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Results for “Logic”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1977

Computer test logics for automatic perimetry.

Using an automatic computerized perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b) three different perimetric test logics, one simple (I) and two more complicated and time-consuming (II & III) were investigated in practical experiments on healthy normal test subjects and patients and in computer simulated tests. The patients either had a verified diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma was suspected. The best consistency in measured thresholds was obtained with test logic II, in which an averaging procedure is used. The variation of the results was larger in pathological than in normal visual fields. All test logics investigated readily detected the pathological field defects, but blind spots could easier pass unrecognized with the simplest logic than with the other two logics. The conclusion is drawn that a simple test logic can be used for perimetry in glaucoma suspects if no visual field defect has previously been documented. For the follow-up of pathological fields a fairly complicated test logic, e.g. using averaging, is preferable.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Boolean matrix logic programming for active learning of gene functions in genome-scale metabolic network models.

Reasoning about hypotheses and updating knowledge through empirical observations are central to scientific discovery. In this work, we applied logic-based machine learning methods to drive biological discovery by guiding experimentation. Genome-scale metabolic network models (GEMs) - comprehensive representations of metabolic genes and reactions - are widely used to evaluate genetic engineering of biological systems. However, GEMs often fail to accurately predict the behaviour of genetically engineered cells, primarily due to incomplete annotations of gene interactions. The task of learning the intricate genetic interactions within GEMs presents computational and empirical challenges. To efficiently predict using GEM, we describe a novel approach called Boolean Matrix Logic Programming (BMLP) by leveraging Boolean matrices to evaluate large logic programs. We developed a new system, [Formula: see text], which guides cost-effective experimentation and uses interpretable logic programs to encode a state-of-the-art GEM of a model bacterial organism. Notably, [Formula: see text] successfully learned the interaction between a gene pair with fewer training examples than random experimentation, overcoming the increase in experimental design space. [Formula: see text] enables rapid optimisation of metabolic models to reliably engineer biological systems for producing useful compounds. It offers a realistic approach to creating a self-driving lab for biological discovery, which would then facilitate microbial engineering for practical applications.

Active learning↗

PubMed1975

Effect of chronological age and mental age on the understanding of rules of logic.

The relative difficulty of understanding the logical rules of conjunction and disjunction was studied. Because rules of logic must be viewed in the context of the attributes of information to which they refer, three attribute dimensions were also investigated: (a) positive-negative, (b) quantitative-nonquantitative, and (c) concrete-abstract. A further issue relevant to this research was the effect of CA and MA on the understanding of rules of logic. Subjects included four groups, one group of children with average IQs, one learning-disability group, and two mentally handicapped groups. The learning disability group was matched with the average group on MA and CA. The older mentally handicapped group matched the aveage and learning-disability groups on MA. The younger mentally handicapped group matched the average and learning-disability groups for CA and the older mentally handicapped group for IQ. A test was constructed to assess rule and attribute understanding. Results indicated that all groups perfomed similarly on the concrete level. On the abstract level, the average group performed significantly higher than the other groups. The results support a developmental interpretation of rule learning which maintains that once logical rules are learned, attributes of information acquire meaning within the context of those rules.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Mixed microprocessor-random logic approach for innovative pacing systems.

Modern pacing systems are becoming more and more sophisticated. Conversion of the information supplied by a sensor into suitable parameters for a rate controlling algorithm and the management of complex timing are common tasks for an integrated circuit (IC) in cardiac pacing. An effective solution consists of using a microprocessor to implement algorithms and pacing modes in a flexible way. The key point of using the same hardware resources for different tasks on a time sharing basis allows the design of a less complex IC when compared to a random logic structure with the same performances. The major design problems in a full microprocessor solution are its relatively low operating speed due to the low frequency clock necessary for low current drain, and the sequential structure of the machine itself. This can lead to unacceptable timing inaccuracy in all situations requiring the management of complex decision trees. In order to take full benefit from the advantages of a microprocessor structure without these drawbacks, a mixed microprocessor-random logic approach has been investigated. This architecture uses a microprocessor core to perform all high level nonreal-time operations (setup of the pacing cycle, data reduction and processing, data integrity checks) while a set of random logic peripherals is used for all critical timing aspects.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1975

Logical operations and role-taking abilities in two cultures: Norway and Hungary.

9 Piagetian measures of conservation, classification, and role taking, and a task designed to test verbal egocentrism were administered to children in 3 social settings in rural Hungary. The work is an extension of research carried out by Hollos and Cowan in Norway. In each setting 45 male and female children with equal numbers of 7-, 8-, and 9-year-olds were tested. Factor analysis yielded a logical-operations factor and a role-taking factor. Age and setting effects were significant for both factors. The socially isolated children performed less well on role-taking tasks but did significantly better on logical operations at all ages than village and town children. The results are almost identical with the findings of the Norwegian study, further supporting a threshold hypothesis regarding the amount of social interaction needed for the development of logical operations. Language stimulation and the effect of linguistic role marking in Hungarian do not seem to be significant factors, nor is schooling.

Child↗

PubMed1977

Logic as a tool for clinical training in social work.

The paper is an attempt to illustrate the usefulness of logic as a technique in the clinical training of mental health professionals. The specific concepts that are examined include the nature of deductive and inductive reasoning, hypothesis testing, necessary and sufficient conditions, "if-then" propositions, and the nature of clinical evidence. Knowledge and use of these concepts was tested in a tutorial program directed toward students who were beginning graduate studies in the field of social work. Some of the difficulties encountered by these students, especially in the clinical aspects of their training, were directly related to an inadequate understanding of these logical forms of reasoning. It is suggested that a portion of the clinical training in mental health fields be directed towards a deeper understanding and utilization of these basic concepts.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1976

On Ho's "modern logic and schizophrenic thinking".

The purpose of this note is to point out that conclusions drawn in the title paper about the role of logic in the schizophrenia thought process are not reliable, since they are based on patients medicated with antipsychotic drugs. The substance of this note is drawn from the title paper and related literature. The principal conclusion is that Dr. Ho's deductions about the role of logic in schizophrenia follow only if one confuses psychiatric diagnosis with psychotic behavior.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1992

Extended normative data for the Logical Memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised: responses from a sample of cognitively intact elderly medical patients.

66 cognitively intact geriatric medical patients (ages 70 to 99; M = 77 yr.) were given the Logical Memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised to extend normative data. 43 women and 23 men, 35 white and 31 black persons made up this urban geriatric sample. A review of patients' medical histories and Mattis' Dementia Rating scores of 129 or greater were used to ensure a sample of cognitively intact patients. Analyses showed that Logical Memory scores were uncorrelated with education, race, sex, or age.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

[Chaos research, fractals, fuzzy logic. From stereotypes to reality--consequences for medicine].

Both language and conventional mathematics aim to describe reality. Although language is more flexible, it is usually also inaccurate, while mathematics permits accurate presentations and clear prognoses. However, it is burdened by the fact that it is not everywhere applicable. Such chaotic structures as clouds, or lang-term weather forecasting, for example, cannot be expressed in terms of mathematics. Chaos researchers are attempting, in a non-linear world, to understand mathematically dynamic, apparently unordered systems. In this connection, the fractal dimension also appears--which can be employed in the area of diagnosis to define tumor contours. Fuzzy logic comes closer to reality by replacing the inflexible yes/no by a more or less option and by introducing linguistic nuances into machine-controlled processes. Chaos research and fuzzy logic teach us that there is no such thing as certainty of action or prognosis. In the world as it is, whoever claims to possess it is either naive or guilty of self-deception.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1976

[Elementary logic and semantic fields in aphasia].

Modern linguistics, like genetic psychology, postulate a non-linguistic basis for the structurisation of the semantic fields. If such is the case, it should be possible to observe in aphasia, where semantic deficiency predominates, a related disturbance in the semantic fields and logic. Paraxodically, such disturbances have been observed both in Broca's aphasia and in the predominantly semantic aphasia of Wernicke. A qualitative analysis shows that quantitatively identical results in the semantic aphasias of Broca and Wernicke are the result of phenomenological convergence. The related disturbance in the semantic fields and logic appears characteristic of the semantic deficiency which, in aphasic semiology, is marked by the substitution of one word for another. These finding support the theory of the relative autonomy of phonemic and semantic disorders in Wernicke's aphasia. They confirm the linguistic and genetic theory that the structure of vocabulatory is based on extralinguistic factors. They do not however provide an explantation for semantic disorders in aphasia. Further research is required to discover on what functional system articulation of the symbolic function and general operative capacity is based.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Use of logic-based flow patterns in the investigation and management of surgical disorders.

The principles used in the development of logic-based flow charts for use by computer have been applied to the decision-making processes encountered in surgical disorders. Such charts do not attempt to alter one's decisions, but rather present a more logical approach to a given problem, based on past experience. It has been shown that the use of flow charts may be of material benefit to the patient, as well as having other advantages.

Catheters, Indwelling↗

PubMed1978

The logical analysis of the electroenterogram.

Simple--and inexpensive--logic circuitry is described which will discriminate three types of spike activity in the canine electroenterogram. Used during high-speed replay of tape-recorded myoelectric activity, it provides a numerical analysis of the duration and spike content of the three types of activity, without the need for sophisticated (and costly) computer analysis. The ability of the analyzer to detect types of activity is illustrated by the analysis of the effects of a peptide hormone infusion on the canine electroenterogram. The device might also serve as the prototype for other applications in which simple digital logic could be used to detect different patterns in continous analog signals.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

General-purpose timer from transistor logic to auxiliary equipment.

This paper describes a low-cost circuit for the control and timing of auxiliary experimental equipment by a variety of signals from 5 V, integrated-circuit logic. The circuit is designed for variable timing and switching up to 240 AC V at 3 A, with two independent timing parameters, delay and duration, in response to positive-going or to negative-going logic signal transitions.

Electronics, Medical↗

PubMed1992

Challenges to understanding spatial patterns of disease: philosophical alternatives to logical positivism.

Most studies of disease distribution, in medical geography and other related disciplines, have been empirical in nature and rooted in the assumptions of logical positivism. However, some of the more newly articulated philosophies of the social sciences, and of social theory, have much to add in the understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying disease distribution. This paper represents a plea for creative synthesis between logical positivism and realism or structuration, and uses specific examples to suggest how disease distribution, as a surface phenomenon, can be explained using deeper analysis.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗

PubMed2025

Characterizing the regulatory logic of transcriptional control at the DNA sequence level by ensembles of thermodynamic models.

MOTIVATION: Understanding how the genome encodes the regulatory logic of transcription is a main challenge of the post-genomic era, and can be overcome with the aid of customized computational tools. RESULTS: We report an automated framework for analyzing an ensemble of fits to data of a thermodynamics-based sequence-level model for transcriptional regulation. The fits are clustered accordingly with their intrinsic regulatory logic. A multiscale analysis enables visualization of quantitative features resulting from the deconvolution of the regulatory profile provided by multiple transcription factors interacting with the locus of a gene. Quantitative experimental data on reporters driven by the whole locus of the even-skipped gene in the blastoderm of Drosophila embryos was used for validating our approach. A few clusters of highly active DNA binding sites within the enhancers collectively modulate even-skipped gene transcription. Analysis of variable enhancers' length shows the importance of bound protein-protein interactions for transcriptional regulation. The interplay between activation and quenching enables function conservation of enhancers despite length variations. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The transcription factor level data used for performing the reported study is accessible in the input files in Zenodo and GitHub as well the full code. Additional data from formerly FlyEx database will be available under request.

Thermodynamics↗

PubMed1977

The logical levels of complementary, symmetrical, and parallel interaction classes in family dyads.

It was postulated that the parallel interaction class is a higher logical order than complementary and symmetrical interaction, which appear to be of the same logical type. Father-mother, father-child, and mother-child dyads of 48 families were categorized into complementary, symmetrical, and parallel classes using the Relationship Styles Inventory. Each of the dyads in these three categories was then randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions in which they jointly resolved a moral dilemma. In one condition, the dyads were asked to follow complementary rules, while in the second condition they were instructed to follow symmetrical rules. Results indicated that parallel dyads adjusted to both the complementary and symmetrical conditions, whereas symmetrical and complementary dyads did not successfully accomodate rules outside their own class. The implications in terms of therapeutic intervention and further research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Untangling the logics of urban service bureaucracies: the strange case of the San Francisco Municipal Railway.

Marxist analysts have developed theoretical propositions concerning the conflicting functions of government in advanced capitalist countries, while public policy analysts have examined the logic of public resource allocation. Through an historical analysis of a typical urban bureaucracy, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, this paper describes how bureaucratic structure and functioning relate to broader conflicts over whom government actions should benefit. It concludes that the apparent shortcomings of the organization can be traced to, and were caused by, this conflict. The argument thus draws from each of these two quite different approaches to the question of what logic motivates the public sector.

California↗

PubMed1978

Intermingling and disordered logic as influences on schizophrenic 'thought disorders'.

A technique was devised to elicit bizarre or idiosyncratic responses from 30 young schizophrenics, who were then re-interviewed a week later to determine the reasons for each patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations. Taped interviews of the schizophrenics, scored along a series of rating scales, indicated: (1) An overt mechanism involved in bizarre schizophrenic language is a tendency to intermingle into their responses material from their current and past experiences. (2) Careful analysis suggests that the seemingly bizarre intermingled material of schizophrenics usually is close to the original "correct" topic. (3) The bizarre intermingled material is related to the patients' personal lives. (4) The intermingled material does not usually represent a failure to screen out or repress primitive drive dominated sexual or aggressive material. (5) Disordered logic was not a major factor in accounting for bizarre schizophrenic language.

Adult↗