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PubMedDate not supplied

[Proposals of the working group "Antibiotic resistance" for the configuration of microtitre plates to be used in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens from infections of large food-producing animals and mastitis cases].

Two layouts for microtitre plates, which should serve for in-vitro susceptibility testing in routine diagnostics, have been set up by the working group "Antibiotic resistance" of the German Society for Veterinary Medicine. One of these layouts was designed for the testing of bacteria from cases of mastitis and the other for bacteria from infections in large food-producing animals. The choice of the antimicrobial agents and their concentrations to be included in these layouts were based on (1) the bacteria frequently associated with the respective diseases/animals, (2) the antimicrobial agents licensed for therapeutic use in these diseases/animals, (3) the currently available breakpoints, and (4) cross-resistances between the antimicrobial agerts so far known to occur in the respective bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To measure relative sensitivity and relative specificity for use of composite milk samples, compared with that of individual gland milk samples, for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. ANIMALS: 505 cows suspected of having subclinical mastitis. Of these cows, 172 were considered infected with Sta aureus, based on the results from individual gland samples. PROCEDURE: Composite and individual gland milk samples were collected from cows suspected of having subclinical mastitis, and results of bacteriologic culturing of samples from the same cow were compared. Results were interpreted at the cow level. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity for composite samples were computed from 2 x 2 tables, using results from individual gland samples as references. RESULTS: Relative sensitivity for use of composite milk samples in diagnosing Sta aureus mastitis was 0.63. The relative specificity was 0.98. Factors influencing the relative sensitivity for composite samples were the number of infected glands per cow, the amount of Sta aureus shedding from infected glands, and the proportion of the composite milk obtained from each gland. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Collecting composite instead of individual gland milk samples increases the number of false-negative results in diagnosing Sta aureus mastitis. By collecting consecutive samples from the same cow or by increasing the inoculum volume at culturing, this problem can be diminished.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Expression of CD3 and CD11b antigens on blood and mammary gland leukocytes and bacterial survival in milk of cows with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.

OBJECTIVES: To differentiate early (1 to 8 days) from late (9 to 14 days) inflammatory phases and assess relationships between leukocyte phenotype and bacterial recovery in cows with Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis. ANIMALS: 10 first-lactation Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Blood and milk samples were collected from 4 or 6 cows before and after intramammary infusion of sterile broth or S. aureus, respectively. Flow cytometric expression of CD3 and CD11b antigens on blood and milk leukocytes, leukocyte differential counts, bacterial counts in milk, and somatic cell counts were determined longitudinally. RESULTS: Density of CD3 molecules decreased on blood lymphocytes and increased on milk lymphocytes after infusion of bacteria. Density of CD11b molecules on lymphocytes and phagocytes and percentage of CD11b+ lymphocytes in milk increased significantly after infusion; maximum values were achieved during the early inflammatory phase. Density of CD3 and CD11b molecules on milk lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively, 1 day after inoculation were negatively correlated with bacterial recovery on day 1 and days 9 to 14, respectively. Density of CD11b molecules on milk macrophages and the ratios of phagocyte to lymphocyte percentages and polymorphonuclear cell to macrophage percentages in milk differentiated the early from the late inflammatory phase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Activation of bovine mammary gland macrophages and T cells in response to intramammary infusion of S. aureus was associated with an inability to culture this bacterium from milk. Identification of specific inflammatory phases of S. aureus-induced mastitis in cows may allow for the design of more efficacious treatment and control programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of enrofloxacin treatment on plasma endotoxin during bovine Escherichia coli mastitis.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To investigate the effect of enrofloxacin on endotoxin resorption during bovine Escherichia coli mastitis. ANIMALS: 12 healthy early post partum Holstein cows. TREATMENT: Mastitis was induced by intramammary infusion of 10(4) cfu E. coli P4:032. Six cows were treated twice according to the usual enrofloxacin therapy: 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin 1) intravenously at 10 h and 2) subcutaneously at 30 h after challenge. The other 6 cows served as non-treated controls. METHODS: Blood and milk samples were collected at several time points after challenge. LPS in plasma was quantified using the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The somatic cell count (SCC) and cfu of milk samples were also analysed. RESULTS: Occasional LPS peaks were detected in the plasma of 2 control cows at 6 h post-challenge and of 1 enrofloxacin-treated cow at 10 h post-challenge (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively, in comparison with time 0), just before enrofloxacin treatment. After enrofloxacin treatment, no significant LPS amounts were detected in the plasma of treated cows, but neither in the control cows. CONCLUSION: During induced coliform mastitis, LPS resorption in plasma occured only sporadically and within 10 h post-challenge. Whereas enrofloxacin treatment clearly limited bacterial growth in milk, significant effects on LPS resorption could not be detected. This suggests that enrofloxacin treatment of E. coli mastitis is predominantly beneficial by its bactericidal activity and is not associated with enhanced resorption of endotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of two anti-inflammatory drugs on physiologic variables and milk production in cows with endotoxin-induced mastitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of 2 anti-inflammatory drugs in lactating Holstein cows with endotoxin-induced mastitis. ANIMALS: 30 multiparous Holstein cows that had been lactating for 30 to 60 days. PROCEDURE: Bacterial culture of milk samples and physical examinations established that study cows were in good health and free of mastitis. Mastitis was induced in 1 front mammary gland by intramammary administration of purified bacterial endotoxin. Cows were allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups: untreated endotoxic mastitis (n = 9), endotoxic mastitis plus flunixin meglumine (9), and endotoxic mastitis plus isoflupredone acetate (10). Heart rate, rectal temperature, mammary surface area, and rumen motility were recorded hourly for 14 hours following endotoxin administration. Flunixin meglumine or isoflupredone acetate was administered after mammary swelling and rectal temperature > or = 40 degrees C had developed. Milk production was evaluated from 5 days before to 10 days after induction of mastitis. RESULTS: Neither drug ameliorated loss of milk production or swelling of the affected mammary gland. Both drugs reduced mean heart rate during the 14 hours following endotoxin administration, compared with untreated control cows. Cows treated with flunixin meglumine had increased rumen motility and decreased rectal temperature during the same period, compared with all other cows. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Neither drug enhanced recovery of milk production following endotoxin-induced mastitis. Flunixin meglumine decreased rectal temperature, whereas isoflupredone did not; however, it has not been established that reduction of fever is beneficial to cows with naturally occurring mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Genetic analyses of mastitis data using animal threshold models and genetic correlation with production traits.

In the present study, 6 different mastitis data sets of 3 dairy herds with an overall herd size of 3200 German Holstein cows were analyzed. Data collection periods included the first 50, 100, or 300 d of lactation. The 3 data collection periods were analyzed with a lactation model and a test-day model. All models were animal threshold models. Mastitis frequencies in the lactation model data sets varied between 29 and 45%, and varied between 3 and 6% in the test-day model data sets. Depending on the period of data collection, heritabilities of liability to mastitis in the lactation models were 0.05 (50 d), 0.06 (100 d), and 0.07 (300 d). In the test-day models, heritabilities were slightly higher with values of 0.09 (50 and 100 d), and 0.06 (300 d). Between lactation models, the rank correlations between the relative breeding values were high and varied between 0.86 and 0.94. Rank correlations between the relative breeding values of the test-day models ranged from 0.68 to 0.87. The rank correlations between the relative breeding values of lactation models and test-day models varied from 0.51 and 0.80. Genetic correlations between mastitis and milk production traits were estimated with a linear animal test-day model. The correlations with mastitis were 0.29 (milk yield), 0.30 (fat yield), 0.20 (fat content), 0.34 (protein yield), and 0.20 (protein content). The estimated genetic correlation between mastitis and somatic cell score was 0.84.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A murine model for the study of mycotic mastitis.

This study established a murine model for the study of mycotic mastitis. The mammary glands of BALB/c mice were inoculated on the fifth day of lactation with graded doses (10(4), 10(5) and 10(6) cells) of a pathogenic strain of Candida krusei isolated from bovine mastitis. The animals were killed 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days after inoculation. In the infected mammary glands, the pathological reaction consisted of primary infiltration with heterophils and mononuclear cells, focal necrosis, formation of microabscesses, epithelial hyperplasia and some fibrosis. The severity of the changes was dose-dependent and increased with time after infection. An increase in the plasma concentrations of complement factors C1, C3c, C4 and C5, factor B and alpha-2-macroglobulin suggested that an acute phase response and activation of the complement system had occurred as a result of the infection.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between udder and leg hygiene scores and subclinical mastitis.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between udder and leg hygiene scores of lactating dairy cattle and measures of subclinical mastitis. Study animals (n = 1250) consisted of lactating dairy cows from eight commercial dairy farms. Herds were enrolled during December 2000 and January 2001 and were visited bimonthly for a total of five visits per herd. Udder and leg hygiene scores were recorded by one person using a four-point scale ranging from one (very clean) to four (very dirty). Udder and leg hygiene scores were compared to bacteriological cultures of milk samples and monthly individual SCC values. Mean hygiene scores were 2.09 and 2.33 for udders and legs, respectively. Udder hygiene scores (UHS) were significantly associated with leg hygiene scores and varied among farms. Linear somatic cell scores increased as udder hygiene score increased. Significant differences in somatic cell scores were observed for all contrasts of udder hygiene score, except between scores of 1 and 2 and of 3 and 4. Linear somatic cell scores were associated with leg hygiene scores, but the only significant contrast was between leg hygiene scores of 2 and 4. There was a significant association between the prevalence of intramammary contagious pathogens and udder hygiene score. The prevalence of intramammary environmental pathogens was significantly associated with udder hygiene score and was 7.7, 10.0, 10.6, and 13.5% for UHS of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The prevalence of environmental pathogens was not associated with LHS. Cows with udder hygiene scores of 3 and 4 were 1.5 times more likely to have major pathogens isolated from milk samples compared with cows with hygiene scores of 1 and 2.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of cattle owner's perceptions and expectations, and identification of constraints on production in a peri-urban, resource-poor environment.

This questionnaire survey was conducted amongst 200 farmers in the resource-poor, urban and per-urban environments of Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu towns in the Free State Province of South Africa. The questionnaire was divided into seven sections, namely demography, livestock, cattle, parasites, parasite control, livestock diseases and problems experienced. A total of 87.5% of the livestock owners were not employed (unemployed or pensioner). Cattle constituted more than 50% of the live-stock units owned in the area and farmers owned an average of 9.33 +/- 0.812 head of cattle. A total of 193 (96.5%) of the farmers indicated that milk was the most important product from their cattle. Only 26% of them slaughtered their own cattle for meat consumption. Eighty-eight percent of them indicated that external parasites on their livestock presented a problem, but only 72.9% of farmers implemented any tick control measures. Less than half (45.5%) of the farmers who attempted to control ticks used commercial acaricides. The remainder used various other methods, including the application of used engine oil and household detergents. Amongst the clinical diseases observed in their cattle, dry gallsickness was mentioned most often (20%). This figure, however, is believed to be inaccurate because dry gallsickness may be a clinical manifestation of some of the other diseases mentioned by the farmers, such as anaplasmosis, foreign body obstruction of the gastro-intestinal tract by plastic bags, pneumonia and mastitis. Animal husbandry problems experienced by the farmers included pollution (i.e. ingestion of plastic bags and string by their livestock), availability of water and theft.

Agriculture↗