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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Low-fat diet versus low-carbohydrate diet in the treatment of type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia.

The response to dietary management was studied in 24 hypertriglyceridaemic out-patients. Fourteen patients were kept on a diet low in fat and cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids; 10 of these patients subsequently followed a period of low-carbohydrate diet. At the end of the first period a significant decrease of serum triglyceride, cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins was observed; after the second feeding period no substantial change of serum lipoprotein pattern occurred. Ten patients were given a low-carbohydrate diet that produced a significant fall of the levels of triglycerides and pre-beta-lipoproteins. Six of these subjects continued the experiment with the low-fat diet; during this period a further trend toward reduction of serum triglyceride, cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins was observed which, however, was not statistically significant. We conclude that serum triglyceride levels can be lowered both by a low-carbohydrate diet and by a low-fat diet, but the latter has the advantage of also producing a significant fall of serum cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Dietary approaches for glycemic management in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review of Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Specific dietary approaches for better management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) have not been thoroughly investigated. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets for glycemic management in people with T1D. METHODS: We examined longitudinal studies (cohort studies and clinical trials) including individuals with T1D who followed low-carbohydrate diets (<26% calories from carbohydrates and/or <130&#x202f;g of carbohydrates per day) and/or a Mediterranean diet, while hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and/or time in range (TIR) were measured. Additional eligibility criteria included publication in English and availability of a full-text primary research article. Non-longitudinal studies, abstracts, and studies published in languages other than English were excluded. Results were synthesized narratively, and the GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool was used to assess article quality. RESULTS: A total of 565 studies were identified from PubMed, the Web of Science, and citation chasing. After removal of duplicates and further evaluation, 22 studies (6 cohort studies and 16 clinical trials; total n&#x202f;=&#x202f;3284) were included in this review. The search was initially completed in May 2024, and updated February 2026. Low-carbohydrate diets were associated with better glycemic management when compared to usual diets or baseline glycemic parameters. Studies using CGM were overall underpowered. The impact of Mediterranean diets was less clear, but generally appeared to be less effective at improving glycemic management than low-carbohydrate diets. DISCUSSION: Although structured dietary interventions for T1D hold promise for improving glycemic outcomes, further research is needed to determine exactly which dietary intervention is most beneficial for this population. The evidence provided by included studies is limited by small sample sizes and short durations; better powered, longer-term studies are required to inform clinical recommendations.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Effect of a 6-month low-carbohydrate diet on the circulating fatty acid composition in patients with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of an open-label randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Circulating fatty acid profiles are linked to cardiovascular disease risk and mortality. Short-term interventions suggest that low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) promote cardioprotective shifts in circulating fatty acids in obesity. OBJECTIVES: We examined whether a 6-mo, non-calorie-restricted, LCD high in fat similarly improves circulating fatty acid composition in adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In an open-label, randomized, controlled trial, 71 individuals with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned 2:1 to an LCD [maximum of 20 E% (energy per cent) carbohydrates] or a control diet (50-60 E% carbohydrates) for 6 mo with no restriction in energy intake. The prespecified secondary outcomes were the mean difference in change between groups in serum phospholipid fatty acids in weight percentage (wt%) measured by gas chromatography and reported as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and significance adjusted for multiple comparisons (q value). RESULTS: LCD reduced total saturated [-0.6 (CI: -0.9, -0.2)] and monounsaturated fatty acids [-0.9 (CI: -1.4, -0.3)] and increased total polyunsaturated fatty acids [1.3 (CI: 0.6, 2.0)] compared with the control diet (all q < 0.05). Importantly, LCD reduced palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) [-0.13 (CI: -0.21, -0.06)], a marker of de novo lipogenesis, by 23% and dihomo-&#x3b3;-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) [-0.38 (CI: -0.67, -0.09)] by 12%, whereas it increased arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) [1.1 (CI: 0.3, 2.0)] by 9% compared with the control diet (all q < 0.05). Moreover, the LCD improved estimated desaturase activities by lowering stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 [-0.5 (CI: -0.7, -0.2)] and &#x394;6 desaturase [-0.6 (CI: -0.9, -0.2)] and increasing &#x394;5 desaturase [1.05 (CI: 0.3, 1.79)] activities, respectively (all q < 0.01). These changes occurred despite a 2.6-fold higher intake of saturated fatty acids in the LCD group. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-mo, non-calorie-restricted LCD modified the circulating composition of fatty acids in adults with type 2 diabetes in a manner consistent with a potentially favorable cardioprotective profile. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov as NCT03068078.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Low-carbohydrate diet score subtypes and all-cause mortality in general and chronic disease populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of overall, healthy and unhealthy low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) scores with all-cause mortality in general and chronic disease populations. Healthy and unhealthy subtypes were compared with assess whether the observed associations depend on macronutrient quality rather than carbohydrate restriction alone. DESIGN: Systematic review and pairwise category meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical Database and Web of Science Core Collection were searched from inception to 12 May 2026. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Prospective cohort studies of adults assessing LCD adherence using a validated three-macronutrient composite score and reporting HRs for all-cause mortality were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Random-effects meta-analyses compared each higher reported LCD category with the lowest category, stratified by LCD score subtype and population type. Certainty of evidence was assessed using NutriGrade. RESULTS: 18 prospective cohort studies included 779&#x2009;158 participants and 219&#x2009;457 deaths; all scored 7-9/9 on the NOS. In chronic disease populations, the highest healthy LCD category was associated with lower mortality than the lowest category (HR 0.72, 95%&#x2009;CI 0.69 to 0.76; I&#xb2;=0%; high certainty), as was the highest overall LCD category (HR 0.85, 95%&#x2009;CI 0.75 to 0.96; I&#xb2;=68%; high certainty). In the general population, the highest healthy LCD category was not associated with lower mortality than the lowest category (HR 0.93, 95%&#x2009;CI 0.85 to 1.01; I&#xb2;=69%; moderate certainty), and neither was the highest overall LCD category (HR 0.96, 95%&#x2009;CI 0.90 to 1.03; I&#xb2;=87%; low certainty). Unhealthy LCD scores were not associated with mortality in either population. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy LCD adherence was associated with lower all-cause mortality, particularly among individuals with chronic diseases. Unhealthy LCD scores were not associated with mortality in either population, suggesting that macronutrient quality and source may matter more than carbohydrate reduction alone.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

[Regression of xanthomas in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia under low carbohydrate diet].

Report on two patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. In both patients normal serum lipid values were reached in a comparatively short time under a diet with reduced carbohydrates and calories. In one diabetic patient who needed insulin at the beginning of the treatment the disease could be controlled by dietary measures alone after a few days. Different biological half-life periods of the various serum lipid fractions explain why, under a reducing diet, the rate of decrease of lipids is variable according to the respective component. Thus, the ratio of triglycerides and cholesterol can vary in the same patient within a few days and may change his classification under different types of hyperlipidemia according to Fredrickson. It would appear that in these cases a classification based on etiological considerations is more recommendable.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Redox state of the hepatic cells in rats kept on a diet containing 1,2-propanediol].

A comparative characterization of the redox condition and phosphate potential of the hepatic cells in rats kept on two experimental diets (low- and high-carbohydrate) is given. Intensification of the glucogenesis in the liver of rats kept on a low-carbohydrate diet is determined by lower values of the ratios /NAD+/: (NADH/ and /ATP/:/ADP/P1, the cells acquiring more marked reducting properties. Incorporation of 1,2-propanediol, as a source of metabolized energy, in the composition of the low-carbohydrate diet (20 per cent of the fat content) produces a rise in the level of glycogen and a fall of the liver lipids. The reducing capacity of the cytoplasma diminishes, this being borne out by the ratio of /NAD+/:/NADH/. An increase of the phosphate potential and of the ratio /NAD+/:/NADH/ is in these conditions similar to the one observed with a greater amount of carbohydrates in the diet. The phosphoenol-pyruvate-carboxykinase activity and concentration of malate in the liver diminish with rising concentration of oxaloacetate. When superimposed upon a high-carbohydrate diet 1,2-propanediol causes an increase of the /NAD+/:/NADH/ and /ATP/:P1/ ratios with the lipids content in the liver mounting too. The significance of shifts in the redox state and of the phosphate potential in regulating the 1,2-propanediol metabolism is discussed.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1977

Effects of high sucrose or starch-bran diets on glucose and lipid metabolism of normal and diabetic rats.

Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were fed a low carbohydrate diet or one of two high carbohydrate diets (sucrose or starch-bran). High carbohydrate diets were associated with slightly higher plasma glucose levels in both control and diabetic rats. However, glucose tolerance tests were not altered by the diets in either the control or diabetic rats. Plasma and liver triglyceride values for control and diabetic rats fed the high sucrose diet were similar to those of rats fed the low carbohydrate diet. The starch-bran diet was associated with lower plasma and liver triglyceride values in both control and diabetic rats. Plasma triglyceride values of diabetic rats fed the high sucrose diet or the low carbohydrate diet were significantly higher than values of control rats fed the same diets. On the other hand, plasma triglyceride values of diabetic rats fed the starch-bran diet were similar to values for control rats fed the same diet. These studies suggest that a high carbohydrate diet containing starch and wheat bran is associated with a reduction in plasma triglyceride values in both normal and diabetic rats. Liver glycolytic enzyme activities were significantly lower in diabetic rats than in control rats in all three dietary groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Lipogenesis in vivo in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice fed on diets with a high fat content.

The effect of variations in the fat content of the diet on fatty acid synthesis in vivo was determined in lean and genetically obese mice, using the 3H2O incorporation technique. In both lean and obese mice the rate of fatty acid synthesis was higher between 21.00 - 22.00 h than between 09.00 - 10.00 h. When lean mice were given a high fat (low-carbohydrate) diet the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and rest of carcass (whole mouse minus liver and adipose tissue) was less than in similar mice given a high-carbohydrate (low-fat) diet. In obese mice, the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and rest of carcass was unaffected, but liver fatty acid synthesis was reduced. In lean mice fed on diets containing a constant percentage of carbohydrate and protein, increasing the fat content of the diet (and decreasing the proportion of cellulose) produced a decrease in fatty acid synthesis in liver, adipose tissue and rest of carcass, when the measurements were made during the night-time feeding period. During the day-time, the effect of increasing the fat content of the diet was less marked. In obese mice, dietary fat did not supress either the day-time or the post-prandial night-time rate of fatty acid synthesis. It is suggested that the hyperinsulinaemia in obese mice may be able to overcome the inhibitory effect of dietary fat on fatty acid syntheses.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1979

Diet therapy in gastrointestinal disease: a commentary.

Dietary regimens in gastrointestinal disease can be divided into two categories: First, those of proven value include: (a) Disaccharide elimination for disaccharidase deficiency and exclusion of monosaccharides for sugar malabsorption; (b) gluten-free diet for celiac/sprue; (c) elimination of certain allergens because of food allergies; (d) protein restriction for portal systemic encephalopathy; (e) low-carbohydrate diet for dumping syndrome; (f) low-fiber diet for diarrheal syndromes; and (g) low-fat diet for steatorrhea. Second, controversial diets include a bland diet for acid-peptic disorders, a high-fiber diet for colonic disorders, and a low-fat diet for gallbladder disease. It is important to separate facts from fancy in the dietary management of patients with gastrointestinal disease and base the recommendations for a particular diet on available objective evidence, not on traditional or fashionable trends.

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed2026

Low Carbohydrate Availability in Energy Balance Alters Bone Turnover and Muscle Proteomic Response With Limited Endocrine Disruption.

Training with low carbohydrate availability (LCA) has been proposed as an independent determinant of physiological perturbations commonly attributed to low energy availability (LEA) and to increase skeletal muscle oxidative machinery, yet the effects of LCA in isolation from LEA remain unclear. We examined whether short-term carbohydrate restriction under energy balance alters endocrine and metabolic markers associated with LEA and skeletal muscle proteomic response. In a randomized crossover design, eight trained males completed 4&#x2009;days of either a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet (LOW; 12% carbohydrate, 69% fat, 19% protein) or a normal-carbohydrate diet (NORM; 62% carbohydrate, 19% fat, 19% protein), while undertaking daily cycloergometer exercise (15&#x2009;kcal kg FFM-1 day-1) and maintaining energy availability at 45&#x2009;kcal kg FFM-1 day-1. LOW induced a clear metabolic shift consistent with LCA, evidenced by elevated circulating free fatty acids, glycerol and &#x3b2;-hydroxybutyrate, in fasting conditions and fat oxidation at rest and during exercise, alongside reduced exercise glucose concentrations. Despite these responses, LOW did not alter insulin, testosterone, triiodothyronine, leptin, hepcidin, or P1NP. In contrast, &#x3b2;-CTX increased and IGF-1 decreased relative to NORM. Muscle glycogen concentration decreased only in LOW (40%&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;14%). Proteomic analysis identified 671 proteins; 57 differentially expressed in LOW relative to NORM were limited to fatty acid metabolism pathways and suppression of ribosomal, sarcomeric, and extracellular matrix proteins. These findings indicate that isolated LCA exerts limited endocrine disruption but may selectively compromise bone turnover and muscle anabolic response, suggesting that without acute LEA, LCA has limited influence on muscle oxidative phenotype.

Male↗
PubMed1979

Glycogen synthase activation in human skeletal muscle: effects of diet and exercise.

We investigated the role of glycogen synthase in supranormal resynthesis (supercompensation) of skeletal muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise. Six healthy men exercised 60 min by cycling with one leg at 75% VO2max, recovered 3 days on a low-carbohydrate diet, exercised again, and recovered 4 days on high-carbohydrate diet. Glycogen and glycogen synthase activities at several glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) concentrations were measured in biopsy samples of m. vastus lateralis. Dietary alterations alone did not affect glycogen, whereas exercise depleted glycogen stores. After the second exercise bout, glycogen returned to normal within 24 h and reached supercompensated levels by 48 h of recovery. Glycogen synthase activation state strikingly increased after exercise in exercised muscle and remained somewhat elevated for the first 48 h of recovery in both muscles. We suggest that 1) forms of glycogen synthase intermediate to I (G6P-independent) and D (G6P-dependent) forms are present in vivo, and 2) glycogen supercompensation can in part be explained by the formation of intermediate forms of glycogen synthase that exhibit relatively low activity ratios, but an increased sensitivity to activation by G6P.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of fat mass reduction by dieting and by lipectomy on carbohydrate metabolism in obese patients.

The interrelation of enlarged body fat mass (BFM) with reduced carbohydrate tolerance and hyperinsulinemia was studied in obese subjects with chemical diabetes. These patients were subjected to lipectomy following weight loss induced by a low-calorie, low-carbohydrate diet. An improvement in glucose tolerance and in insulin sensitivity and a reduction in insulin release during OGTT was observed after a diet-induced BFM loss of 9.9 +/-1.2 kg. Subsequent surgical reduction of BFM by 6.0 +/- 0.5 kg had no further effect upon carbohydrate tolerance, insulin release or insulin sensitivity though a marked decrease in basal plasma FFA values was observed. These findings suggest that fat mass enlargement per se has no effect on blood glucose homeostasis after oral or i.v. loading. The improvement in carbohydrate tolerance and in insulin resistance usually observed following diet-induced loss of BFM seems to be due to the reduction in calorie and carbohydrate intake rather than to decrease of BFM.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Cholesterol metabolism in hypertriglyceridaemia and the effects of treatment.

The faecal output of bile acids and endogenous neutral steroids was increased in three hypertriglyceridaemic patients. One patient had familail type IIb, one had type IV and the third had type V hyperlipoproteinaemia. The hyperlipidaemia in the type IV and type V patients was associated with diabetes and a high alcohol intake. The plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and the faecal output of bile acids decreased significantly when the type IIb patient was given D-thyroxine plus propranolol, and when the type IV and type V patients were treated by withdrawal of alcohol, a low=carbohydrate diet and insulin or glibenclamide. The findings are discussed in relation to the possibility that hypertriglyceridaemia and increased bile acid synthesis in these patients have a common metabolic origin.

Adult↗