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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

[A comparative study between cortically induced fictive mastication and actual mastication in acute and chronic rabbits].

To explore the mechanism of coordinated jaw, tongue and hyoid movements during mastication, electromyograms of jaw, tongue and hyoid muscles were recorded simultaneously in rhythmic jaw movements during both cortically induced fictive mastication (CIFM) and actual mastication. 1. The jaw movement patterns of different stage of actual mastication were similar with the corresponding basic patterns of CIFM. 2. Masseter, Styloglossus and Sternohyoideus, which were activated mainly in the jaw-closing phase, were facilitated in proportion to the hardness of the chewing materials during both types of mastications. However, digastric, genioglossus and geniohyoideus, which were activated mainly in the jaw-opening phase, were not facilitated in either type of mastication. 3. The modulations of burst durations by hardness of chewing materials were some different between two types of mastications. These results suggested that physiological properties of CIFM are similar to those of actual mastication, and thus CIFM may be used as a model of actual mastication.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dynamic responses in adult and infant monkey craniums during occlusion and mastication.

Using occlusion without food as a basis, this study elucidated the dynamic responses and associated buffer mechanisms in the monkey cranium and its component bones during mastication. In addition, investigations were carried out on the relationship of these factors to the growth and development of the cranium. Using strain gauges, the masticatory buffer capacity and dynamic responses in the bone were investigated from the standpoint of the magnitude and direction of strain in the individual bones of the cranium. Compared with the occlusion without food, there were greater stresses during mastication in the bones of both the masticating and non-masticating sides of the cranium. These stresses were greater when masticating hard than soft foods, and greater in the cranium of the adult than infant monkey. On the masticating side of the cranium, the buffer effect to masticatory forces in the adult cranium was carried out by the inherent form of each bone in response to the firmness of the food, while in the infant cranium it was carried out by the entire cranium independent of the firmness of the food. On the non-masticating side of the cranium in both the adult and infant craniums, the zygomatic arch, temporal bone, and the bones of the temporomandibular joint region balanced the masticatory forces of the masticating side of the cranium, and played an important role in buffering these forces. The direction of the principal strain arising in the bones of the infant cranium corresponded to the direction of growth and development of the respective bone. However, in spite of the fact that large strains were observed in each bone on the non-masticating side during mastication of hard foods, the strains were very small on this side during mastication of soft foods. Consequently, it is necessary to masticate hard foods in order to promote the growth and development of the cranial bones. Viscoelasticity in the cranial bones could be explained by a three-element model.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity.

BACKGROUND: Chemical plaque control is a useful aid in mechanical oral hygiene, and various chemical agents have been evaluated as antiplaque agents. It has been shown that mastic chewing gum has antibacterial effects on Helicobacter pylori. In this study, the antiplaque effect of mastic chewing gum was investigated. METHODS: Twenty dental students who were both systemically and periodontally healthy participated in this study. The effects of mastic gum were assessed from 2 double-blinded, randomized studies. In the first trial, after mechanical toothbrushing, the inhibitory effect of mastic gum on bacteria in saliva following its use was compared to a placebo gum. Saliva samples were collected at the end of 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours; diluted; inoculated onto 10% horse blood chocolate agar plates; and cultured anaerobically at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. The total number of bacterial colonies on each plate was calculated (n = 20). In the second trial, the effects of mastic gum on de novo plaque formation on tooth surfaces and gingival inflammation were evaluated over a 7-day period without mechanical oral hygiene following random use of either mastic or placebo chewing gum. The degree of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were compared between the 2 groups (n = 10). RESULTS: The total number of bacterial colonies was significantly reduced during the 4 hours of chewing mastic gum compared to the placebo gum (P < 0.05, Student t test). The mastic group showed a significantly reduced plaque index (2.69 +/- 0.29 versus 3.15 +/- 0.24; P = 0.001, Student t test) and gingival index (0.44 +/- 0.15 versus 0.66 +/- 0.23, P = 0.021, Student t test) compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that mastic chewing gum is a useful antiplaque agent in reducing the bacterial growth in saliva and plaque formation on teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of mastication-induced change in sympatho-vagal balance through spectral analysis of heart rate variability.

Mastication modulates the autonomic nervous activity of the digestive glands and the heart. The autonomic nervous balance is evaluated with spectral analysis of heart rate variability. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mastication of chewing gum base on heart rate variability to clarify the role of mastication in the sympatho-vagal balance for the regulation of the heart rate. Mastication of a chewing gum base stimulated the salivary secretion and shortened the R-R intervals in the electrocardiogram of healthy young subjects without swallowing of saliva at a fixed rate of respiration. Based on the analysis of heart rate variability, mastication increased the low-frequency band spectral power (LF), and decreased the high-frequency band spectral power (HF). The LF/HF was markedly increased by the mastication. Mastication enhances the sympathetic nervous activity and/or suppresses the parasympathetic nervous activity for the heart. Feeding behaviour with mastication might play a role in the modulation of the autonomic nervous activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Modification of mastication and respiration during swallowing in the adult human.

1. The normal interactions between respiration, mastication, and swallowing were studied in seated adult humans. Respiratory movements and movements of the larynx were recorded with mercury-elastic strain gauges placed around the rib cage and neck. A rigid body containing infrared-emitting diodes (IREDs) was attached to the forehead, and a single IRED was applied to the chin. Jaw and head movements were transduced using the OPTOTRAK spatial motion analysis system. Recordings were made before, during, and after the mastication of pieces of carrot. 2. Movements of the larynx were used as a marker for swallowing. Measurements were made of the duration of masticatory and respiratory cycles, and the phase relationship between the two rhythms was determined. Deviations in masticatory and respiratory movements during swallowing were detected; the phases of the masticatory and respiratory cycles in which the deviations occurred were determined, and the interval between each deviation and the swallowing marker was calculated. 3. Three characteristic swallowing patterns were observed: interposed, terminal, and spontaneous. Interposed swallows occurred within a masticatory sequence, terminal swallows ended the sequence, and spontaneous swallows occurred sporadically between masticatory sequences. 4. Results revealed that mastication could have a profound effect on the respiratory rhythm in some subjects. One subject, whose data were excluded from further analyses, became apneic for a long period, followed by short and shallow breaths near the end of the masticatory sequence. In most subjects, respiratory rate increased during mastication and then dropped below baseline as soon as mastication ended. The end-inspiration diameter of the rib cage tended to decrease in the preswallow period and increase postmastication relative to baseline. 5. There was a weak but significant tendency for inspiration to begin during the jaw opening phase of mastication, but phase coupling did not become stronger as swallowing was approached. 6. Deviations in respiration during swallowing occurred during the late expiratory phase of the breathing cycle. Swallows within a masticatory sequence occurred most frequently during the early opening phase of the masticatory cycle, and terminal swallows occurred after the end of the sequence with the mandible in the resting, postural position. Swallowing temporarily reset both the masticatory and respiratory rhythms. Most swallows prolonged the duration of one or two respiratory cycles, however; swallows were often repetitive, and in some subjects two or three swallows fell within a single respiratory cycle, prolonging it for several seconds. 7. A tight temporal relationship was observed between deviations in respiration and the swallowing marker: all deviations occurred before or coincident with the marker. The time of deviations in mastication relative to the swallowing marker depended on swallow type. There was no link between the start of pauses in the two rhythms, suggesting that the commands from the swallowing central pattern generator to the other two pattern generators are independent. 8. We suggest that disordered coordination of mastication and swallowing with respiration may cause prolonged apnea in susceptible individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Modulation of H reflex of pretibial and soleus muscles during mastication in humans.

A previous study in our laboratory demonstrated that the soleus H reflex was facilitated during mastication in humans. In the present study, we investigated whether there was any modulation of the magnitude of the pretibial H reflex during mastication in five healthy adult volunteers. The pretibial H reflex was significantly facilitated during mastication, and there was no significant difference in the facilitation between jaw-closing and jaw-opening phases; that is, the gain of the H reflex was modulated tonically but not in a phase-dependent manner during mastication. Furthermore, in the same subjects, we confirmed that the soleus H reflex was facilitated during mastication. Based on our findings, we conclude that the H reflexes in both the pretibial and soleus muscles undergo a nonreciprocal facilitation during mastication. It is suggested that mastication contributes to stabilization of postural stance in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changes in respiratory activity induced by mastication in humans.

We studied the influence of mastication on respiratory activity in nine healthy volunteers who were requested to masticate a 5-g chewing gum bolus at a spontaneous rate (SR) for 5 min and "at the maximum possible rate" (MPR) for 1 min. Significant increases in respiratory frequency were induced by SR mastication due to a decrease in both the inspiratory and expiratory time. Tidal volume displayed slight nonsignificant decreases, but minute ventilation and mean inspiratory flow significantly increased. The duty cycle (TI/TT) did not change significantly. Total airway resistance significantly increased. Both peak and rate of rise of the integrated electromyographic activity of inspiratory muscles presented marked increases, accompanied by the appearance of a low level of tonic muscular activity. Similar but more intense effects on respiratory activity were induced by MPR mastication; in addition, a significant decrease in tidal volume and a significant increase in TI/TT were observed. Rhythmic handgrip exercise performed at metabolic rates comparable to those attained during SR or MPR mastication induced similar changes in the drive and time components of the breathing pattern, although accompanied respectively by nonsignificant or significant increases in tidal volume. Furthermore, the frequency of SR mastication significantly entrained the respiratory rhythm. The results suggest that mastication-induced hyperpnea does not merely represent a ventilatory response to exercise but also reflects complex interactions between respiratory and nonrespiratory functions of the upper airway and chest wall muscles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Systemic release of endotoxins induced by gentle mastication: association with periodontitis severity.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis has recently been identified as a potential risk factor for systemic pathologies such as cardiovascular disease, the hypothesis being that periodontal pockets could release pro-inflammatory bacterial components, for instance endotoxins, into the bloodstream. It is known that the oral cavity can be a source of circulating bacteria, but this has never been shown for bacterial endotoxins, and no evidence exists so far that the risk of systemic injury is related to the severity of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to test the influence of gentle mastication on the occurrence of endotoxemia in patients with or without periodontal disease. METHODS: A total of 67 subjects were periodontally examined and grouped according to their periodontal status. This classification was based on an original index of severity of periodontal disease (periodontal index for risk of infectiousness, PIRI) aimed at reflecting the individual risk of systemic injury from the periodontal niches. Thus, the patients were classified into 3 risk groups: low, PIRI = 0; n = 25; moderate, 1 < or = PIRI < or = 5, n = 27; and high 6 < or = PIRI < or = 10, n = 15. Blood samples were collected before and 5 to 10 minutes after a standardized session of gentle mastication for detection of circulating endotoxins. Blood samples were tested with a chromogenic limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. RESULTS: Overall, blood levels of endotoxin after mastication were found to be significantly higher than before mastication (0.89 +/- 3.3 pg/ml versus 3.0 +/- 5.8 pg/ml; P= 0.0002). Likewise, the incidence of positive endotoxemia rose from 6% before mastication to 24% after mastication (P = 0.001). When accounting for the PIRI index, endotoxin levels and positive endotoxemia proved to be significantly higher in patients with severe periodontal disease than in the subjects with low or moderate periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Gentle mastication is able to induce the release of bacterial endotoxins from oral origin into the bloodstream, especially when patients have severe periodontal disease. This finding suggests that a diseased periodontium can be a major and underestimated source of chronic, or even permanent, release of bacterial pro-inflammatory components into the bloodstream.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of mastication on digestion of whole cereal grains by cattle.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mastication on the physical breakdown and ruminal digestion of whole cereal grains by cattle. Three Hereford cows (initial BW 557 kg; SD, 17) surgically fitted with ruminal and esophageal fistulas were fed 5.5 kg/d (as-fed basis) of whole barley, corn, or wheat in an experiment designed as a 3 x 3 Latin square. Eating time and chews per kilogram of DM were greater (P < .10) for corn than for barley or wheat. Whole corn was substantially damaged after ingestive mastication, and the majority of kernels were broken into small pieces. Many barley and wheat kernels showed signs of dentition, but most kernels remained intact. Less saliva (P < .10) was added to whole wheat than to barley or corn during ingestive mastication. Cattle fed whole barley spent twice (P < .10) as long ruminating per kilogram of DM as those fed corn, with intermediate times for wheat. Less than 30% of the DM disappeared from unmasticated whole grains during 96 h of ruminal incubation. Ingestive mastication increased DM digestion to 53, 69, and 66% for barley, corn, and wheat, respectively. Mastication alters the kinetics of ruminal digestion of unprocessed cereal grains. Combined with the inherent protein and starch digestibilities of the grain, mastication affects the type and extent of processing required to optimize the utilization of cereal grains by cattle. Unlike barley and wheat, corn kernels are extensively damaged during ingestive mastication, reducing the need for physical processing.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Effects of mastic resin and its essential oil on the growth of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum.

Studies were done to determine the effect of mastic resin and its essential oil, alone and in conjunction with ethanol, on the growth of proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum in media, and on neurotoxin production in challenge studies with English-style crumpets. Preliminary studies, using a spot-on-the-lawn method, indicated that high levels of mastic resin in ethanol ( approximately 8% w/w) were required for complete inhibition of all strains of C. botulinum tested, but mastic resin in ethanol had a greater anti-botulinal effect than ethanol alone. However, only low levels of mastic oil ( approximately 0.3% v/v) were required for inhibition of proteolytic strains of C. botulinum. Both studies showed a strain specific inhibition, with C. botulinum type A strains being more sensitive to mastic resin and its essential oil than type B strains. However, mastic resin in ethanol proved to be more effective when used as a vapor phase inhibitor applied to cotton pads and placed inside inoculated plates than when added directly to media. While both mastic resin and its essential oil inhibited the growth of proteolytic strains of C. botulinum in vitro, they failed to inhibit neurotoxin production in challenge studies with C. botulinum in English-style crumpets.

Botulinum Toxins↗
PubMed2003

Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of mastic monotherapy to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The susceptibility of H. pylori SS1 to mastic was assessed by broth dilution determination of the MIC and MBC. Mice were inoculated intragastrically with either a suspension of H. pylori SS1 (n = 70) or brain-heart infusion broth alone (n = 10). Mice were given antimicrobial chemotherapy 4 weeks after infection and were administered the mouse equivalent of either 2 g of mastic twice daily for 7 days or a triple therapy regimen containing the mouse equivalent of 400 mg of metronidazole, 250 mg of clarithromycin and 20 mg of omeprazole twice daily for 7 days. Mice were killed either immediately or 1 month after the completion of treatment, and their stomachs cultured for H. pylori. RESULTS: The mastic MIC and MBC of H. pylori SS1 were 7.80 and 31.25 mg/L, respectively. The triple therapy regimen eradicated infection from 19 of 20 SS1-infected mice. Mastic failed to eradicate infection from any of the 18 SS1-infected mice (P < 0.001) and there was no signifi- cant reduction in gastric bacterial load in mice treated with this regimen. CONCLUSION: Despite reported beneficial effects in ulcer patients and the good in vitro activity of mastic against H. pylori, this compound is unable to eradicate H. pylori infection from mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Role of mastication and swallowing in the control of autonomic nervous activity for heart rate in different postures.

Mastication and swallowing increase the heart rate, and posture change and respiration also modulate the heart rate. To clarify the role of mastication and swallowing in the modulation of the autonomic nervous activity, we investigated how they interact with modulation of the heart rate by changing body positions and respiration in young healthy subjects. R-R intervals of electrocardiogram at rest were significantly changed with different body positions, compared with supine and standing. A net shortening by mastication of a chewing gum base was similar in various postures. Respiration induced a periodic change in the R-R intervals, depending on the body postures, but mastication did not markedly change them in each posture. Dry swallowing at rest and spontaneous swallowing during the mastication in the sitting position induced a similar transient shortening and suppressed the respiration-induced changes after the swallowing. The net transient shortening by dry swallowing at rest was similar in the different postures. These results suggest that signals from mastication and swallowing are summated with those from body positions and respiration for shortening the R-R intervals and that signals from swallowing suppress the respiration-induced periodic changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Control of jaw orientation and position in mastication and speech.

1. The kinematics of sagittal-plane jaw motion were assessed in mastication and speech. The movement paths were described in joint coordinates, in terms of the component rotations and translations. The analysis focused on the relationship between rotation and horizontal translation. Evidence was presented that these can be separately controlled. 2. In speech, jaw movements were studied during consonant-vowel utterances produced at different rates and volumes. In mastication, bolus placement, compliance, and size as well as chewing rate were manipulated. Jaw movements were recorded using the University of Wisconsin X-ray microbeam system. Jaw rotation and translation were calculated on the basis of the motion of X-ray tracking pellets on the jaw. 3. The average magnitudes of jaw rotation and translation were greater in mastication than in speech. In addition, in speech, it was shown that the average rotation magnitude may vary independent of the horizontal translation magnitude. In mastication, the average magnitude of vertical jaw translation was not dependent on the magnitudes of jaw rotation or horizontal jaw translation. 4. The magnitude of rotation and horizontal jaw translation tended to be correlated when examined on a trial by trial basis. Some subjects also showed a correlation between jaw rotation and vertical jaw translation. However, the proportion of variance accounted for was greater for all subjects in the case of rotation and horizontal translation. 5. Joint space paths in both mastication and speech were found to be straight. The pattern was observed at normal and fast rates of speech and mastication and for loud speech as well. Straight line paths were also observed when subjects produced utterances that had both the syllabic structure and the intonation pattern of speech. The findings suggest that control may be organized in terms of an equilibrium jaw orientation and an equilibrium jaw position. 6. Departures from linearity were also observed. These were typically associated with differences during jaw closing in the end time of rotation and translation. Start time differences were not observed in jaw closing and the movement paths were typically linear within this region.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1990

Particle size reduction during initial mastication of forages by dairy cattle.

Four experiments were conducted with dairy cattle to determine the effects of initial feed particle size and moisture content on particle size of ingested masticates. Three mature Holstein cows were used in either latin square or Youden square designs. Samples of masticated and ingested boli were collected at the cardiac opening through a ruminal fistula between 0 and 5, 5 and 10 and 10 and 15 min after meal initiation. In Exp. 1, masticate log mean particle sizes (LMPS) (ln microns, log normal distribution) were 3.50, 3.53 and 3.50 for corn silage, fine-chopped alfalfa haylage and coarse-chopped alfalfa haylage, respectively. In Exp. 2, boli LMPS for ground, chopped and long alfalfa hay were 3.11, 3.76 and 4.09, respectively. Boli LMPS in Exp. 3 for ground, chopped and long timothy hay were 2.93, 3.12 and 3.03, respectively. Exp. 4 compared the effect of addition of water to produce 30%, 47%, 64% and 82% DM in chopped alfalfa hay. Boli LMPS were 3.66, 3.56, 3.64 and 3.68 for the respective alfalfa hay DM contents. Feed LMPS was not reduced during mastication in Exp. 4, nor were there differences in LMPS due to time after feeding. Boli LMPS was affected by feed particle size of alfalfa hay, but there was no effect of feed particle size on masticate particle size in timothy hay. The magnitude of particle size reduction during mastication appears to be dependent on forage type and is not dependent totally on initial feed particle size and DM content of forages.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of unilateral mastication on the remodeling of the glenoid fossae in Wistar rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of unilateral mastication on glenoid fossae by means of animal experiment. METHODS: An animal model of unilateral mastication was established by extracting right mandibular molars of Wistar rats. The rats were sacrificed in different period to examine the location changes of glenoid fossae through sagittal and horizontal plane. RESULTS: The anterior points of glenoid fossae in non-masticatory side of experimental groups were more anterior than those in masticatory sides. The anterior points of the glenoid fossae of non-masticatory sides in experimental groups were more anterior than those of the same sides in the control groups after inducing unilateral mastication for two and four months. After inducing unilateral mastication for two and four months, the anterior and the posterior points of the glenoid fossae of non-masticatory sides in experimental groups became closer to the midline by comparison with masticatory sides as well as the same sides in control groups. Locations of glenoid fossae in masticatory sides showed no changes in comparison with the same side of the control groups. CONCLUSION: The forward and inward remodeling of the glenoid fossae can be observed after unilateral mastication was induce to the non-masticatory sides of experimental rats. It is concluded that unilateral mastication might be one of the etiologic factor of temporomandibular joint disorders.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2001

[A case of chronic masticator space abscess].

Different neoplasms and infections are known to involve the masticator space, but pathological diagnosis and treatment of these lesions are not always simple due to anatomical complexity. We treated a 66-year-old man with an abscess in the nasopharyngeal masticator space. Physical and CT findings resembled those of neoplastic lesion because the onset dated back 5 years and the patient was lacking in notable signs of infection. Surgery through the maxillary sinus to the lesion enabled us to confirm its pathology and drain pus, with subsequent cure. We noted periodontal infection of the mandibular molars accompanied with osteomyelitis as a cause of this abscess, so infected molars were extracted 13 days after surgery. The infection had spread upward along the mastication muscles, resulting in an abscess in both the upper masseter muscle and the lower temporalis muscle. Based on a review of the literature, most abscesses in the masticator space originate from the mandibular molar, while the most impressive physical finding varied between the submandibular region and temporal fossa, as did its acute or chronic clinical course. Such clinical manifestations appear to reflect the pattern of infection spread along the muscles of mastication and a pattern involving adjacent spaces. We emphasize diagnostic significance when assessing findings for each mastication muscle and mandibular bone depicted using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone-scan technetium.

Abscess↗
PubMed1999

A model of temporomandibular joint function in anthropoid primates based on condylar movements during mastication.

The hypothesis that the shape of the bony temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is functionally related to sagittal sliding of the condyle during mastication is tested, and a model of the relation of sagittal sliding to mandibular size, TMJ shape, and diet is developed. Sagittal sliding is defined as fore-aft motion of the condyle during mandibular translation and/or angular rotation. Ascending ramus height is used as a structural correlate of the distance between the condyle and the mandibular axis of rotation (CR). Cineradiographic data on sagittal sliding and gape during mastication in Ateles spp., Macaca fascicularis, Papio anubis, and Pan troglodytes in conjunction with comparative data on mandibular size and TMJ shape are used to evaluate the hypothesis. The results show that 1) linear and angular gape are highly positively correlated with sagittal sliding, 2) pure mandibular translation is rare during mastication, 3) the CR is rarely if ever located at the condyle during mastication, 4) angular gape should be standardized in interindividual comparisons of sagittal sliding, and 5) the height of the ascending ramus (and by inference the CR-to-condyle distance) is highly positively correlated with absolute sagittal sliding. Sagittal sliding relative to the length of the articular eminence was the variable used to explore the relation between TMJ shape and sliding. This variable standardized absolute sagittal sliding relative to joint size. The relative depth and orientation of the articular eminence were not correlated with relative sagittal sliding. The anteroposterior curvature of the condyle was highly negatively correlated with relative sagittal sliding. Flat condyles are associated with large amounts of relative sagittal sliding. A flat condyle increases joint contact area, which reduces joint stress. A flat condyle also increases joint congruence, and this may facilitate the combined sliding and rolling motion of the condyle when the sliding motion is relatively large. The shape of the entoglenoid process was also positively correlated with relative sagittal sliding. A relatively large entoglenoid process may help to guide sagittal sliding and prevent excessive mediolateral sliding of the condyle. The functional model makes a number of predictions about the correlations between food consistency and food object size, mandibular size, TMJ shape, and sagittal sliding of the condyle during mastication and incision.

Animals↗