Swine lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium and atypical Mycobacteria. II. Studies on the role of littering in mycobacterial lymphadenitis incidence in large-scale pig units.
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Animals↗
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Mycobacterial lymphadenitis in Western Australia.
The records of 172 patients with culture-positive mycobacterial lymphadenitis in Western Australia between January 1972 and December 1989 inclusive have been reviewed. Of the 118 children under 7 years of age, the disease was caused by M. tuberculosis in 4%, the M. avium complex in 74% and M. scrofulaceum in 20%, whereas in the 54 adults aged 15 years and over, the same organisms were responsible for 89%, 2% and 4% respectively of their diseases. Tuberculous (TBC) lymphadenitis affected mainly adult Asian migrants (71%), while non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lymphadenitis predominantly affected non-Aboriginal Australian children (92%). The two conditions differed significantly in their distribution of disease in the lymph nodes (P < 0.001). Patients with the TBC disease had a longer (P < 0.001) duration of symptoms before diagnosis but less common (P < 0.02) local complications at presentation than those with the NTM disease. The response of TBC lymphadenitis to medical treatment was excellent with no failure or relapse in the 43 patients followed up to 12 months. Total excision was curative for NTM lymphadenitis although in 10% a second excision was needed because of relapse or residual disease. In a selected group of children, the double Mantoux test was shown to have a 79% sensitivity and a 69% specificity in the diagnosis of the NTM disease. Over the last decade, the prevalence of NTM lymphadenitis in Western Australia decreased while that of TBC lymphadenitis remained steady.
Adolescent↗
Visceral caseous lymphadenitis in thin ewe syndrome: isolation of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Moraxella spp from internal abscesses in emaciated ewes.
The relationship between the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis and a chronic debilitating condition of mature sheep designated as the thin ewe syndrome was investigated. Internal abscesses were found during necropsy in 81% of animals with thin ewe syndrome and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C ovis) was recovered from 86% of the animals with internal abscesses. Other pyogenic bacteria, including C pyogenes, C equi, Staphylococcus epidermis, S aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were often recovered in association with C pseudotuberculosis. Moraxella sp was recovered in 41% of the animals with internal abscesses. In some abscesses, Moraxella sp was the dominant microorganism isolated and in others, they were outnumbered only by C pseudotuberculosis. Species isolated included M bovis, M osloensis, and M nonliquefaciens. The potential importance of Moraxella sp to the cause and pathogenesis of the thin ewe syndrome is not known. The results of the present study indicate that visceral caseous lymphadenitis is either an important contributing factor to the development of thin ewe syndrome or that the presence of thin ewe syndrome may predispose affected sheep to the development of visceral caseous lymphadenitis. A skin test reagent prepared by sonicating C pseudotuberculosis was of limited value in detecting animals with visceral caseous lymphadenitis. Only 56% of the animals with abscesses caused by C pseudotuberculosis gave positive delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses.
Abscess↗
Bacteriological survey of tuberculous lymphadenitis in southeast England, 1981-1989.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to detect any changing trends in the nature and incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in southeast England and to determine whether there is any evidence for an increase in this disease that could be related to HIV infection. DESIGN: Mycobacteria isolated from patients with lymphadenitis in the years 1981 to 1989 were identified. Information was available on the age, sex, and ethnic origin of the patients and the anatomical site from which the mycobacterium was isolated. SETTING: The Public Health Laboratory Service Regional Tuberculosis Centre at Dulwich, which receives over 95% of mycobacteria isolated in southeast England. MAIN RESULTS: From 1980 to 1989, cultures were received from 1817 patients with mycobacterial lymphadenitis: 1677 were M tuberculosis, 25 M bovis, 21 M africanum, and 94 were other (environmental) species. In comparison with a survey conducted in the same region in 1973-80, the number of ethnic Indian subcontinent patients with lymphadenitis due to M tuberculosis had dropped by 30% and the number of European patients had dropped by 43% and showed a continuing decline and a shift towards an older age group. By contrast, there was a 20% increase in the number of cases due to environmental mycobacteria. The number of species causing such infections had increased and a greater proportion of patients were adults. Three patients infected by environmental mycobacteria were known to be HIV positive. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of lymphadentis due to M tuberculosis is declining but cases due to environmental mycobacteria are increasing, with a greater diversity of species and more adult patients. There is no conclusive evidence for an impact of HIV infection on the incidence and nature of mycobacterial lymphadenopathy in southeast England, but this cannot be ruled out.
Adolescent↗
Xanthogranulomatous lymphadenitis.
A case of an unusual type of granulomatous lymphadenitis, initially suspected of being a malignant lymphoma, is reported. Histologically, this lesion shows a striking xanthomatous appearance, due to collections of foamy histiocytes interspersed with chronic inflammatory cells, and resulting in a storage-like aspect. Evidence indicates that this process merely represents the reabsorption and healing phases of an acute suppurative lymphadenitis, with histopathologic features comparable to those of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The term xanthogranulomatous lymphadenitis is suggested for this previously inadequately described lesion, and the likely non-specific degenerative character of the xanthomatous response is stressed.
Adolescent↗
Immunohistochemical detection of cells positive for colony-stimulating factor 1 in lymph nodes from reactive lymphadenitis, and Hodgkin's disease.
Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) is a cytokine involved in hematopoiesis and perhaps more importantly in the early stages of immunological defense mechanisms. Although numerous studies of in vitro CSF-1-producing cells have been published, in vivo data is totally lacking. According, we performed immunohistochemical detection of CSF-1-positive cells on frozen sections of reactive lymphadenitis (three cases) and Hodgkin's disease (13 cases) lymph node biopsies, using as antibody a highly specific polyclonal rabbit antiserum prepared in our laboratory. Endothelial cells from high endothelial venules and most fibroblasts were positive in all cases (reactive lymphadenitis and Hodgkin's samples), and most lymphocytes in interfollicular T cell areas showed faint granular positivity in reactive lymphadenitis lymph nodes. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells were positive in all cases tested, although staining intensity was highly variable and the percentage of positive cells differed from case to case. These data from in vivo biopsies confirm previous results for in vitro CSF-1 production by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T lymphocytes, and Hodgkin cell lines. They are consistent with the role of this cytokine in immune response and raise the question of its significance in Hodgkin's disease.
Hodgkin Disease↗
Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs: infection via intact ocular and nasal mucosa by Streptococcus zooepidemicus.
The traditional view regarding the pathogenesis of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs is that Lancefield Group C Streptococcus gains access to cervical lymph nodes via an abraded oral mucosa. In this study, it is established that inoculation of intact nasal and conjunctival mucous membranes with Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield Group C) also can produce the disease. Weanling (SPF) guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were divided into two experimental groups of 10 and two control groups of four each. Guinea pigs from each group were individually housed in separate cubicles. Group I was inoculated with 0.05 ml of culture containing 2.8 x 10(7) CFU/ml of S. zooepidemicus into the conjunctiva of the left eye. Group II received a similar inoculum into the left nares. Control groups received 0.05 ml of TSB broth in the same sites. Five of ten guinea pigs in Group II died four to nine days postinoculation. Surviving guinea pigs were euthanatized at intervals between days 4-13 postinoculation. All guinea pigs were necropsied, cultured and examined for evidence of infection. S. zooepidemicus was recovered from 30/50 and 39/46 sites cultured from Groups I and II, respectively. Lymphadenitis was found in cervical lymph nodes from 8/10 guinea pigs in Group I and 10/10 in Group II. The conjunctival and nasal mucosa, therefore, represent potential sites of entry resulting in cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs.
Animals↗
Dermatopathic lymphadenitis presenting as lateral breast mass.
Two cases of dermatopathic lymphadenitis involved external mammary lymph nodes and presented clinically as breast masses. The variable position and number of external mammary lymph nodes account for the difficulty in differentiating intrinsic breast pathological conditions of the lateral margin of the breast from lymphadenitis. Recent publicity may account for a lower threshold for detection of such lesions by patients as well as physicians. Dermatopathic lymphadenitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of persistent solid masses involving the lateral margin of the breast and should be confirmed by excisional biopsy.
Adult↗
Prevention of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs by vaccination.
Cervical lymphadenitis, caused by beta hemolytic Streptococcus of Lancefield's group C, was experimentally produced in guinea pigs. Experimental transmission of cervical lymphadenitis was successful when a scratch in the oral mucous membrane was inoculated with a strain of the causative organism which had been isolated during an epizootic of cervical lymphadenitis. Animals without a mouth lesion did not develop the disease when inoculated in the same manner. Another strain, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC-12960) was also used. This latter strain was found to have a low degree of pathogenicity for guinea pigs, and it was used for immunization experiments. Seventy-nine percent of animals inoculated orally with strain 12960 withstood later challenge with the virulent strain, whereas only 5% of the controls withstood the same challenge.
Administration, Oral↗
Necrotizing lymphadenitis: possible acute toxoplasmic infection.
A rapid rise in serum hemagglutination antibody (HA) titers for toxoplasma was detected about 2 months after the onset of cervical lymphadenopathy in two patients with necrotizing lymphadenitis. These lymph nodes proliferation of histiocytes with nuclear debris, phagocytized macrophages and necrotic areas, and the association suggested that necrotizing lymphadenitis might be caused by acute toxoplasmic infection.
Adult↗
Obscure stenosing aortitis and arteritis associated with perivascular lymphadenitis--combined angiographic and lymphographic evaluation.
A series of eleven cases of an obscure occlusive type of aortitis and arteritis is reported. These are characterised by chronic nonspecific perivascular lymphadenitis and fibrosis, constricting the lumen of the vessels. Subsequent spread of the inflammatory process produces irreversible changes in the vessel wall. Timely excision of the nodes, release of fibrous strands and decompression of the vessels may result in a permanent cure; The inflammatory process is nonspecific in nature. The etiology is obscure and is subject to speculation. Tuberculous inflammation of the lymph nodes appears to be unlikely while filarial lymphadenitis is probable. The disease is not a primary panarteritis as observed in Takayusu's disease or allergic vasculitis. Males are predominantly affected and present invariably with clinical signs and symptoms of peripheral vascular obliterative disease of the lower extremities.
Adolescent↗
Mycobacterium haemophilum causing perihilar or cervical lymphadenitis in healthy children.
We describe five apparently immunologically normal children with infection caused by Mycobacterium haemophilum and resulting in perihilar or cervical lymphadenitis. Clinical distinction from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection could be made by culture only, because differential Mantoux test results suggested tuberculosis. Treatment of these children involved chemotherapy or surgery or both, and outcome in all cases has been excellent. We believe that M. haemophilum should be added to the list of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria known to cause lymphadenitis in otherwise healthy children.
Antitubercular Agents↗
Histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis is the pathognomonic histological appearance of lymph nodes in Kikuchi's disease, a condition characterised by a brief systemic illness and lymphadenopathy. The case is described of a young man, originally diagnosed as having Kikuchi's disease by lymph node histology, who subsequently developed systemic lupus erythematosus with symmetrical polyarthritis, Coombs' positive haemolytic anaemia and haemorrhagic pneumonitis. The case emphasises that a range of diseases is associated with histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis, belying the unitary impression given by the term Kikuchi's disease.
Adult↗
Sweet's syndrome associated with subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis.
A 34-year-old man with Sweet's syndrome associated with subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis is reported. Histological examination of an erythematous, painful, cutaneous plaque revealed a dermal interstitial neutrophilic infiltrate. A biopsy specimen obtained from an inguinal lymph node showed granulomatous formation, consisting of histiocytes, with central necrosis in the paracortex and macrophages in the sinus. Although the causes of the two diseases remain obscure, this appears to be the first report of Sweet's syndrome associated with subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis.
Adult↗
Clinical and Microbiological Insights into Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep and Goats in Khorasan Razavi, Iran.
INTRODUCTION: Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic bacterial disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, significantly impacts small-ruminant health and productivity worldwide, causing economic losses through reduced wool and milk yields, reproductive issues, and carcass condemnation. Despite its importance, CLA prevalence and microbial dynamics remain under explored in Iran, where small ruminants are vital to rural economies. This study assessed the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and bacteriological profile of CLA in Khorasan Razavi Province, northeast Iran, to inform regional control strategies and address potential zoonotic risks. MATERIALS & METHODS: We examined 15 flocks totaling 4,733 animals (4,640 sheep, 93 goats) through clinical inspections and microbiological analysis of pus samples from affected lymph nodes. RESULTS: The results revealed a lymphadenitis prevalence of 11.59% (95% CI, 10.58%, 12.66%), with 8.62% of sheep (400/4640) and 8.60% of goats (8/93) affected, varying across flocks from 0% to 28.57%. Submandibular lymph nodes were most commonly affected (51.35%), followed by retropharyngeal (18.02%) and parotid (15.32%) nodes, with peak incidence in the 2-3-year age group (38.24%), likely linked to shearing practices. Bacteriological analysis of 102 pus samples identified C. pseudotuberculosis in 19.6% (20/102) of cases, characterized by small, dry, white colonies with β-hemolysis on Columbia blood agar. A diverse microbial profile included Actinobacillus spp. (7.8%), Trueperella pyogenes (3.9%), and novel isolates like Acinetobacter spp. and Yersinia spp. (1.0% each), with 43.14% of samples sterile, suggesting chronicity or sampling challenges. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate CLA etiology is complex, extending beyond a single pathogen and influenced by local husbandry practices. The study underscores CLA's economic burden and zoonotic potential, given rare but documented human cases. Integrated control measures-enhanced molecular diagnostics, recombinant phospholipase D (PLD) vaccine trials, and improved biosecurity-are urgently needed. Future research should prioritize genomic strain typing and environmental reservoir analysis to refine CLA management in Northeast Iran, offering insights applicable to similar agroecosystems globally.
Animals↗
[Clinical aspect and therapy of BCG-lymphadenitis (author's transl)].
BCG-Lymphadenitis is a local complication of BCG-vaccination. The rate of complication depends on the kind of vaccine used, the dose and the used technique. In the last 9,5 years 32 infants with BCG-Lymphadenitis complicated with suppuration or perforation have been treated surgically. For 6 patients the treatment included a pre- and postoperative tuberculostatic therapy, for 11 patients included antibiotics. In 15 cases only surgical treatment was performed. In all 3 groups satisfactory results have been achieved, therefore tuberculostatic therapy seems not to be necessary and an antibiotic therapy ought to be reserved for cases with secondary miscellaneous infection. There is no doubt that it is possible to shorten the duration of this disease through early extirpation and to achieve a favourable cosmetic result too.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Kikuchi's lymphadenitis: report of a Yersinia enterocolitica-associated case and an overview of aetiology and clinical outcome.
Kikuchi's lymphadenitis (KL; histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis without granulocytic infiltration) is a generally benign, febrile disorder of unknown aetiology with distinct histological features. To date, a minority of cases reported have been associated with infectious agents. A typical pathological case of KL is described where involvement of Yersinia enterocolitica was shown by an indirect immunofluorescent assay applied to lymphatic tissue. The case is discussed with emphasis on recent insight into the course and aetiology of KL.
Adult↗
[Kikuchi's necrotizing lymphadenitis. A clinical case].
We present a case of a female patient who presented with Kikuchi's necrotic lymphadenitis a rare disease in our country and whose diagnosis fundamentally is histological, which itself is also difficult because of the wide range of differential diagnosis which has to be considered. This entity is frequent during the adolescent period in females and its clinical manifestations are few apart from that related to the lymphadenitis.
Adult↗