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Results for “MENTAL RETARDATION”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Attitudes of community-living staff members toward persons with mental retardation, mental illness, and dual diagnosis.

Attitudes of 340 staff members in 120 community living programs for people with mental retardation, mental illness, and dual diagnosis and a comparison sample of 152 community members were assessed using the Community Living Attitudes Scale, a measure of attitudes toward inclusion. Results showed that community agency supervisory and managerial staff held more favorable attitudes toward community living philosophy. Community support staff who worked with people who have mental retardation saw that population as less similar to other people than did the comparison sample and were less likely to endorse exclusion of persons with mental retardation than were those in the comparison sample. Retrospective analyses showed that training in inclusion philosophy was related to more inclusive, empowering attitudes among staff members.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Mental retardation, mental illness, and seizure diagnosis.

The coexistence of epilepsy in individuals with mental retardation and mental illness is common. Little is known about whether individuals with all three conditions do significantly worse on inpatient units compared to persons with mental retardation and psychiatric disorder but without a seizure diagnosis. During 62 consecutive months, 247 individuals with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders were discharged from a university hospital. A review of discharge summaries yielded 39 individuals with a seizure diagnosis. The only difference between the groups with and without seizures was level of mental retardation. No differences existed with regard to length of stay, transfer to state hospital, psychiatric co-morbidity, or medical illness. Although it is sometimes difficult for many individuals with mental retardation to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital during exacerbations of mental illness, they should not be further stigmatized by presence of a seizure diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The criminal justice/mental health system and the mentally retarded, mentally ill defendant.

The mentally retarded, mentally ill defendant calls attention to problems in the relationship between the legal and the mental health systems. This study looks at what happens to a group of retarded offenders found incompetent to stand trial. The study examines differences in court processing and final disposition between mentally retarded and nonretarded defendants found incompetent to stand trial. Virtually all subjects were diagnosed as being psychotic. The mentally ill, retarded defendants spend significantly more time in the hospital, more time in the hospital waiting to be returned to jail, and more total time incarcerated in the criminal justice/mental health system. At a final disposition hearing mentally ill, retarded defendants were significantly more likely to be rehospitalized and less likely to be released to the community. No mentally ill, retarded defendant in this study went to prison. The longer periods of incarceration may stem from an underlying lack of understanding about the ability of retarded defendants to achieve competency. Differences in court disposition may result from a court/mental health professional tendency to select dispositions which are thought to be more 'humane'.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Craniotubular dysplasia with severe postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation, ectodermal dysplasia, and loose skin: Lenz-Majewski-like syndrome.

The heterogeneous group of craniotubular dysplasias is characterized by modeling errors of the craniofacial and tubular bones. Some conditions in this category cause not only skeletal abnormalities but also a variety of mesoectodermal dysplasias, as exemplified in Lenz-Majewski syndrome (MIM 151050), which comprises craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, failure to thrive, mental retardation, proximal symphalangism, enamel hypoplasia, and loose skin. We report on a boy with a hitherto unknown multisystem disorder, including skeletal changes that were regarded as a form of craniotubular dysplasia. The patient had a large head, exophthalmos, a broad nasal root, anteverted nostrils, large auricles, thick lips, micrognathia, severe postnatal growth retardation with emaciation, severe mental retardation, sparse hair growth, enamel hypoplasia, and thin, loose skin with hyperlaxity. Skeletal changes consisted of thickened calvaria, sclerosis of the skull base and facial bones, thick ribs, and metaphyseal undermodeling of the tubular bones. In addition, generalized osteopenia was evident. The present disorder overlaps phenotypically with Lenz-Majewski syndrome; nevertheless, the absence of diaphyseal hyperostosis and proximal symphalangism in the present patient was not consistent with Lenz-Majewski syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myopathy with abnormal distribution of dystrophin, growth retardation, mental retardation, and hypospadia.

A 9-year-old boy with severe growth retardation, mild mental retardation, and hypospadia had a high serum CK level without muscle weakness and atrophy. Muscle biopsy revealed a moderate variation in fiber size with a few necrotic and scattered regenerating fibers. Although muscle membranes were clearly stained by immunostaining with antibody to dystrophin, N-terminal region (2-5E2), fibers in groups revealed striking, intense staining with the other antibody, C-terminal region (4C5), suggesting some aberration of the dystrophin gene near the C-terminal area. His unique clinical features, as well as myopathy, are reported, although further study is necessary to clarify the relationship between the anomalous conditions and dystrophin abnormalities.

Adrenal Insufficiency↗
PubMed2004

Molecular basis of X-linked non-specific mental retardation.

Mental retardation (MR) is a common disorder, affecting 1-3% of the total population. This condition results from failure to develop cognitive abilities and intelligence level appropriate for the age group. Mental retardation is basically a clinically as well as etiologically heterogeneous type of condition and both genetic and non-genetic factors have been found to be involved. There are more than 1000 entries in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database under the name of mental retardation. In recent years 15 genes for X linked non-specific mental retardation have been identified which provide important clues regarding molecular and cellular processes involved in signal transduction cascade in central nervous system. Recent advancements in identification and characterization of X-linked non-specific mental retardation genes have been discussed in this review. Understanding of the molecular pathways of disease causing genes would be helpful in developing effective therapeutic approaches for mental retardation.

Chromosomes, Human, X↗
PubMed1997

Practitioner review: physical investigations in mental retardation.

Mental retardation occurs in more than 1% of the child population. A cause can be found in almost 80% of individuals with severe mental retardation, but in fewer than 40% of those with mild mental retardation. A work-up is indicated in all cases of mental retardation. A medical doctor with specific training in the field is needed to make "decision-tree diagnosis" and to suggest the most appropriate physical investigations in each case. This paper provides practical guidelines for diagnosis and work-up both in severe and mild mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Birth injury as the cause of mental retardation.

Mental retardation, on initial impression, may appear to be caused by the birth process, but may be disproved by later clinical or autopsy examination. However, information often is lacking as to the basic pathology that may have been responsible for attributing the cause of the mental retardation to traumatic birth. From a 39-year period (1944 to 1983) 1146 records were evaluated at a state hospital for mentally retarded persons to determine how the intake impression compared with the final clinical and autopsy diagnoses of perinatal damage. Clinical evaluations provided some corrections of the intake diagnoses; autopsies provided more, but a combination provided the most reliable final diagnoses. Of 258 patients diagnosed as birth injury on intake, only 49.2% were confirmed by the best clinical and/or autopsy diagnoses. Although the cause of mental retardation was not ascertainable by either clinical or autopsy studies in 14.8% of cases, 31.4% were corrected to prenatal influences, and 4.6% to postnatal brain damage. Patients with perinatal cause of mental retardation usually were institutionalized at a young age and died young. If they do not require institutionalization until they are older, their life expectancy is longer, although still much less than that of normal persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Association of an X-chromosome dodecamer insertional variant allele with mental retardation.

Mental retardation is a prominent feature of many neurodevelopmental syndromes. In an attempt to identify genetic components of these illnesses, we isolated and sequenced a large number of human genomic cosmid inserts containing large trinucleotide repeats. One of these cosmids, Cos-4, maps to the X-chromosome and contains the sequence of a 7.3-kb mRNA. Initial polymorphism analysis across a region of repetitive DNA in this gene revealed a rare 12-bp exonic variation (<< 1% in non-iII males) having an increased prevalence in non-Fragile X males with mental retardation (4%, P < 0.04, n = 81). This variant was not present in the highly conserved mouse homologue that has 100% amino acid identity to the human sequence near the polymorphism. Subsequent screening of two additional independent cohorts of non-Fragile X mentally retarded patients and ethnically matched controls demonstrated an even higher prevalence of the 12-bp variant in males with mental retardation (8%, P < 0.0003, n = 125, and 14%, P < 0.10, n = 36) vs the controls. Multivariate analysis was conducted in an effort to identify other phenotypic components in affected individuals, and the findings suggested an increased incidence of histories of hypothyroidism (P < 0.001) and treatment with antidepressants (P < 0.001). We conclude that the presence of this 12-bp variant confers significant susceptibility for mental retardation.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

[Genetics of mental retardation].

Mentally retarded patients can be grouped in two categories: severe forms seen in 4 of every thousand live births and mild forms that occur approximately five times more often. Approximately half of severe cases of mental retardation are genetically determined, and half of these fall under the category of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) disease. The XLMR group is currently comprised of 105 highly varied types of retardation that can be associated with a fragile X chromosome, biochemical defect, neurologic alterations, bony dysplasia and a range of malformations. Along with such syndromes (which are specific), some 40 familial XLMR entities (nonspecific) can be identified in which mental retardation is the only sign. Cytogenetic testing to identify dysmorphic syndromes caused by chromosomal disease and molecular biology studies are indispensable for identifying the genes responsible for XLMR syndromes. Healthy carriers can also be found. It thus becomes possible to provide appropriate genetic counseling for families and to achieve a prenatal diagnosis in some cases.

Chromosome Aberrations↗