Lysogeny-typing of Staphylococcus aureus. Comparison of spontaneous lysogeny, UV ray-induced lysogeny and chemically induced lysogeny.
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Bacteriophage Typing↗
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Physical studies of lysogeny. 3. A biophysical study of lambda lysogeny using P1 transduction.
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Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
Lysogeny in mycobacteria. I. Conversion of colony morphology, nitrate reductase activity, and tween 80 hydrolysis of Mycobacterium sp. ATCC 607 associated with lysogeny.
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Genetics, Microbial↗
hflB, a new Escherichia coli locus regulating lysogeny and the level of bacteriophage lambda cII protein.
The level of the viral cII protein has been proposed to be the crucial determinant in the lysis-lysogeny decision of bacteriophage lambda. A new Escherichia coli locus (hflB) has been identified in which a mutation (hflB29) leads to high frequency of lysogeny by lambda. A double mutant defective in both hflB and the previously identified hflA gene displays a more severe Hfl- phenotype than either single mutant. The hflB locus is at 69 minutes on the E. coli map, 85% co-transducible with argG. The hflB29 mutation results in increased stability of the phage cII protein (increasing its half-life twofold) and is recessive to hflB+. We conclude that the hflB+ locus is a negative regulator of cII, perhaps coding for or regulating a protease that acts on cII. In addition, we observe that the can1 mutation, an alteration of the cII gene that results in enhanced lysogenization, leads to increased stability of cII protein. These observations reinforce the view that the level of cII is a key factor in the lysis-lysogeny decision of lambda.
Bacteriophage lambda↗
Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration in the bacterial host regulates the viral decision between lysogeny and lysis.
Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in adenylate cyclase (cya gene) or in cAMP receptor protein (crp gene) are lysogenized at reduced frequency by phage P22. One class of the bacterial mutants with an altered RNA polymerase (rif gene) is also lysogenized at reduced frequency. In the three types of mutant bacteria, the phage's decision between lysogeny and lysis is shifted to lysis and the phage form clear plaques. We propose that in wild-type bacteria the cAMP-receptor protein, in combination with cAMP, activates bacterial RNA polymerase to transcribe certain phage genes that are required for efficient lysogenization. Under conditions of strong catabolite repression, when the supply of energy and biosynthetic components is abundant and the concentration of cAMP is low, the phage would multiply and lyse the cell. When the supply of energy is deficient and the concentration of cAMP is high, the phage would lysogenize the cell. Phage mutants have been isolated that form turbid plaques on the three classes of bacterial mutants due to a higher frequency of lysogeny. These phage mutants have been shown by complementation to be defective in the same gene, which we have called the cly gene. These cly mutants lysogenize the wild-type bacteria with a 99% frequency and, thus, do not form plaques on them. Other kinds of bacterial mutants are also lysogenized at reduced frequency by phage P22. They may be altered in other physiological control systems that influence the frequency of lysogenization.
Adenylyl Cyclases↗
Toxic shock syndrome and lysogeny in Staphylococcus aureus.
Lysogeny, or the presence of temperate bacteriophage, was demonstrated, by means of two Staphylococcus aureus indicator strains, in 11 of 12 strains of S. aureus isolated from patients with toxic shock syndrome. Only 1 of 18 strains of S. aureus that were not associated with toxic shock syndrome showed the presence of bacteriophage. A laboratory strain of S. aureus was lysogenized by bacteriophage from two of the toxic shock-associated strains. These results add support to the theory that lysogeny by one or more bacteriophage in certain strains of S. aureus may be responsible for the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome.
Bacterial Toxins↗
Lysogeny in lactic streptococci producing and not producing nisin.
Eighty-seven strains of lactic streptococci (46 of Streptococcus lactis, 24 of S. diacetilactis, and 17 of S. cremoris) were tested for lysogeny; 12 S. lactis strains produced nisin. Lysogeny was found in five S. lactis strains (two of them were nisin producers) and in two S. diacetilactis strains. Four S. lactis and two S. diacetilactis lysogens liberated phages both spontaneously and after ultraviolet treatment, and one S. lactis strain liberated phages spontaneously only. No lysogens were found among the S. cremoris strains tested. An initial characterization of the lysogens and their phages was made. The lytic spectrum of some of the examined phages was very narrow (homospecific), whereas that of others was wide, including strains of the three investigated species.
Bacteriolysis↗
Multiple effects of Fis on integration and the control of lysogeny in phage lambda.
Fis is a small, basic, site-specific DNA-binding protein present in Escherichia coli. A Fis-binding site (F) has been previously identified in the attP recombination site of phage lambda (J. F. Thompson, L. Moitoso de Vargas, C. Koch, R. Kahmann, and A. Landy, Cell 50:901-908, 1987). The present study demonstrates that in the absence of the phage-encoded Xis protein, the binding of Fis to F can stimulate integrative recombination and therefore increase the frequency of lambda lysogeny in vivo. Additionally, Fis exerts a stimulatory effect on both integration and lysogeny that is independent of binding to the attP F site. Maintenance of the lysogenic state also appears to be enhanced in the presence of Fis, as shown by the increased sensitivity of lambda prophages encoding temperature-sensitive repressors to partial thermoinduction in a fis mutant. In the presence of Xis, however, Fis binding to F interferes with integration by stimulating excision, the competing back-reaction. Since Fis stimulates both excision and integration, depending on the presence or absence of Xis, respectively, we conclude that Xis binding to X1 is the key determinant directing the formation of an excisive complex.
Attachment Sites, Microbiological↗
Second locus of bacteriophage P22 necessary for the maintenance of lysogeny.
A temperature-sensitive allele of a locus of phage P22, known to be involved in establishment of lysogeny, has been isolated. This mutant, P22 ts mnt, forms stable lysogens at 30 C which are induced by heating to 43 C. This shows that this locus is involved in the maintenance of lysogeny. The ts mnt locus is about 18 recombination units away from the c region. The wild allele, mnt(+), is dominant over mnt and is responsible for a cytoplasmically diffusible product.
Chromosome Mapping↗
[Chemical induction of lysogeny of Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].
Concerning the chemical induction of lysogeny of Staphylococcus aureus only little is known. Therefore, we performed induction experiments on 43 Staph, aureus strains using nine mutagenic substances and 15 chemotherapeutics. Only three of the nine mutagenic substances (beta-propiolacton, nitrosoguanidin and mitomycin C) and six of the 15 chemotherapeutics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalothin, nebacetin, novobiocin and nalidixie acid) showed inducing effects. Our results demonstrated furtheron that the lysogeny inducing ability is dependent on strains and substances used.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Lysogeny of Rhizobium japonicum and the sensitivity of these cultures to phages isolated from soil].
Twenty cultures of Rhizobium japonicum of various origin were tested for lysogeny using a cross technique with a preliminary UV induction and without it as well as by electron microscopy. None of the cultures was found in the lysogenic state. Phages active against Rh. japonicum were detected in four soil samples on which soybean plants were grown; 27 phages were isolated by the enrichment method and 3 phages without enrichment. The phages were capable of lysis of only Rh. japonicum cultures and differed in the spectrum of lytic action. Some of them were very specific: 9 phages caused lysis of only one among the 28 tested cultures, and 10 phages lysed 2 cultures. Phages with a broad spectrum of lytic action induced lysis of 7-9 cultures. Some of the phages isolated from soils of different type were identical and some were similar in the spectrum of lytic action. Among 28 cultures of Rh. japonicum, 8 cultures were sensitive to all of the 30 phages isolated from soil and 2 cultures were sensitive to most of the phages; the remaining cultures were sensitive to 1-8 phages. Phages and cultures have been selected which can be used for experimental preparation of lysogenic systems and further studies of lysogeny in Rh. japonicum.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
Lysogeny of blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum by long tailed virus.
Lysogeny and its induction with mitomycin C by the long tailed virus is reported. The active virus was liberated in the medium during the growth period and ability of trichomes to produce virus was not reduced by treatment with EDTA.
Cyanobacteria↗
The influence of the O-antigen and the capsular polysaccharide on the establishment of PlCmts lysogeny in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
The O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella pneumoniae caused a significant reduction in the frequency of establishment of PlCmts lysogeny, while the capsular polysaccharide showed no effect on this frequency. The bacterial receptor for PlCmts are the lipopolysaccharide-core oligosaccharides, the results suggest that K. pneumoniae strains with an O-antigen in their lipopolysaccharide have a poorly accessible lipopolysaccharide-core (the PlCmts bacterial receptor), while K. pneumoniae strains lacking the O-antigen have a highly accessible lipopolysaccharide-core. The accessibility of the receptor is independent of the K antigen (capsular polysaccharide).
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Lysogeny and other characteristics of Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from chickens.
Lysogeny was readily demonstrated among strains of Staphylococcus hyicus that were isolated from chickens. Susceptibility to phage lysis was affected by prophage immunity, but lipase activity and erythromycin resistance were not affected by the presence of temperate phage. In contrast to previously published results, lipase-negative strains of S. hyicus were relatively common and the use of selective media based on lipase activity would have been unsuitable for detection of the S. hyicus strains examined.
Animals↗
Bacteriophages of Bordetella sp.: features of lysogeny and conversion.
It has been the purpose of this paper to study molecular-biological features of the Bordetella bacteriophage interaction with the host cell during lysogeny and conversion as well as to determine the degree of homology between genomes of homologous and heterologous bacteriophages. Genomes of bacteriophages from B. pertussis 134, 41405 and B. bronchiseptica 214 were studied. Heteroduplex and restriction analyses revealed a heterogeneity of bacteriophage populations, and their DNAs were found to differ in size and position of inserts. As shown by blot hybridization, the bacteriophage genome is not inserted into the chromosome of the lysogenic cell but apparently exists as an autonomous plasmid replicon. It has been established that during conversion only a part of the phage genome is inserted into the chromosome of the recipient cell.
Autoradiography↗
The nature and incidence of lysogeny in Mycobacterium fortuitum.
Ten of 28 strain of Mycobacterium fortuitum (ranae) were found to be associated with bacteriophage; three were pseudolysogenic, one liberated a phage that lysed a sensitive indicator strain, two liberated morphologically complete phages that did not lyse any of the strains used in this study and four liberated morphologically defective phages. The lysogenic and defectively lysogenic strains showed anomalies in cultural, biochemical and antigenic properties and in susceptibility to superinfecting phages. In view of the high frequency of lysogeny found in M. fortuitum, the role of bacteriophage in the variation of properties, including pathogenicity, of mycobacteria of greater clinical importance merits further consideration.
Bacteriolysis↗
Temperate bacteriophages and lysogeny in lactic acid bacteria.
Lysogeny is widespread in the lactic acid bacteria. The majority of lysogens can be induced by UV irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C, but indicator strains which allow lytic growth of the induced phage are often not easy to identify. A few temperate phages have been shown to transduce chromosomal and/or plasmid markers. Information about the molecular biology of the temperate phages from lactic acid bacteria is sparse and needs significant supplementation in order that these potentially valuable phages might be utilized more efficiently as tools for improving existing starter strains in dairy fermentations.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Lysogeny and bacteriocinogeny in Xenorhabdus nematophilus and other Xenorhabdus spp.
Induction by mitomycin or high-temperature treatment resulted in the production of bacteriocins and phages in both phases of Xenorhabdus nematophilus A24, indicating lysogeny. Phage DNA purified from X. nematophilus A24 hybridized to several fragments of DraI-digested A24 chromosomal DNA, confirming that the phage genome was incorporated into the bacterial chromosome. Bacteriocins and phages were detected in cultures of most other Xenorhabdus spp. after mitomycin or high-temperature treatment. Xenorhabdus luminescens K80 was not lysed by these treatments, and no phages were seen associated with this strain. However, bacteriocins were detected in limited quantities in all Xenorhabdus cultures, including X. luminescens K80, without any induction. X. nematophilus A24 bacteriocins were antagonistic for other Xenorhabdus species but not for A24 or other strains of X. nematophilus.
Bacteriocins↗