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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Lymphocyte locomotion. I. The initiation, velocity, pattern, and path of locomotion in vitro.

The locomotive behaviour of human lymphocytes in coverslip preparations of clotted autoplasma was studied at +37 degrees C. Lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood or from the tonsils did not move prior to membrane activation by means of incubation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). After PHA stimulation the locomotion of 19 lymphocytes was analysed by time-lapse fliming. The locomotion was random, as evidenced by a median locomotive index of 0.64 (Q1-Q3 0.04-0.75) and comparatively slow, median velocity 15 mum/min (Q1-Q3 12-18). The locomotion of 5 other lymphocytes was studied at high magnification. It is suggested that the characteristic polarity of wandering lymphocytes, indicating the direction of movement, can be utilized in the analysis of the lymphocyte traffic in tissue sections of post-capillary high-endothelium venules.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed1977

Apomorphine-induced locomotion and gnawing: evidence that the experimental design greatly influences gnawing while locomotion remains unchanged.

In a recent study we have shown that it was possible to recognize and record two independent behavioural patterns elicited by apomorphine (s.c.): one behaviour characterized by increased locomotion, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements and another, characterized by compulsive gnawing. In the present study we have further characterized the gnawing and the locomotion patterns, their dependence on the experimental design and on the test environment. We found that the apomorphine-induced gnawing was easily modified by factors such as the design of the test-box and the habituation of the animal to the test-box. Locomotion, on the other hand was essentially independent of such factors and seemed more compulsive than the so-called "compulsive gnawing".

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Defective neutrophil locomotion in human blastomycosis: evidence for a serum inhibitor.

Unstimulated or stimulated locomotion, bactericidal, and metabolic activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 12 nonimmunosuppressed patients with invasive fungal infections proved by culture, were evaluated before and after treatment of the patients with antimicrobial drugs. The major observation was that PMN from patients with blastomycosis had a defect in stimulated locomotion. The specificity of the defect for blastomycosis was substantiated by the normal stimulated locomotion of PMN from uninfected control subjects or untreated patients with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, or sporotrichosis. The defect was due to a heat-stable, cell-directed, reversible serum inhibitor. In unheated or heated serum from untreated patients with blastomycosis, control PMN had decreased stimulated locomotion. Multiple washing followed by addition of control serum corrected locomotion of PMN from untreated patients with blastomycosis. The abnormality was not present in PMN from patients who had been treated with amphotericin B or had spontaneous resolution of their infections. Inhibition was not due to absence of chemoattractant activity because zymosan-activated patient serum or mixtures of patient and control serum stimulated PMN locomotion normally. The defect did not correlate with age, sex, neutrophil count, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, serologic reactivity, or duration or severity of infection. No defect was found in bactericidal or metabolic activities of various combinations of PMN and serum from untreated or treated patients with blastomycosis or the 4 other fungal infections tested, indicating that the inhibitor was specific for stimulated locomotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Weight-bearing locomotion mitigates the progression of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis in male rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Although knee post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) has been associated with altered loading, how weight-bearing (WB) activities should be modulated post-injury to preserve knee health remains unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of WB locomotion on knee PTOA in rodents to provide insight into potential clinical implications. DESIGN: Studies published in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL through 02/2025 and meeting the following criteria were included: 1) rodents with knee PTOA, 2) compared locomotor exercises (treadmill/wheel) to no exercise, 3) outcome measures of PTOA (OARSI/Mankin OA scores, bone quality, osteophyte condition, cartilage quality/morphology). If significant heterogeneity across studies was observed, locomotion speed, time/number of intervention sessions, frequency and duration of intervention, exercise initiation, follow-up time, animal species, PTOA model were analyzed as potential moderator variables that may influence findings. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies met the criteria, resulting in a total of 156 effect sizes (ESs) for meta-analysis (all males). A positive ES denotes less PTOA. Based on the CAMARADES checklist, 5 studies were ranked low risk of bias and 14 studies were ranked moderate risk of bias. Locomotion significantly reduced PTOA severity evaluated using OARSI/Mankin scores (ES=0.927, 95% CI: [0.590, 1.264]) and improved bone quality (ES=0.379, 95% CI: [-0.023, 0.780]) with substantial heterogeneity across studies. Follow-up analyses indicated that greater ESs for reducing OA scores were associated with a shorter duration of each training session, more training sessions, longer intervention duration, and longer follow-up time (all P≤0.004). Greater ESs for improving bone quality were associated with a longer follow-up time and later exercise initiation post-injury (both P≤0.014). Locomotion resulted in small to moderate but non-significant positive effects for isolated measures assessing osteophyte condition (ES=0.379, 95% CI: [-0.023, 0.780]), cartilage quality (ES=0.430, 95% CI: [-0.034, 0.893]), and cartilage morphology (ES=0.464, 95% CI: [-0.006, 0.934]). CONCLUSION: WB locomotion reduced the overall degree of knee PTOA in male rodents. Composite knee OA scores may be more responsive to exercise interventions than isolated cartilage/osteophyte measures. The benefits of locomotion may be more prominent with a longer follow-up time or with exercise protocols consisting of shorter but more individual sessions and longer overall intervention durations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Locomotion and posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus.

The locomotor and postural behavior of Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus was studied in Panama and Surinam. Ateles locomotion can be divided into five patterns on the basis of limb usage: quadrupedal walking and running, suspensory locomotion, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The first three are commonly used in both locomotion during travel and locomotion during feeding, but climbing (especially 'horizontal climbing') is the most important pattern during feeding. Most Ateles locomotion takes place on twigs and branches, with twigs playing a greater role in feeding than in travel. Feeding postures are mainly suspensory and seated, short resting postures are suspensory, seated and standing, and long resting postures are almost entirely seated and reclining. Twigs are the most important supports in feeding postures, but branches are much more important in resting postures. The results of this study indicate that the quadrumanous climbing, forelimb-dominated locomotion during feeding that FLEAGLE considers the primary hominoid adaptation is also characteristic of Ateles.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Coordination of movements of the kindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats.

The coupling of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs has been analysed in intact cats stepping overground and on a treadmill and during swimming, and in decerebrate cats stepping on a treadmill, immersed in water('swimming') and stepping suspended in the air. In the different preparations, and under different types of locomotion, two basic patterns of coupling have been observed. Both concern the hindlimb and forelimb of the same side of the body. The first pattern is found in the pacing gait where flexion of the forelimb precedes extension of the hindlimb, measured at the elbow and knee, respectively. The second pattern is typically found in the trot where flexion of the forelimb follows extension of the hindlimb. In decerebrate cats both patterns of coupling remain after bilateral deafferentation of the hindlimbs. In the alternate form of locomotion these patterns of coupling occurs symmetrically on both sides. In the rotatory and transverse gallop (examples of the in-phase form of locomotion) the coupling is asymmetrical: on one side it is comparable to pacing (forelimb flexion precedes hindlimb extension), and on the other side to trotting (forelimb flexion follows extension). These basic patterns of interlimb coordination simplify considerably the problem of neural control of the limbs in locomotion. Obersations of EMGs during the alternative forms of locomotion show that in the pacing type of coupling the extensor EMGs of forelimb and hindlimb overlap, with the hindlimb leading the forelimb by about 10% of a step cycle, while in the trotting type of coupling the forelimb flexor EMGs overlap the hindlimb extensor EMGs, the forelimb flexors leading the hindlimb extensors by about 10% of a step cycle. During acceleration the transition between the two forms of EMG occurs within one or two step cycles, and at some intermediate velocities the EMG coupling springs back and forth between the two different forms. These results further support the hypotesis of two basic forms of interlimb coupling in which long propriospinal pathways probably play a role.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Controlled locomotion in the mesencephalic cat: distribution of facilitatory and inhibitory regions within pontine tegmentum.

1. The contribution of postural tonus to controlled locomotion elicited by the stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was studied in the acute precolicular-postmammillary decerebrate (mesencephalic) cat. 2. A microelectrode was placed in the unilateral MLR and another was placed systematically at 1-mm increments throughout the pons (H--4 to H--1O) at level ranging from P2 to P11 dorsoventrally and mediolaterally from 0 to L or R6. Depending on the general condition of the animal, stimuli through this second electrode were delivered preceding, succeeding, or simultaneous with the MLR stimulation. 3. Stimulation of the ventral part of the caudal tegmental field (P3 to P9, H--6 to H--8) increased extensor tonus of the hindlimbs, as assessed by recording muscle activity. Concomitant stimulation of this region converted MLR-elicited hindlimb stepping to coordinated four-legged locomotion and also elicited locomotion even when stimulation of the MLR alone failed to elicit locomotion. Stimulation of this ventral tegmental region alone at a larger stimulus intensity elicited spastic locomotor movements associated with a substantial increase in extensor tonus. 4. Stimulation of the lateral tegmented field surrounding the pontine locomotor region (PLR) also facilitated MLR effects, but had a relatively weaker facilitatory effect on postural tonus then stimulation of the ventrocaudal tegmental field. PLR stimulation alone was also ineffective when postural tonus was not well maintained. 5 Stimulation of the dorsal part of caudal tegmental field (P3 to P9, H--4 to H--6) in its midline dramatically decreased extensor tonus of the hindlimbs. MLR-elicited controlled locomotion was completely suppressed during concomitant stimulation of this inhibitory region. 6. These results indicated clearly that the degree of existing postural tonus greatly affects MLR-elicited locomotor movements and that an increase in postural tonus and an activation of the spinal stepping generator are not separate phenomenia.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Locomotion in the cat: basic programmes of movement.

Observations in cats of flexion and extension movements of the 4 limbs have led to the conclusion that the different forms of alternative locomotion (e.g. walking, trotting, swimming) and in-phase locomotion (galloping, jumping) result from the interaction of 'programmes' for the coordination of (1) the homologous limbs (pair of hindlimbs or pair of forelimbs) and (2) the homolateral limbs (hind- and forelimb of the same side of the body). The movements of the homologous pairs of limbs are coupled out of phase in alternate locomotion and approximately in phase in the phase form of locomotion. The movements of the homolateral pairs of limbs occur approximately out of phase in the trotting type of coupling and approximately in phase in the pacing type of coupling. Transitions between the different forms of coupling occur abruptly over 1 or 2 steps. Therefore, for each type of coupling (homologous or homolateral) there are two distinct forms or 'programmes' of movement. The hypothesis is advanced that (a) all the characteristic patterns of locomotion in the cat result from different combinations of these 'programmes' of homologous and homolateral limb coupling; (b) the 'programmes' are mutually self reinforcing in the gaits in which the coordination of the movements of the 4 limbs is bilaterally symmetrical; (c) the 'programmes' act in competition in certain gaits which are not bilaterally symmetrical giving rise at times to a changing gait pattern, and (d) the temporary dominance of one 'programme' or another can determine the gait of the particular step.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1978

Non-reciprocal contact inhibition of locomotion of chick embryonic choroid fibroblasts by pigmented retina epithelial cells.

Using light and electron microscopy, we have confirmed an earlier observation that chick embryonic pigmented retina epithelial cells (PRE cells) seeded in vitro on cultured sheets of choroid fibroblasts, are able to spread. Spreading is as rapid (and shows the same dependence on lateral contact between PRE cells) as on a serum-coated culture substrate. After 1 h most cells are spreading on the upper surface of the choroid sheet, but after 4 h, some PRE cells can be found sandwiched between overlapping choroid cells, and thus have invaded the sheet. Choroid fibroblasts underlie PRE in vivo, but the ability of PRE cells to spread on cultured fibroblasts is not specific for choroid, since PRE cells spread also on BKH21 hamster kidney fibroblasts, and on fibroblasts from chick embryonic heart. As reported by others for various fibroblastic cells, choroid cells seeded on to choroid sheets or on to cultured PRE are unable to spread. A possible explanation is that spreading of adherent cells is contact-inhibited by the cells in the sheet, just as their leading edges are paralysed on contact, and thus locomotion is inhibited, when fibroblasts collide on a plane substratum. If spreading of seeded cells and cell locomotion are inhibited by the same mechanism, PRE cells should contact-inhibit choroid fibroblasts with which they collide, but not themselves be so inhibited. Using time-lapse cinemicrography, we have found this to be the case. We first established that in homotypic collisions, choroid fibroblasts do show contact inhibition of locomotion, despite the criss-cross (not well monolayered) appearance of confluent cultures. In heterotypic collisions between choroid and PRE we found the predicted nonreciprocal behaviour: the choroid leading edge is paralysed on collision, and the cell subsequently retracts, whereas the active PRE margin appears to be completely unaffected. Speed measurements from a series of such collisions show that the speed of choroid cells is markedly reduced on collision with PRE, whereas the slight slowing of PRE is not statistically significant. We have observed similar behaviour in heterotypic collisions between various epithelial and fibroblastic cells, and so it seems possible that non-reciprocity may prove general for this interaction. If so, it has important implications for the role of contact inhibition of locomotion in phenomena such as morphogenesis, wound healing and the invasiveness of carcinoma cells. On the one hand, non-reciprocal contact-inhibition of locomotion may permit the spreading of epithelia over mesenchymal cells, thus generating or restoring an epithelial bounding membrane. On the other hand, in the absence of other interactions, it would fail to inhibit the invasion of mesenchymal territory by aberrant epithelial cells, or presumably by epithelial free edges.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The role of cellular locomotion in leukemic infiltration. An organ culture study on penetration of L 5222 rat leukemia cells into the chick embryo mesonephros.

The significance of cellular locomotion for leukemic infiltration was investigated using L 5222 rat leukemia cells. Previous cinemicrographic studies have shown that these cells are able to locomote only after formation of a uropod-like posterior extension. This characteristic locomotive configuration of L 5222 cells is easily recognizable in scanning electron micrographs and appropriate sections. Leukemia cells were inoculated on slices of chick embryo mesonephros incubated for 24h; at this time the fragments are completely encapsulated. Leukemic infiltration is found to begin within the first 2 h and to increase gradually up to the end of the observation period at 72 h. Spread of leukemia cells occurs mainly in the intertubular spaces; the tubular epithelium is only rarely affected. In all stages of infiltration, L5222 cells with the characteristic locomotive configuration are frequently recorded. Besides this strong although indirect indication for the significance of locomotion, further evidence was provided by experiments performed at 25 degrees C and 18 degrees C. In accordance with the previous cinemicrographic finding that at these temperatures L 5222 cells are unable to produce their posterior extension, no leukemic infiltration mesonephros fragments is recognizable at subnormal temperatures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Induced locomotion in the myriapod Julus sp].

Coordinated locomotor activity in the decapitated millipede Julus sp. was induced either by mechanical stimulation of the legs with the aid of a treadmile band, or by electrical stimulation of separate parts of the abdominal nervous cord. For the walking induced by mechanical stimulation of the legs, it was shown that: 1) after the "support phase", an additional phase of locomoter cycle, i. e. a "pause phase", is registered; 2) the relationships between kinematic parameters are similar to those recorded during normal walking of the intact millipede and correspond to walking at the lowest velocity. In the case of locomotion induced by electrical stimulation, a "start locomotion threshold" was observed: if stimulation level exceeds this threshold, forward walking is induced being the faster the stronger this stimulation. Besides, the second threshold phenomenon was found - a "threshold of the reversion of locomotion direction". When this threshold is exceeded, forward walking is replaced by backward one. The relationships between kinematic parameters of locomotion induced by electrical stimulation are also similar to corresponding relationships of normal spontaneous walking in the intact millipede, although in this case a "pause phase" is absent.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Motorneuronal control of locomotion in Aplysia.

We have carried out a combined behavioral and cellular analysis of escape locomotion in Aplysia. Using videotape recording we obtained a detailed description of the coordinated movements of the different regions of the foot and body during locomotion. Alternating waves of extension and longitudinal contraction begin at the head and propagate caudally through each pedal segment at a constant rate. Cobalt backfill of pedal nerves indicated that certain regions of the pedal ganglia were likely to contain motor neurons for the foot and body wall musculature. We examined these areas using intracellular techniques and identified three unique cells and three regional classes of neurons having clear motor effects on the foot and body wall. We also found that locomotion is driven by a central program. The basic locomotor pattern of the identified motor neurons and regional classes of motor neurons persists even after the circumesophageal ganglia have been isolated from the periphery. The motor neurons are not synaptically interconnected; patterned bursting during locomotor activity is produced by cyclic synaptic input. Because the locomotor system has large neurons favorable for cellular analysis and because locomotion is characterized by features of both stereotypy and flexibility, Aplysia promises to be useful for investigating the mechanisms underlying both the generation and modulation of a central program.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution.

Wild, adult siamang were observed for over 800 h in lowland dipterocarp forest in the Krau Game Reserve, Pahang, West Malaysia. Siamang use four patterns of locomotion: brachiation, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The pattern of locomotion used by the siamang varies with the size of arboreal supports and with major behavioral activity. Travel is primarily by brachiation along large boughs. Locomotion during feeding is primarily climbing among small branches. In feeding, siamang use suspensory postures among small supports and seated postures on large supports. Comparison of siamang locomotion and posture with that of other apes suggest that quadramanous climbing during feeding is the basic hominoid locomotor adaptation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The clinical assessment of the normal and abnormal foot during locomotion.

The clinical assessment of the weight-bearing foot during locomotion is normally based on subjective judgement rather than on quantitative measurement. Although anatomical abnormalities are often apparent at examination, the accurate assessment of an abnormality of function is more difficult to assess particularly if the abnormality is only apparent under dynamic loading conditions. The many drawbacks in previous methods proposed for the clinical assessment of gait have led to the development of a novel system which allows an immediate quantitative visualization of the magnitude and point of application of the forces applied to the plantar surface of the foot during locomotion. This paper describes the technique and presents visual data on normal locomotion, on abnormal locomotion and the changes induced into a patient's abnormal gait by corrective surgery.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

[Activity of interneurons of the lumbar region of the spinal cord during fictive locomotion of thalamic cats].

Impulse activity of lumbar interneurons was recorded extracellularly during fictious locomotion of thalamic cats. Neurons whose activity was modulated in the rhythm of fictitious locomotion were revealed in the lateral intermediate zone and in the lateral ventral born. 41.2% of these neurons were mainly activated at the phase of "flexion", 48.5%--at the phase of "extension" and 10.3%--at both phases. Neurons with tonically increasing or decreasing activity during rhythmic efferent discharges and neurons whose activity did not change during fictitious locomotion were also observed. All these types of neurons were similarly activated during late discharges in efferent nerves. But in this case the depth of modulation of neuronal activity was lower than during fictitious locomotion. Afferent inputs to the recorded interneurons were also investigated. The neuronal organization of the spinal locomotor generator is discussed on the basis of the obtained data.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Types of locomotion in Ophiuroidea].

Locomotor movements of two species of ophiura from the Sea of Japan: Ophiura sarsi vadicola Djakonov and Amphipholis kochii Lütken, were filmed. Ophiura sarsi moves by means of two symmetric pairs of arms which perform rhythmical rowing movements, the fifth arm is passive and directed backwards. Animals of this species do not use tube feet in locomotion. In Amphipholis kochii, three main modes of locomotor movements were found. (1) "Breast stroke" in which two symmetric side arms periodically move forwards, and then push forwards the body and three other arms. In this mode, one arm (leading) is directed forwards, while two others backwards. When the side arms move-forwards or backwards, a wave of successive flexions and extensions propagates along the arm segments. (2) "Pushing" by means of the hind arm and "pulling" with the help of the leading arm. (3) Locomotion by means of the tube feet which perform stepping movements. These three modes of locomotion are observed either separately or in various combinations with each other. In (1) and (2) modes of locomotion the tube feet perform also the coupling of the active arms with the ground which is necessary for the animal movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Inhibition, by anaesthetic agents, of human leucocyte locomotion towards chemical attractants.

The effects of local, i.v. and volatile anaesthetic agents on locomotion of human blood leucocytes were studied in vitro. Blood neutrohpils and monocytes and PHA-activated lymphocytes were allowed to migrate in filters towards standard chemotactic agents and the effect of adding anaesthetic agents to the system was measured. The results showed that locomotion of all cell types was depressed reversibly by all classes of anaesthetics used at clinical concentrations. The pattern of depression varied according to the cell type under study and the class of anaesthetic used. The action of anaesthetics on chemically stimulated locomotion of leucocytes was analysed. It was concluded that the principal action of these drugs is primarily on the mechanism of locomotion itself, rather than on the capacity of the cells to detect and respond to concentration gradients of attractants. Serum albumin can protect against the inhibitory action of anaesthetics.

Anesthetics↗