[The lupine, a contribution to nutrition in the Andes. 2. The quality of proteins in Lupinus mutabilis compared to Lupinus albus, Lupinus luteus and Soja max].
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Animal Feed↗
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Results for “Lupinus”
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Immunotropic activity of lupin seeds extracts and fractions from Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus.
The results demonstrated immunotropic activity of seeds extracts and fractions from Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus. Plaque forming cells (PFC) number to SRBC (sheep red blood cells) were elevated by an extract from Lupinus angustifolius and lowered by extracts from Lupinus albus. All preparations obtained from Lupinus angustifolius reduced the number of rosette forming cells (E-RFC). These preparations suppressed also the intensity of graft versus host reaction (GVHR) in case when the donors were treated. Lupinus albus extract suppressed GVH reaction when recipients were treated. Lupin extracts stimulated draining popliteal lymph nodes in PLN assay.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of genome structure in Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus cosentinii.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus cosentinii was performed using flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and differential chromosome staining. Genome size was determined as 2.07 pg for L. angustifolius and 1.54 pg for L. cosentinii. Analysis of nuclear DNA amount in cells during plant development has shown endopolyploidisation in different organs. The highest level of endopolyploidy was in cotyledons and reached 32C in L. angustifolius and 64C in L. cosentinii. Both of the investigated Lupinus species belong to the polysomatic type of plants. Double FISH with rDNA probes provided chromosomal landmarks for 10 out of 40 chromosomes for L. angustifolius and 8 out of 32 chromosomes for L. cosentinii. In L. angustifolius, the number and localisation of 25S rDNA hybridisation signals precisely corresponded to the chromomycin A3 (CMA(+)) bands, while in L. cosentinii both 25S and 5S rDNA loci overlapped with CMA(+) bands. Silver staining revealed that only 45S rRNA genes located in secondary constriction regions were transcriptionally active. FISH with Arabidopsis-type telomeric arrays revealed the presence of signals at termini of all chromosomes. Despite the application of different DNA probes for FISH and different chromosome staining, a relatively small proportion of chromosomes in the Lupinus karyotypes can be distinguished. Identification of all chromosomes requires the use of more chromosome-specific markers.
Chromosomes, Plant↗
Occurrence of H(2)-Uptake Hydrogenases in Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) and Their Expression in Nodules of Lupinus spp. and Ornithopus compressus.
Fifty-four strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) from worldwide collections were screened by a colony hybridization method for the presence of DNA sequences homologous to the structural genes of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase. Twelve strains exhibited strong colony hybridization signals, and subsequent Southern blot hybridization experiments showed that they fell into two different groups on the basis of the pattern of EcoRI fragments containing the homology to the hup probe. All strains in the first group (UPM860, UPM861, and 750) expressed uptake hydrogenase activity in symbiosis with Lupinus albus, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus, and Ornithopus compressus, but both the rate of H(2) uptake by bacteroids and the relative efficiency of N(2) fixation (RE = 1 - [H(2) evolved in air/acetylene reduced]) by nodules were markedly affected by the legume host. L. angustifolius was the less permissive host for hydrogenase expression in symbiosis with the three strains (average RE = 0.76), and O. compressus was the more permissive (average RE = 1.0). None of the strains in the second group expressed hydrogenase activity in lupine nodules, and only one exhibited low H(2)-uptake activity in symbiosis with O. compressus. The inability of these putative Hup(+) strains to induce hydrogenase activity in lupine nodules is discussed on the basis of the legume host effect. Among the 42 strains showing no homology to the B. japonicum hup-specific probe in the colony hybridization assay, 10 were examined in symbiosis with L. angustifolius. The average RE for these strains was 0.51. However, one strain, IM43B, exhibited high RE values (higher than 0.80) and high levels of hydrogenase activity in symbiosis with L. angustifolius, L. albus, and L. luteus. In Southern blot hybridization experiments, no homology was detected between the B. japonicum hup-specific DNA probe and total DNA from vegetative cells or bacteroids from strain IM43B even under low stringency hybridization conditions. We conclude from these results that strain IM43B contains hup DNA sequences different from those in B. japonicum and in other lupine rhizobia strains.
Journal Article↗
[Possibilities of Lupinus mutabolis and Lupinus albus in the Andean countries].
Lupinus albus and Lupinus mutabilis may achieve importance among the andean countries in which soy bean can not grow due to ecological reasons. Both lupin varieties are outstanding because of their high protein and oil content. Its alkaloid content limits the lupins usage; however the bitter substances can be eliminated by means of genetic selection or technological processing. Beside the intoxication caused by alkaloids exists the lupinosis, which is caused by a micotoxin. This disease can be observed when animals pasture forages which suffered under a secundary attack of fungus. According to the results obtained up to date other antimetabolic substances present in the legums have no significant importance. The lupin seed flour is adequate for animal consumption, being used for this effect in different countries. Starting next year there exist the prospects of employing Lupinus mutabilis as an oil source in Peru and Lupinus albus as proteic flour in Chile.
Alkaloids↗
[Sweet lupine (Lupinus luteus, var. Aurea/Weico and Lupinus albus, var. Multolupa) proteins. I. Extraction and filtration by Sephadex].
Samples of Lupinus luteus, var. Aurea/Weico and Lupinus albus var. Multolupa flours were analyzed. The flour proteins were extracted and fractionated by gel filtration, and the per cent pattern for both globulins and albumins was then determined. The dehulled seeds, previously analyzed for composition, were ground, defatted and consecutively extracted with distilled water (pH 5.0) and phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.5). The extracted protein content was measured by the Lowry simplified method. Globulins (pH 8.5 fraction) from both species were filtered through Sephadex G-100; besides, Lupinus albus globulins were filtered through Sephadex G-150, and absorbance of the collected fractions was measured at 280 nm. The dehulled seed (DS) of L. luteus and L. albus revealed a good protein content (58.2 and 41.0%, respectively). The protein extracted from L. luteus was constituted by 17% albumins and 58.4% globulins. In contrast, L. albus presented a higher albumin content (55.6%) than globulins (31.5%). The elution pattern for the Sephadex G-200 gel filtration showed for both lupine species analyzed a preponderant peak I corresponding in L. luteus to 55.0% and in L. albus to 84.1% of the total globulins content. From these results, it may be concluded that the dehulled seed protein content is 42.0% higher for the L. luteus sample than for the L. albus. The applied methodology indicated a predominant content of globulins above albumins in L. luteus, while in the case of L. albus, the albumin content was the highest.
Albumins↗
Influence of lupin (Lupinus luteus L. cv. 4492 and Lupinus angustifolius L. var. zapaton) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) germination on microbial population and biogenic amines.
Microbial population and bioactive amine profile and levels of two lupin species (Lupinus luteus L. cv. 4492 and Lupinus angustifolius L. var. zapaton) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds as affected by germination were investigated. Microbial population increased considerably mainly in the first stage of germination (2 days), then small changes in bacterial numbers were observed up to 5 days to levels between 7.8 and 8.9 log colony-forming units/g. Microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were dominant for the legumes tested. Ungerminated legume seeds contained putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine. Bioactive amine levels found in fenugreek seeds were between 3- and 4-fold higher than those found in lupin seeds. The highest total amine levels were found in fenugreek seeds [162 mg/kg of dry weight (dw)], followed by L. angustifolius var. zapaton seeds (84 mg/kg of dw) and, finally, L. luteus cv. 4492 (46 mg/kg of dw) seeds. The concentration of individual amines showed a gradual rising trend during the germination period in all tested sprouts, reaching levels >3 times higher than those found in ungerminated seeds. After 5 days of germination, the fenugreek sprouts contained the highest amount of total bioactive amines. Tyramine was the predominant amine in both lupin varieties, whereas cadaverine was the main bioactive amine detected in fenugreek. The results of this work thus indicated that microbial population and biogenic amine levels in the studied lupin and fenugreek sprouts are not a risk for healthy consumers or for individuals with restricted activity of detoxification enzymes.
Biogenic Amines↗
The toxicity of seed extracts and their fractions from Lupinus angustifolius L. and Lupinus albus L.
Seed extracts obtained from Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius by treatment with 48% ethanol contained ca. 10% alkaloids (on a dry weight basis) and were non-toxic. Their acute toxicity (LD50) in the mouse is > 4000 mg kg-1 body wt. After fractionation, the extract from L. angustifolius seeds afforded several fractions with differing toxicities (LD50 750-4000 mg kg-1 body wt.). None of the fractions tested in vitro were toxic. The results obtained showed that, in spite of the alkaloids, other low-molecular-weight constituents present significantly modified the toxicity of the lupin extracts.
Alkaloids↗
Screening of cytoplasmic DNA diversity between and within Lupinus mutabilis Sweet and Lupinus albus sensu lato by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
Seven populations and five mutant lines of the Andean lupin and four species from the section Albus were screened for their mitochondrial and chloroplast polymorphisms. For this purpose the RFLP method with EcoRI as a restriction enzyme was used. Lupinus luteus, Lupinus albus and Phaseolus vulgaris organellar clones as well as amplified fragments were used as probes. We found that mitochondrial probes were more suitable than chloroplast probes for identification of inter- and intra-specific variations within the examined material. Most mitochondrial probes differentiate the two species investigated. A high level of mitochondrial polymorphism was observed among the populations of L. mutabilis in contrast to monomorphism among the species in the section Albus. A limited polymorphism was detected between the mutant lines of L. mutabilis. We conclude from this study that the mitochondrial RFLP analysis is a valuable tool for identification of variability among Andean lupin populations.
Journal Article↗
[Sweet lupine (Lupinus luteus, var. Aurea/Weico and Lupinus albus, var. Multolupa) proteins. II. Separation by electrophoresis].
The albumins and globulins extracted from Lupinus luteus var. Aurea/Weico and Lupinus albus var. Multolupa defatted flour samples were analyzed by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. The purpose was to determine the percentage distribution of pattern in the electrophoretograms and the relative mobility values of protein. The L. luteus albumins densitogram showed six fractions, two of them, No. 2 and No. 4, represented 58.1% of the total. On the other hand, the globulins densitogram revealed five fractions, numbers 1, 2 and 3 representing 90.7%. The densitogram of peak I from Sephadex G-100 globulins filtration indicated two fractions similar to those number 1 and 2 of the total globulins, showing low relative mobility values (from 0.26 to 0.39). The L. albus albumins resolved in four fractions, with No. 2 being the most prevalent (54.3%). In regard to the L. albus globulins, these showed five fractions identical in distribution with those of peak I, fraction 2 appearing as the most important (48.2%). It was found that Sephadex G-100 did not perform a good separation. As to the relative mobility values of globulins, fractions 2 and 3 were the most prominent (relative mobility of 0.35 and 0.48, respectively). It may be concluded that L. luteus albumins presented more components but with lower relative mobility values than those of L. albus. As for the globulins from both lupine flour samples, the gel separated fractions were classified in two groups of components, those of high and of low relative mobility.
Albumins↗
Profiling of flavonoid conjugates in Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius responding to biotic and abiotic stimuli.
Qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoid and isoflavonoid glycosides as well as free aglycones in lupin seedlings (roots and aerial parts) grown under different light conditions or responding to infection with Pleiochaeta setosa, a fungus causing brown leaf spot, were monitored by liquid chromatography with UV and/or mass spectrometric detection. Both physical and biotic factors affected flavonoid and isoflavonoid levels in lupin tissues. Fungal infection evoked significant increase in the amounts of genistein, 2'-hydroxygenistein, and their prenylated derivatives that are thought to function as lupin phytoalexins. Effect on quantitative changes of glycosylated flavonoids and isoflavonoids in the roots and aerial parts was less significant. Moreover, different light conditions applied during seedling growth caused relative changes of flavonoid and isoflavonoid conjugates composition, especially in the leaves of white lupin plants. The chemical structures of flavonoid and isoflavonoid conjugates present in Lupinus angustifolius were elucidated. In addition to genistein and 2'-hydroxygenistein glycosides, flavonol conjugates were identified in leaves, while the composition of root isoflavonoids was similar to that of L. albus reported earlier.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Lupin seed proteins. IV. Amino acid composition of the globulins from Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus.
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Amino Acids↗
Occurrence of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine and gamma-L-glutamyl-L-phenylalanine in seeds of Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus.
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Dipeptides↗
Purification and properties of asparaginase from Lupinus arboreus and Lupinus angustifolius.
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Asparaginase↗
Chemical composition, nutritive value, and toxicological evaluation of two species of sweet Lupine (Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus).
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Amino Acids↗
Oxidative-stress: comparison of species specific and tissue specific effects in the marine bivalves Mytilus edulis (L.) and Dosinia lupinus (L.).
This study describes a novel approach to the objective of identifying a suitable biomarker of oxidative-stress in marine animals and evaluates an established assay under controlled experimental conditions in vivo and in vitro. Live animals and tissue homogenates of the euryoxic blue mussel Mytilus edulis (L.), and the stenoxic smooth artemis Dosinia lupinus (L.), were exposed to oxidative-stress generated using a 60Co gamma-radiation source. In live organisms, mortality-rates were significantly different between species. M. edulis showed zero mortality and D. lupinus 30% mortality over 18 h. Protein-carbonyl (PC=O) content was determined by colourimetric assay (total protein-carbonyl) or immunodetection (for individual proteins) in four tissue types: digestive gland, mantle, adductor muscle and foot. In tissue homogenates, digestive gland and adductor muscle of both species showed significant increases (greater for D. lupinus) in PC=O content following irradiation in vitro. All tissues from live animals (with the exception of M. edulis mantle and adductor muscle of D. lupinus which died under irradiation) showed significantly different levels of PC Os following irradiation; D. lupinus PC=O levels were increased whilst in M. edulis PC=O content decreased. In D. lupinus which died during irradiation, PC=O content was greater than in those D. lupinus which survived, particularly in the adductor muscle, the former were inceased by 74% above controls. The findings support the hypothesis that species-specific adaptations to euryoxic and stenoxic environments, and metabolic requirements of different tissues, should result in differing ROS defences.
Animals↗
Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the symbiosis Bradyrhizobium-Lupinus.
In plants, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in signalling to hormones, cell cycle regulation, stresses, and plant defence responses. In this work, several MAPKs were detected by immunobloting in roots and nodules of Lupinus albus produced by inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus). In vitro kinase assays showed that inoculation of seedling roots with B. sp. (Lupinus) activates salt stress-inducible and stress-activated MAPKs after 5 min of incubation. By contrast, inoculation with dead B. sp. (Lupinus) or the heterologous bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti did not induce salt stress-inducible and stress-activated MAPK activities. In vivo experiments showed that inoculation with B. sp. (Lupinus) induced the activation of MAPKs in roots. The maximal activation was in the region of the root tip with emerging hairs, which corresponds to the infection zone. The p38 MAPK inhibitors SB 202190 and SB 203580 blocked these kinase activities. Experiments with SB 202190 and the MAPKK inhibitor UO 126 altered the pattern of nodulation in the main root, decreasing the number and weight of nodules produced in the upper sites while increasing the nodule number in the younger lower root zone. These data suggest that MAPK inhibition blocks early events in the susceptible root zone to rhizobial infection, delaying nodulation, and support a role for MAPKs in the infection and nodulation of L. albus by B. sp. (Lupinus).
Bradyrhizobium↗
Biodiversity of bradyrhizobia nodulating Lupinus spp.
The genetic structure of Bradyrhizobium isolates recovered from three Lupinus species (Lupinus campestris, Lupinus montanus, and Lupinus exaltatus) grown in Mexico was examined. Among 41 Bradyrhizobium isolates, 18 electrophoretic types (ETs) were distinguished by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis of five metabolic enzymes. The mean genetic diversity, 0.64, indicated that there was great genetic diversity in the population sampled. Most isolates (63%) fell into two closely related clusters (clusters I and II) and were the types most frequently isolated from the root nodules of L. montanus and L. campestris. ET cluster III isolates were frequent nodule occupants of L. exaltatus. The isolates also were assigned to three main groups by using Curie point pyrolysis mass spectrometry. In general, the multilocus enzyme electrophoretic data and pyrolysis mass spectrometric data agreed. We determined the 16S rRNA sequences of representative Lupinus isolates and of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 6T and found that the lupine isolates were highly related to the B. japonicum type strain, although not all B. japonicum type strains (subcultures maintained in different bacterial collections) had identical small-subunit rRNA.
Bacterial Proteins↗