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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Evolution of Lycopodiaceae from results of sequencing spacer sequences of chloroplast rRNA genes].

Nucleotide sequences of a chloroplast rDNA region including 8 bp from the 3' end of 23S rDNA-ITS2-4.5S rDNA-ITS3-5S rDNA-ITS4 (approximately 800 bp) were determined in 25 species of Lycopodiaceae and two species of the genus Isoetes. The rate of molecular evolution of spacers significantly varied in different Lycopsida taxa. A phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method revealed that the family Lycopodiaceae is monophyletic. The topology of phylogenetic trees suggests the isolation of four or probably five genera in family Lycopodiaceae. For these genera, synapomorphic indels were detected. The obtained data were compared with the results of phylogenetic analysis of Lycopsida with regard to other sequences. The relationships of taxa within the family Lycopodiaceae is discussed.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The determination of huperzine A in European Lycopodiaceae species by HPLC-UV-MS.

A rapid qualitative HPLC-UV-MS method was developed for the detection of huperzine A in Lycopodiaceae species. HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry experiments allowed the identification of the alkaloid and enabled targeted analysis of complex matrices such as herbal extracts. Huperzine A was detected by single ion monitoring of the pseudomolecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 243.2. The alkaloid was also detected on TLC in a bioautographic enzyme assay with acetylcholinesterase to show the activity of the compound. Four Lycopodiaceae species collected in Switzerland were tested by these methods and Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Martius was the only species found to contain huperzine A.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2001

Evolution of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida): estimating divergence times from rbcL gene sequences by use of nonparametric rate smoothing.

By use of nonparametric rate smoothing and nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene, divergence times in Lycopodiaceae are estimated. The results show that much extant species diversity in Lycopodiaceae stems from relatively recent cladogenic events. These results corroborate previous ideas based on paleobotanical and biogeographical data. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses recognized a split into neotropical and paleotropical clades in Huperzia, which contains 85-90% of all living species. Connecting this biogeographical pattern with continent movements, the diversification of this epiphytic group was suggested to coincide with that of angiosperms in the mid to Late Cretaceous. Results presented here are consistent with this idea, and the diversification of the two clades is resolved as Late Cretacous (78 and 95 Myr). In the related genera Lycopodium and Lycopodiella, the patterns are somewhat different. Here species diversity is scattered among different subgeneric groups. Most of the high-diversity subgeneric groups seem to have diversified very recently (Late Tertiary), whereas the cladogenic events leading to these groups are much older (Early to Late Cretaceous). Our analysis shows that, although much living species diversity stems from relatively recent cladogenesis, the origins of the family (Early Carboniferous) and generic crown groups (Early Permian to Early Jurassic) are much more ancient events.

Evolution, Molecular↗
PubMed2005

The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of a lycophyte, Huperzia lucidula (Lycopodiaceae).

We used a unique combination of techniques to sequence the first complete chloroplast genome of a lycophyte, Huperzia lucidula. This plant belongs to a significant clade hypothesized to represent the sister group to all other vascular plants. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate the organelles, rolling circle amplification (RCA) to amplify the genome, and shotgun sequencing to 8x depth coverage to obtain the complete chloroplast genome sequence. The genome is 154,373 bp, containing inverted repeats of 15,314 bp each, a large single-copy region of 104,088 bp, and a small single-copy region of 19,657 bp. Gene order is more similar to those of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts than to gene order for other vascular plants. For example, the Huperzia chloroplast genome possesses the bryophyte gene order for a previously characterized 30 kb inversion, thus supporting the hypothesis that lycophytes are sister to all other extant vascular plants. The lycophyte chloroplast genome data also enable a better reconstruction of the basal tracheophyte genome, which is useful for inferring relationships among bryophyte lineages. Several unique characters are observed in Huperzia, such as movement of the gene ndhF from the small single copy region into the inverted repeat. We present several analyses of evolutionary relationships among land plants by using nucleotide data, inferred amino acid sequences, and by comparing gene arrangements from chloroplast genomes. The results, while still tentative pending the large number of chloroplast genomes from other key lineages that are soon to be sequenced, are intriguing in themselves, and contribute to a growing comparative database of genomic and morphological data across the green plants.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2000

Observations on the mature gametophyte of Phylloglossum (Lycopodiaceae).

Mature, gametangia-bearing photosynthetic gametophytes of Phylloglossum can be grown from the nonphotosynthetic, cylindrical, negatively gravitropic immature stages in illuminated axenic culture on a nutrient medium with or without 0.2% glucose. The gametangial-bearing region of these gametophytes, the photosynthetic crown, grows horizontally from the apex of the immature cylindrical stage. At maturity the photosynthetic crown is thickened and bilaterally symmetrical. It is usually narrow and bean-shaped with dorsal and ventral regions. Occasionally, the ventral region becomes thicker and the crown is deltoid in cross section. The dorsal edge or ridge of the crown is the gametangial region with archegonia and antheridia. The gametangia are often hidden because they are interspersed among numerous uni- or bicellular paraphyses. The lateral surfaces below the gametangial region lack outgrowths, and the ventral region is covered with long rhizoids. The apical meristem at the anterior end of the crown is overarched by the developing dorsal tissue of the gametangial ridge. The lower derivatives of the meristem form the ventral region with rhizoids. Phylloglossum gametophytes are unusual because their mode of organic nutrition changes from mycorrhizal to photosynthetic during ontogeny.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Red list plants: colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes.

Since information concerning the mycorrhization of endangered plants is of major importance for their potential re-establishment, we determined the mycorrhizal status of Serratula tinctoria (Asteraceae), Betonica officinalis (Lamiaceae), Drosera intermedia (Droseraceae) and Lycopodiella inundata (Lycopodiaceae), occurring at one of two wetland sites (fen meadow and peat bog), which differed in soil pH and available P levels. Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) was quantified. Colonization by AMF appeared to be more frequent in the fen meadow than in the peat bog, and depended on the host plant. Roots of S. tinctoria and B. officinalis were well colonized by AMF in the fen meadow (35-55% root length) and both arbuscules and vesicles were observed to occur in spring as well as in autumn. In the peat bog, L. inundata showed a low level of root colonization in spring, when vesicles were found frequently but no arbuscules. In roots of D. intermedia from the peat bog, arbuscules and vesicles were observed, but AMF colonization was lower than in L. inundata. In contrast, the amount of AMF spores extracted from soil at the peat bog site was higher than from the fen meadow soil. Spore numbers did not differ between spring and autumn in the fen meadow, but they were higher in spring than in autumn in the peat bog. Acaulospora laevis or A. colossica and Glomus etunicatum were identified amongst the AMF spores extracted from soil at the two sites. S. tinctoria and B. officinalis roots were also regularly colonized by DSE (18-40% root length), while L. inundata was only rarely colonized and D. intermedia did not seem to be colonized by DSE at all.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed2006

Protective potentials of a potentized homeopathic drug, Lycopodium-30, in ameliorating azo dye induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.

The protective potentials of a potentized homeopathic drug, Lycopodium-30, prepared from extract of spores of a plant, Lyocopodium clavatum (Fam: Lycopodiaceae) and used as a remedy for various liver ailments, have been tested in mice chronically fed p-dimethyl amino azo benzene (p-DAB) - an initiator, and phenobarbital (PB) - a promoter of hepatic cancer, by using some cytogenetic endpoints like chromosome aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), mitotic index (MI) and sperm head abnormality (SHA), and toxicity biomarkers like acid and alkaline phosphatases (AcP and AlkP, respectively), alanine and aspartate amino transferases (ALT and AST, respectively) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities. The effects of chronic treatment of the carcinogens were assessed at different intervals of fixation, namely, at day 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and day 120, and compared with that of mice fed conjointly with the carcinogens and the homeopathic remedy. Both the assay systems indicated considerable protective potentials of the homeopathic remedy against p-DAB induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some Turkish medicinal plants.

The chloroform:medianol (1:1) extracts of a number of the plant species belonging to eight families, namely Corydalis solida (L.) Swartz subsp. solida and Glaucium corniculatum (L.) J. H. Rudolph (Papaveraceae), Rhododendron ponticum L. subsp. ponticum and Rhododendron luteum Sweet. (Ericaceae), Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae), Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Caeselpiniaceae), Tribulus terrestris L. and Zygophyllum fabago L. (Zygophyllaceae), Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodiaceae), Fumaria vaillantii Lois., Fumaria capreolata L., Fumaria kralikii Jordan, Fumaria asepala Boiss., Fumaria densiflora DC., Fumaria flabellata L., Fumaria petteri Reichb. subsp. thuretii (Boiss.) Pugsley, Fumaria macrocarpa Boiss. ex Hausskn., Fumaria cilicica Hauskkn., Fumaria parviflora Lam. and Fumaria judaica Boiss. (Fumariaceae) were screened for their anticholinesterase activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes by in vitro Ellman method at 10 microg/ml and 1 mg/ml concentrations. The extracts did not show any noticeable inhibitory activity against both of the enzymes at 10 microg/ml. The extracts of Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum, Rhododendron luteum, Corydalis solida subsp. solida, Glaucium corniculatum, and Buxus sempervirens showed remarkable inhibitory activity above 50% inhibition rate on AChE at 1 mg/ml. Among them, Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum, Corydalis solida subsp. solida and Buxus sempervirens were the most active extracts against BChE having 95.46 +/- 1.03%, 93.08 +/- 0.97%, and 93.45 +/- 0.88% inhibition rates, respectively. Among the extracts screened, all of the Fumaria extracts displayed highly potent inhibition against both of the enzymes at 1 mg/ml concentration compared to the standard.

Butyrylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2005

Huperzia saururus, activity on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.

Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) known as cola de quirquincho is used in folk medicine to improve memory. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, including those in the medial septum, and in the vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basalis of Meynert, provide a major source of cholinergic enervation of the cortex and hippocampus. These neurons have also been shown to play an important role in learning and memory processes. Thus, the effects of this traditional Argentinean species were studied in relation to its activity on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The alkaloid extract obtained first by decoction of the aerial parts and by subsequent alkaline extraction, was purified by using a Sephadex LH 20 packed column. Electrophysiological experiments were developed with the purified extract (E(2)) on rat hippocampus slices, thus eliciting long-term potentiation (LTP). Results show a marked increase in the hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The threshold value for generation of LTP was 22 +/- 1.01 Hz on average for E(2), while for controls it was 86 +/- 0.92 Hz. All of these factors could explain the use of Huperzia saururus as a memory improver as is reported in the ethnomedicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anticholinesterase activity in an alkaloid extract of Huperzia saururus.

Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) is used widely in Argentinian traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac and for memory improvement. An aqueous extract from the aerial parts was obtained by decoction, revealing the presence of alkaloids, among other constituents. By partition with organic solvent in alkaline media, alkaloids were extracted and then purified by gel permeation. We studied the anticholinesterase activity in vitro of the alkaloid extract using erythrocyte membranes and human serum as sources of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase, respectively. The results show a marked inhibition of true acetylcholinesterase with an IC50 value of 0.58 microg/ml. Low inhibition of pseudocholinesterase was observed (IC50 value = 191 microg/ml). This shows a selectivity of the extract for the true acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, chemical study of the bioactive extract was performed by GC-MS, revealing the presence of seven Lycopodium alkaloids, including some not identified previously: sauroxine, 6-hydroxylycopodine, N-acetyllycodine, lycopodine, lycodine, N-methyllycodine, and clavolonine. Further investigations will be undertaken in order to discover which compound/s are responsible for the aqueous extract's acetylcholinesterase activity.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2000

Four alkaloids, lucidine B, oxolucidine A, lucidine A, and lucidulinone from Lycopodium lucidulum.

The structures of four alkaloids extracted from Lycopodium lucidulum (Lycopodiaceae) were established by X-ray and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. The dihydro-derivative of oxolucidine A, which was obtained by NaBH4 reduction of oxolucidine A, was treated with p-bromobenzoyl chloride to afford crystals, whose X-ray crystallographic analysis established the stereostructure, including the absolute configuration. The 2D NMR spectra of tetrahydrodeoxylucidine B were fully analyzed to establish the full structure of lucidine B, and the hitherto unknown stereochemistry at the C-14 position was established as beta-H. The structure of a new alkaloid, lucidulinone, was determined by spectroscopic analysis to be luciduline lactam.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2003

Alpha-onocerin: an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Lycopodium clavatum.

In order to find new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from natural sources which have therapeutic potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the chloroform : methanol (1 : 1) extracts of five Lycopodium species ( L. clavatum L., L. selago L., L. annotinum L., L. alpinum L., and L. complanatum ssp. chamaecyparissus A. (Br.) Döll.), growing in Turkey (Lycopodiaceae), were screened in vitro by the Ellman spectrophotometric method at 1 mg/ml concentration. Among these extracts, only the extract of L. clavatum was found to be active (49.85 %). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract of L. clavatum led to the isolation of alpha-onocerin (IC 50 = 5.2 microM), a well-known triterpenoid, as the responsible compound for the activity.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2004

Selagoline, a new alkaloid from Huperzia selago.

A new natural product, named selagoline, and two known alkaloids, huperzine A and serratidine, were isolated from Huperzia selago (Lycopodiaceae) collected in Iceland. Their structures were determined using 600 and 800MHz one- and two-dimensional NMR methods supported by Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Possible role of selagoline as a precursor of 5,15-oxidolycopodane, a component of the classical alkaloids L28 and L31, is discussed.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2002

Insecticidal activity of huperzine A from the New Zealand clubmoss, Lycopodium varium.

A bioactivity-directed investigation of an extract of the New Zealand clubmoss, Lycopodium varium, collected on subantarctic Campbell Island, has led to the isolation of the alkaloid huperzine A (1) as the major antifeedant and insecticidal component. Huperzine A showed insecticidal activity against the Australian carpet beetle, Anthrenocerus australis (LD(50) = 110 ppm), the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (LD(50) = 2380 ppm), and the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (LD(50) = 630 ppm). Feeding by A. australis was reduced by 97% at 63 ppm.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2005

Bis-huperzine B: highly potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

By targeting dual active sites of AChE, a series of bis-huperzine B analogues with various lengths of the tether were designed, synthesized, and tested for their inhibition and selectivity. The most potent bis-huperzine B (5g) exhibited 3900-fold increase in AChE inhibition and 930-fold greater in selectivity for AChE vs BuChE than its parent huperzine B.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2002

A biomimetic transformation of serratinine into serratezomine A through a modified Polonovski reaction.

Application of a modified Polonovski reaction for serratinine (1) resulted in generation of serratezomine A (2) with a novel seco-serratinine-type skeleton recently isolated from the club moss Lycopodium serratum var. serratum. This biomimetic transformation supports a biogenetic pathway proposed for serratezomine A (2). The absolute stereochemistry of serratezomine A (2) was established by an induced exciton chirality and modified Mosher methods.

Alkaloids↗