables in side lifting. Composite strength was the limiting variable in the back lifting.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1982

Perceived exertion during patient lifts. An evaluation of the importance of various factors for the subjective strain during lifting and carrying of patients. A study at a geriatric hospital.

Model experiments and practical studies of patient lifts were carried out with the aim of finding a method for assessing perceived exertion during various types of patient lifts. In the model experiments perceived exertion was rated on the RPE (Borg) scale under standardized conditions with variation of the subject's working posture and the load to be lifted. A strong correlation was found between increased perceived exertion and an un-optimal posture and heavy load respectively. In the practical study of patient lifts the following eight variables were rated: posture, acceleration, the patient's weight, time needed for the lift, the load, patient cooperation, the moment about the fulcrum and the possibilities of getting a good hold. The subjects were asked to rate the perceived exertion on the RPE scale. Six common types of patient lifts were studied. By multiple regression analysis the different variables were analysed in relation to perceived exertion. Strong correlations were found between different variables and perceived exertion, with some variation between the different types of patient lifts. The perceived exertion in various types of patient lifts can therefore be characterized by a small number of variables (the most strongly correlated). By choosing the most characteristic variables for each patient lift, the method can be utilized to study changes in the perceived exertion for different types of patient lifts when the external conditions during the lift are changed.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The effect of lifting protocol on comparisons with isoinertial lifting performance.

The purpose of the study was threefold: (1) to determine if protocol constraints affected scores on a box-lifting task; (2) to identify any differences in impact of protocol changes on male and female scores; and (3) to determine if these protocol changes affected correlations between maximal box-lifting scores and maximal scores obtained on isoinertial lifting tests. Two hundred and sixty nine participants (143 males and 126 females) completed maximal isoinertial lifting tests to 1.50 m and 1.80 m using a constrained protocol on an Incremental Lifting Machine (ILM). Participants were divided into three samples for completion of a maximal box-lifting task, with each sample using one of the following task protocols: (1) set style; (2) free style; and (3) ergonomically redesigned. Statistical analyses using general linear models procedures revealed that changes in protocol constraints significantly affected scores on lifting tasks. Removal of protocol constraints resulted in greater percentage increases in task scores for females than for males. Furthermore, disparate patterns between genders in task-test correlations were observed. It was concluded that the ILM was unable to predict female lifting capabilities accurately using any of the three protocols.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1988

Effects of psychophysical lifting training on maximal repetitive lifting capacity.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of psychophysical lifting training on maximal repetitive lifting capacity. Maximal repetitive lifting capacity was defined as the maximum box mass that could be lifted for 1 hr to a height of 132 cm at a rate of 6 lifts/min. Eight male subjects participated in five psychophysical lifting training sessions each week for 4 weeks. During each session subjects were presented with one empty and one heavily loaded box and asked to adjust the box mass to the maximum load they felt capable of lifting for 1 hr. This load was lifted at a rate of 6 lifts/min to a height of 132 cm for two 15-min periods each session. Heart rate was recorded, and subjects were asked to provide a rating of their perceived exertion. At the end of 4 weeks of training, subjects did not select a heavier training load, exhibit a decreased training heart rate, or report a decreased rating of perceived exertion. The training program did produce a significant increase in 1-hr maximal repetitive lifting capacity, as indicated by a greater box mass selected, but there was no concomitant change in VO2, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion. It can be concluded that 4 weeks of psychophysical training of inexperienced lifters can produce a substantial increase in work output for a given energy expenditure. These increases are attributed to neural factors (skill, neuromuscular coordination) and to possible increases in the muscular endurance of specific muscle groups occurring with practice.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Comparison of isokinetic and isoinertial lifting tests as predictors of maximal lifting capacity.

This study compared the relationship between isokinetic lifting test (ILT) performance and a maximal operational lifting test (OLT) with that between an isoinertial progressive lifting test (PLT) and OLT. Fifty subjects performed the ILT, PLT and OLT after familiarization trials. OLT was defined as the weight of the heaviest crate that could be lifted to 1.34 m with a progressive, incremental test. ILT performance was the force generated during a single maximal simulated lift on an isokinetic dynamometer. PLT performance was the maximal weight lifted to 1.52 m with a progressive, incremental protocol on a weight stack. OLT was highly correlated with ILT (r = 0.96) and PLT (r = 0.97); the standard error was similar for both linear regression equations. The results demonstrate that a single maximal voluntary lift on an isokinetic dynamometer is as good a predictor of OLT as in the PLT presently used in military recruit centers.

Female↗

PubMed1988

Progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation. II. A comparison with isokinetic lifting in a disabled chronic low-back pain industrial population.

The Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation (PILE), as described in Part I of this series of articles, is a simplified test combining psychophysical and isoinertial protocols to provide an unconstrained lifting assessment. In the second part of this study, 100 chronically disabled low-back pain patients (57 men and 43 women) were studied at two points: 1) at initial evaluation, when referred for possible entry into a comprehensive Functional Restoration treatment program; and 2) at the conclusion of the treatment (an average 7 weeks later). Results of simultaneous lumbar PILE and Cybex Liftask (Lumex, Ronkonkoma, NY) tests are presented, showing that patients may frequently double or triple initial lifting capacity after undergoing the functional restoration training program, achieving lifting levels at or above normal for incumbent industrial workers. Overall, results demonstrate that the PILE test can be an effective baseline screening test for lifting capacity under certain circumstances. Although several drawbacks affecting the PILE as an isolated test are discussed, its usefulness as part of a battery of physical capacity tests making up a quantitative functional evaluation is clearly demonstrated. Finally, the potential use of PILE as a safe, inexpensive, simple, and relevant screening test for frequent lifting capacity in worker selection is discussed.

Back Pain↗

PubMed1994

[Frontal face lift. Temporal face lift. Extraperiosteal face lift].

The author describes the anatomical structures and various incisions responsible for progress in frontal facelift. He describes the technique currently adopted by the majority of authors to perform this operation. The incision has been the site of the greatest progress and the use of myoplasties remains a controversial issue. Possible combinations with blepharoplasty and with procedures used to complete the facelift at various levels are discussed. These procedures may consist of bone remodelling performed in combination with the operation or osteotomies to modify bony contours, or the use of various filling materials with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The author then describes a temporal facelift technique, which has fallen out of use, under the name of "mannequin facelift" and which, as a result of a better understanding of the planes of dissection has a renewed value in certain indications. It is an incision rather than a technique, but it should also be used with the development of endoscopy. The extraperiostal masklift is a technique which treats the middle part of the face. Its extraperiostal approach, in contrast with the subperiosteal masklift, can be used to release soft tissues and to act more precisely than by raising the periosteum which is considered to be inextensible. Its rejuvenating effect is dramatic, but it does not allow the bony appositions which can be performed via a subperiosteal approach. This technique is very well defined and allows easy progression to a complementary cervicofacial facelift.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed1992

["Total SMAS lift" or deep facial lift by temporal approach. Initial report].

The authors present a new technique of face lift via a temporal approach which allows them to perform a "Total SMAS Lift" of the supra- and infra-zygomatic region. They use the passage on the deep side of the superficial layer of the temporal fascia, which avoids damage to the frontal branch of the facial nerve. Undermining of the periorbital area is performed under the muscle, but above the periosteum of the malar bone. This technique is situated between the subcutaneous face lift and the superiostal mask-lift. This technique can also be combined with a frontal or cervico-facial lift. This "Total SMAS Lift" is essentially indicated in patients with early ptosis of the cheek, the peri-orbital area ant the naso-labial folds and the aesthetic results are gratifying.

Face↗

PubMed1997

A comprehensive lifting model: beyond the NIOSH lifting equation.

A comprehensive lifting model (CLM) for the evaluation and design of manual tasks was developed in two stages using 11 task, personal and environmental variables. In the first stage, the model was built using the psychophysical data. In the second stage, discounting factors of various variables were tested and adjusted using the physiological and biomechanical data. Two lifting indices are proposed to evaluate lifting tasks for a group of workers (relative lifting safety index or RLSI) and for an individual worker (personal lifting safety index or PLSI).

Energy Metabolism↗

PubMed1998

The effect of lifting belt use on multijoint motion and load bearing during repetitive and asymmetric lifting.

The evaluation of the effect of lifting belts on multijoint coordinated lifting performance has been limited. Thirteen subjects participated in two experiments: (a) fatiguing repetitive sagittal lifting and (b) asymmetric lifting. Both experiments were performed with and without the use of a common flexible lifting belt to determine the effect of belt use on the trunk and lower extremity motion and load sharing. During both tests, the use of the belt was observed to restrict the sagittal trunk range of motion and velocity, while the hip motion and velocity increased. Although one of the risk factors for acquisition of low back pain may be reduced while wearing the belt, the results also demonstrate a need for greater study of the consequences on the risk of injury to the other joints. More laboratory experiments and prospective epidemiological studies are needed before a conclusive recommendation could be made in favor of using the belt as a valid preventive measure.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Laparoscopic-assisted colon surgery by abdominal wall lifting with newly developed lifting bars.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted colon surgery by lifting the abdominal wall with newly developed lifting bars. METHODS: We have made and used two kinds of lifting bars: type I and type T. Two I-type lifting bars are used in transverse colectomy and right hemicolectomy. One I-type lifting bar and one T-type bar are used in sigmoid colectomy and low anterior resection. After the intestine is dissected and the mesenterium is treated under laparoscopy, a small laparotomy wound about 4 to 6 cm long is made, and the intestine is pulled out of the body for extracorporeal anastomosis. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 153.8 +/- 51.9 min, and no particular complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Since postoperative pain is mild and postoperative recovery is rapid, this method is considered to be an effective surgical procedure.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1998

The muscular load on the lower back and shoulders due to lifting at different lifting heights and frequencies.

The aim of the study was to investigate the muscular load on the lower back and shoulders and the circulatory load on employees at a post center during repetitive lifting of mail transport boxes. A mock-up was designed in the laboratory, a total of nine combinations of lifting height and frequency were studied. Surface EMG was recorded bisymmetrically from m. erector spinae (L3-level) and m. trapezius. The circulatory load was evaluated by measuring the heart rate. The results show a trade off between the low back and shoulders. The maximum load on the low back occurred at the low lifting height (363 and 54.4 cm) whereas the maximum load on the shoulders occurred at the high lifting height (144.9 and 163.0 cm).

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Laparoscopic surgery by abdominal wall lifting using original lifting bars.

Laparoscopic surgery by abdominal wall lifting may be less invasive than by pneumoperitoneum, because the influence of the pneumoperitoneum can be avoided. We have performed laparoscopic surgery without pneumoperitoneum by lifting the full layer of the abdominal wall using two unique kinds of lifting bars that we developed. We have used this method on a total of 154 patients and obtained favorable results. Laparotomy was performed in three of the 104 patients undergoing cholecystectomy. All of them had previously undergone gastrectomy, and laparotomy was performed because of severe intraperitoneal adhesions. There were no severe complications, but insufficient suturing was experienced in one patient who underwent resection of the large intestine. In this article we describe the procedures and results of the lifting method.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1992

Do forehead lifts lift or unfurl?

Forehead lifts are becoming increasingly more popular as an adjunct to facial rejuvenation. Considerable confusion exists as to how much the eyebrow should be elevated and how much scalp should be removed to achieve this goal. In an effort to evaluate this question, we have reviewed our recent forehead lift experience. These were done with forehead flap dissection down to glabella and supraorbital ridge, partial resection of corrugator supercilii, procerus, and frontalis muscles, and limited skin resection. We suggest that a natural-appearing, rejuvenating forehead lift should unfurl facial wrinkles without excessive eyebrow elevation. Technical maneuvers to obtain this goal are discussed.

Forehead↗