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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Development of EST-SSR markers by data mining in three species of shrimp: Litopenaeus vannamei, Litopenaeus stylirostris, and Trachypenaeus birdy.

We report on the data mining of publicly available Litopenaeus vannamei expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to generate simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers and on their transferability between related Penaeid shrimp species. Repeat motifs were found in 3.8% of the evaluated ESTs at a frequency of one repeat every 7.8 kb of sequence data. A total of 206 primer pairs were designed, and 112 loci were amplified with the highest success in L. vannamei. A high percentage (69%) of EST-SSRs were transferable within the genus Litopenaeus. More than half of the amplified products were polymorphic in a small testing panel of L. vannamei. Evaluation of those primers in a larger testing panel showed that 72% of the markers fit Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which shows their utility for population genetic analysis. Additionally, a set of 26 of the EST-SSRs were evaluated for Mendelian segregation. A high percentage of monomorphic markers (46%) proved to be polymorphic by singles-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis. Because of the high number of ESTs available in public databases, a data mining approach similar to the one outlined here might yield high numbers of SSR markers in many animal taxa.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Crustins, homologues of an 11.5-kDa antibacterial peptide, from two species of penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and Litopenaeus setiferus.

The response of crustaceans to pathogens is believed to depend solely on innate, nonadaptive immune mechanisms, including phagocytosis, encapsulation, clotting, and a variety of soluble antimicrobial activities. Arthropod antimicrobial peptides, while characterized primarily from insects, also have been isolated from crustaceans. Expressed sequence tag analysis of hemocyte complementary DNA libraries from 2 species of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and Litopenaeus setiferus, revealed transcripts with strong sequence similarity to an 11.5-kDa antibacterial peptide (crustin Cm1) found in Carcinus maenas. Crustins were also observed to contain motifs common to proteinase inhibitors. Analysis of these cDNA libraries yielded at least 3 different isoforms of this peptide in L. vannamei (crustin Lv1-Lv3) and 3 in L. setiferus (crustin Ls1-Ls3). Further analysis of a second L. vannamei cDNA library revealed the presence of 3 more possible isoforms (crustin Lv4-Lv6), which differed from those seen in the first L. vannamei cDNA library. Genomic Southern blot analysis revealed a complex family of crustin-related sequences. However, full-length crustin appears to be encoded by a much more restricted subset of sequences within this family.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Factorial effects of salinity, dietary carbohydrate and moult cycle on digestive carbohydrases and hexokinases in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).

Litopenaeus vannamei were reared in close cycle over seven generations and tested for their capacity to digest starch and to metabolise glucose at different stages of the moulting cycle. After acclimation with 42.3% of carbohydrates (HCBH) or 2.3% carbohydrates (LCBH) diets and at high salinity (40 g kg(-1)) or low salinity (15 g kg(-1)), shrimp were sampled and hepatopancreas (HP) were stored. Total soluble protein in HP was affected by the interaction between salinity and moult stages (p<0.05). Specific activity of alpha-amylase ranged from 44 to 241 U mg protein(-1) and a significant interaction between salinity and moult stages was observed (p<0.05), resulting in highest values at stage C for low salinity (mean value 196.4 U mg protein(-1)), and at D0 in high salinity (mean value 175.7 U mg protein(-1)). Specific activity of alpha-glucosidase ranged between 0.09 and 0.63 U mg protein(-1), an interaction between dietary CBH and salinity was observed for the alpha-glucosidase (p<0.05) and highest mean value was found in low salinity-LCBH diet treatment (0.329 U mg protein(-1)). Hexokinase specific activity (range 9-113 mU mg protein(-1)) showed no significant differences when measured at 5 mM glucose (p>0.05). Total hexokinase specific activity (range 17-215 mU mg protein(-1)) showed a significant interaction between dietary CBH and salinity (p<0.05) with highest value (mean value 78.5 mU mg protein(-1)) found in HCBH-high salinity treatment, whereas in the other treatments the activity was not significantly different (mean value 35.93 mU mg protein(-1)). A synergistic effect of dietary CBH, salinity and moult stages over hexokinase IV-like specific activity was also observed (p<0.05). As result of this interaction, the highest value (135.5+/-81 mU mg protein(-1)) was observed in HCBH, high salinity at D0 moult stage. Digestive enzymes activity is enhanced in the presence of high starch diet (HCBH) and hexokinase can be induced at certain moulting stages under the influence of blood glucose level. Perspectives are opened to add more carbohydrates in a growing diet, exemplifying the potential approach for less-polluting feed.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effects of cadmium and zinc on oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion, and osmoregulation of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, a globally important cultured prawn species, is an ideal animal for studying the impairment caused by the effects of heavy metals that are often detected in coastal areas. The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of Cd and Zn to L. vannamei, and to investigate their effects on gill functions, which have not been carried out in this species before, hoping to obtain some important significance. First of all, we examined the acute toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) to L. vannamei and obtained 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h medium lethal concentration (LC50) values of 2.58, 1.30, 1.14, and 1.07 mgCd l(-1) and 3.98, 2.14, 1.75, and 1.35 mgZn l(-1), respectively. Furthermore, we also found that exposure of shrimp to Cd or Zn caused an inhibition in oxygen consumption of 91.3% and 75.9% lower than that of the control. However, after separate exposure to Cd or Zn, elevations in ammonium excretion were obtained, which were 153.7% and 144.1%, respectively, higher than the control. It is most likely that elevations in ammonium excretion were related to decreased osmotic pressure of shrimp blood. Finally, the distribution of Cd and Zn within gills was also determined.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of copper sulfate on the immune response and susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) held in 35 per thousand seawater were challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus at a dose of 3 x 10(5) colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp(-1), and then placed in water containing concentrations of Cu2+ at 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg l(-1). Mortality of shrimp in 5, 10 and 20 mg l(-1) Cu2+ was significantly higher than those in 1 mg l(-1) Cu2+ and the control solution after 24-96 h. In another experiment, L. vannamei which had been exposed to control, 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg l(-1) Cu2+ for 24, 48 and 96 h were examined for THC (total haemocyte count), phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst (release of superoxide anion), phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to V. alginolyticus. Copper concentrations at 1 mg l(-1) or greater for 24h resulted in decreased THC, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency, whereas copper concentration at 20 mg l(-1) caused significant increase in respiratory burst of L. vannamei. In conclusion, concentration of Cu2+ at 1 mg l(-1) or greater increased the susceptibility of L. vannamei to V. alginolyticus infection by a depression in immune ability. The release of superoxide anion by L. vannamei exposed to 20 mg l(-1) Cu2+ was considered to be cytotoxic to the host.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The protective effect of chitin and chitosan against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, which had been injected with chitin at 4, 6 and 8 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 2, 4 and 6 microg g(-1), were challenged with pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus at 2 x 10(6) colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp(-1) and then placed in seawater of 34 per thousand. The survival of shrimp that received chitin or chitosan at either dose was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 1 day, and at the termination of the experiment (6 days after the challenge). In another experiment, the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and phagocytic activity to V. alginolyticus were measured when L. vannamei (10.4 +/- 0.7 g) were injected individually with chitin at 4 and 6 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 2 and 4 microg g(-1). L. vannamei received chitin at 6 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 2 and 4 microg g(-1) increased significantly its THC and respiratory burst after 2 days. L. vannamei received chitin at 6 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 2 and 4 microg g(-1) still maintained significantly higher phenoloxidase activity after 6 days. L. vannamei received chitin at 4 and 6 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 2 and 4 microg g(-1) increased its phagocytic activity against V. alginolyticus after 1 day, respectively. It is therefore concluded that L. vannamei that received chitin at 6 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 4 microg g(-1) or less increased its immune ability and resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase from haemocytes of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

cDNA encoding prophenoloxidase (proPO) of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was obtained from haemocytes by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA using oligonucleotide primers based on the proPO sequence of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (accession no.: AF521949) and kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (accession no.: AB0733223). proPO of L. vannamei was constitutively expressed. The 2471-bp cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2058 bp, a 96-bp 5'-untranslated region, and a 317-bp 3'-untranslated region containing the poly A tail. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence (686 amino acids) was 78.1 kDa with an estimated pI of 6.02. It contained putative copper binding sites, a complement-like motif (GCGWPQHM), a proteolytic activation site, and a conserved C-terminal region common to all known proPOs. However, no signal peptide sequence was detected in white shrimp proPO. Comparison of amino acid sequences showed that white shrimp proPO is more closely related to the proPO of another penaeid than to that of a freshwater crayfish. White shrimp proPO mRNA was synthesized in haemocytes and not in the hepatopancreas or muscle. The activation responses of the proPO of the white shrimp to an exogenous protease (trypsin), a detergent (sodium dodecyl sulphate), and algal and microbial cell wall components (laminarin, sodium alginate, zymosan, and lipopolysaccharide), and its susceptibility to protease inhibitors in vitro resemble the proPO activation system of other crustaceans. These facts suggest that the proPO system in haemocytes of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei serves an important function in non-self recognition and host immune reactions.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed2026

ScRNA-seq analysis reveals the effects of nitrite stress on the endocrine system of the eyestalk in Litopenaeus vannamei.

Nitrite is a harmful substance generated in Litopenaeus vannamei farming systems, largely originating from the inadequate breakdown of surplus feed and shrimp feces. Its accumulation in the water can affect the growth and physiological functions of shrimp, damage the immune system, and even cause mass mortality, thus becoming a key environmental factor restricting the green development of the industry. Under nitrite stress, the eyestalk, as an important neuroendocrine regulatory center in crustaceans, participates in the stress adaptation of the organism and exerts a protective effect by regulating energy metabolism and immune function. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism of the eyestalk in response to nitrite stress remains unclear. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology was used to analyze the heterogeneity of eyestalk cells in L. vannamei under nitrite stress. A total of 18, 394 high-quality cells were obtained, and six major cell subpopulations, including Neurosecretory cell, Motor neuron, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Neurogliocyte, and Support cell, were identified. Differential expression analysis identified 839 differentially expressed genes, and different cell types showed distinct specific responses to nitrite stress. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome function, and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing were significantly activated, while signal transduction and DNA repair-related pathways were inhibited. Further analysis revealed that nitrite stress could induce mitochondrial function changes and trigger oxidative stress, thereby affecting the neuroendocrine system function of the eyestalk. This study provided insights into transcriptomic responses of the eyestalk to nitrite stress at the single-cell level, laying a theoretical foundation for the management of aquaculture environments.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Structural and functional differences of Litopenaeus vannamei crustins.

Penaeid crustins were described in Litopenaeus vannamei and L. setiferus as proteins belonging to an antibacterial peptide family with similar sequences but different sizes. Six crustin-coding clones were isolated from a cDNA library from L. vannamei hemocytes, sequenced and compared. Two different isoforms (named I and P) were found, based on two nucleotide differences that produce one change in amino acid sequence (Ile/Pro). Other single differences in nucleotide sequences were also noted, but they did not change the translated product. The mRNA steady state levels of crustin I, but not of crustin P, were down regulated by Vibrio alginolyticus inoculation. Thus, the differences among penaeid crustins seem to be associated with one amino acid substitution, which affects their expression after bacterial inoculation. By structural similarity, shrimp crustins seem to belong to an antibacterial WAP-domain containing protein family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels.

Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (total length 22+/-2.4 mm) were exposed to different concentrations of ammonia-N (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), using the static renewal method at different salinity levels of 15 per thousand, 25 per thousand and 35 per thousand at pH 8.05 and 23 degrees C. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC50 values of ammonia-N on L. vannamei juveniles were 59.72, 40.58, 32.15, 24.39 mg l(-1) at 15 per thousand; 66.38, 48.83, 43.17, 35.4 mg l(-1) at 25 per thousand; 68.75, 53.84, 44.93, 39.54 mg l(-1) at 35 per thousand, respectively. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC50 values of NH(3)-N (un-ionized ammonia as nitrogen) were 2.95, 2.00, 1.59, 1.20 mg l(-1) at 15 per thousand; 2.93, 2.16, 1.91, 1.57 mg l(-1) at 25 per thousand; 2.78, 2.18, 1.82, 1.60 mg l(-1) at 35 per thousand, respectively. As the salinity decreased from 35 per thousand to 15 per thousand, susceptibility of ammonia-N increased by 115%, 132%, 140% and 162% after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, respectively. The "safety level" for rearing L. vannamei juveniles was estimated to be 2.44, 3.55, 3.95 mg l(-1) for ammonia-N and 0.12, 0.16, 0.16 mg l(-1) for NH(3)-N in 15 per thousand, 25 per thousand and 35 per thousand, respectively.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

[A preliminary study on the inheritance of microsatellite in two selective breeding families of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)].

Two full-sib families of Litopenaeus vannamei were used to study the inheritance of allelic variation at 10 microsatellite loci. Of the 20 genotypic ratios observed (10 loci x 2 crosses), 17 ratios conformed to Mendelian segregation. When null alleles were considered, one loci (TUMXLv8.220) confirmed Mendelian expectations in all families. While one loci (TUMXLv3.1) showed deviation from family 06. Three loci (TUMXLv5.66,TUMXLv7.74,TUMXLv8.224)were monomorphic in both controlled crosses; 3 loci were polymorphic and confirmed to Mendelian ratios in all families, can be used for parental analysis and population genetic studies. These results indicated the need to test the inheritance pattern for microsatellite markers in shrimp before using them for population genetic or kinship analysis.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Effects of methamidophos on acetylcholinesterase activity, behavior, and feeding rate of the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

The toxicity of methamidophos on the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was evaluated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, behavior, and feeding rate as effect criteria. The biochemical characterization of the soluble cholunesterase (ChE) present in both muscle and eye tissues of L. vannamei was performed in a first phase of the study. In both tissues, almost full inhibition of enzyme activity by eserine sulfate was found, indicating that the measured activity is mainly from ChE and not from other esterases. The highest rate of substrate hydrolysis was found when acetylthiocholine was used as substrate. To evaluate the effects of methamidophos on L. vannamei AChE, behavior, and feeding rate, shrimps were exposed for 24h to several sublethal concentrations of methamidophos. Significant effects of the pesticide on behavior and AChE were found, with behavior being a more sensitive endpoint than AChE inhibition. Feeding rate was not a sensible endpoint under conditions tested.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed2006

[Adaptability of Litopenaeus vannamei to saline-alkali water in west Jilin Province].

By supplementing natural saline-alkali water into desalinated prawn-cultivating pond, this paper studied the survival ability of Litopenaeus vannamei under saline-alkali water environment. The results showed that the survival duration of untamed juvenile shrimp was more than 96 hours at the alkalinity of saline-alkali water from 5.15 to 19.24 mmol x L(-1), and less than 0.75 hours at the alkalinity from 23.41 to 38.78 mmol x L(-1). The survival duration of tamed juvenile shrimp was more than 24 hours at the alkalinity from 5.15 to 38.78 mmol x L(-1). The upper limit of alkalinity adapted by untamed juvenile shrimp was about 10 mmol x L(-1), and the adaptability to the increasing disparity in alkalinity was under 8 mmol x L(-1). The adaptability of juvenile shrimp could be increased by the increase of tamed standard, and that of tamed juvenile shrimp to the alkalinity of 30 mmol x L(-1) was from 2 to 4 mmol x L(-1) and from 3 to 25 mmol x L(-1) for the alkalinity disparity increase and decrease, respectively. Litopenaeus vannamei could be cultivated in the saline-alkali water with an alkalinity of 32 mmol x L(-1) in west Jilin Province.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Effect of some organophosphorus pesticides on oxygen consumption of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

Oxygen consumption was measured in adult specimens of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps from a coastal lagoon of Sinaloa, Mexico, during exposure to sublethal concentrations of the organophosphorus pesticides, Diazinon, Folidol, and Gusathion. Each individual was used as a control of itself, to avoid differences between treatments being masked by individual variability. In all three treatments with pesticides, respiration rate, measured by a polarographic electrode, was significantly lower than in controls. This may, at least partly, explain the decrease in shrimp production observed in recent years in the coastal lagoons of Sinaloa.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Haemolymph parameters of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with Taura syndrome virus.

Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were injected with Taura syndrome virus (TSV) to assess shrimp immune responses and survival. TSV-infected shrimp suffered high mortality, but mock-infected and untreated shrimp experienced no mortality. Moribund shrimp were a pale, reddish colour and were lethargic and soft-shelled. Their haemolymph was clear red and coagulated poorly. In TSV-infected shrimp, the total haemocyte count (THC), hyalinocyte and granulocyte counts, and total plasma protein decreased significantly to 21%, 24%, 17% and 56% of untreated control values, respectively. Haemocyanin decreased to 67%, and clottable proteins to 80% of control values (P< 0.01). Copper and calcium ions, haemocytic transglutaminase (TGase) activity and plasma growth inhibitory activity against Vibrio harveyi also decreased significantly. Generation of intrahaemocytic superoxide anion, O(-2), in TSV-infected shrimp was significantly greater (P< 0.05) than in both control groups, no matter whether glucan stimulated or unstimulated. But the relative increase of intrahaemocytic O(-2) generation in TSV-infected shrimp response to glucan stimulation was lower in both controls. Plasma phenoloxidase (PO) activity increased significantly in TSV-infected shrimp. The plasma bacterial agglutinin titre against E. coli and V. harveyi, growth inhibition of E. coli and the concentration of magnesium ions in TSV-infected shrimp did not change significantly. In conclusion, ten of thirteen haemolymph parameters changed significantly during the host-TSV interaction. These parameters might be valuable references of shrimp health status.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2004

Antigenic cross-reactivity of crustacean haemocytes using monoclonal antibodies produced against haemocytes of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Eight monoclonal antibodies produced against haemocytes of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were used to research the antigenic cross-reactivity of crustacean haemocytes. 2C3 cross-reacted with the haemocytes of all the experimental animals, while 1H8 and 2C11 did not cross-react with the experimental animals. The other five monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with some of the experimental animals.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Highly variable polymorphism of the alpha-amylase gene family in Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea Decapoda).

Alpha-amylase from the tropical shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei presents a high degree of polymorphism and at least eight different electromorphs are detected by electrophoresis. Based on nucleotide sequences, three cDNAs have been previously characterized. In this paper we report on the organization and the evolution of corresponding alpha-amylase genes, determined after PCR amplification. Three AMY genes have been characterized, spanning over 3.3 kb and encoding mature proteins of 495 amino acids (aa), which are all expressed in the digestive gland. The existence of nine short introns, ranging from 86 to 454 bp, located at the same positions for each of the different genes, and presenting no similarity between them, is reported. Between 11 and 15% of changes are observed in the coding aa sequences of genes II and III compared to the gene I sequence respectively. One 5' putative promoter sequence has been sequenced and shows no classical TATA box upstream to the coding sequence. Based on the intron size difference, a single PCR (producing the S-R fragments) allows the separation of a partial gene I (750 bp), corresponding to cDNA 20, from the others (650-680 bp). Sequencing different S-R PCR fragments from one shrimp shows at least eight different haplotypes. A complex microsatellite repeat is present in intron 6 of gene II. Using size and sequence differences in this repeated portion, it is possible to characterize two gene subfamilies (IIa and IIb) encoding previously described cDNAs 28 and 37, respectively. For the gene II family, two to four alleles are present in one shrimp corresponding to these two genes. Within the Panama natural population, 35 different alleles are shown at this locus. Regarding alpha-amylase gene structure in the shrimp, many recombinants are present from a set of individuals and constitute an important mechanism of evolution of alpha-amylase function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

A model of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) epidemics in Litopenaeus vannamei.

Taura syndrome virus (TSV) is a highly virulent pathogen of Litopenaeus vannamei, has affected shrimp aquaculture throughout the world, and threatens wild populations. Despite its importance, little work has been done on the pathogen's formal epidemiology. Therefore we developed a compartment model for epidemics of TSV in closed populations of L. vannamei. The model includes five compartments, uninfected susceptible, prepatently infected, acutely infected, chronically infected, and dead infected shrimp. The transmission coefficients, patency coefficient, virulence coefficients, and removal coefficient (disappearance of dead infected shrimp) control the dynamics of the model. We estimated the coefficients in laboratory studies and inserted the estimates in the model to characterize TSV epidemics and to estimate the basic reproduction ratio R(0) and threshold density for TSV epidemics in L. vannamei. Further we examined through computer simulation the effect of varying the coefficients on R(0). Decreases in transmission decrease R(0), decreases in virulence increase R(0), increases in patency do not affect R(0), and increases in recovery most likely increase R(0) but under some conditions might decrease it.

Animals↗