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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Emended descriptions of the genus Micrococcus, Micrococcus luteus (Cohn 1872) and Micrococcus lylae (Kloos et al. 1974).

Nine yellow-pigmented, spherical bacterial strains isolated from a medieval wall painting (strain D7), from indoor air (strains 3, 6, 7, 13C2, 38, 83 and 118) and from an activated-sludge plant (strain Ballarat) were classified by a polyphasic approach. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of three representatives (strains D7, 118 and Ballarat) indicated that they all belong to the genus Micrococcus. The three isolates shared the highest sequence similarities with Micrococcus luteus DSM 20030T (97.9-98%), Micrococcus antarcticus AS 1.2372T (97.9-98.3%) and Micrococcus lylae DSM 20315T (97.5-97.9%). DNA-DNA reassociation studies clearly demonstrated that all nine isolates belong to the species M. luteus. However, neither their chemotaxonomic features nor their physiological and biochemical properties were consistent with those of M. luteus DSM 20030T. In contrast to M. luteus DSM 20030T, all isolates investigated possessed MK-8(H2) as the major respiratory quinone, and strain Ballarat had an A4alpha peptidoglycan type. On the basis of analyses of their Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy spectra, isolates D7, 3, 6, 7, 13C2, 38, 83 and 118 could be grouped into a single cluster separate from M. luteus DSM 20030T, strain Ballarat and M. lylae DSM 20315T. In addition, all these isolates could be distinguished from M. luteus DSM 20030T by their ability to assimilate D-maltose, D-trehalose, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, DL-lactate, pyruvate and L-histidine and to hydrolyse casein. Strains D7, 3, 6, 7, 13C2, 38, 83 and 118 differed from both M. luteus DSM 20030T and strain Ballarat by their ability to assimilate acetate, L-phenylalanine, L-serine and phenylacetate. Furthermore, REP-PCR fingerprinting yielded one common band for these strains, whereas this band was not observed for M. luteus DSM 20030T, strain Ballarat or M. lylae DSM 20315T. On the basis of these data, the species M. luteus can be divided into three biovars that are distinguished by several chemotaxonomic and biochemical traits: biovar I, represented by M. luteus DSM 20030T; biovar II, represented by strains D7 (= DSM 14234 = CCM 4959), 3, 6, 7, 13C2, 38, 83 and 118; and biovar III, represented by strain Ballarat (= DSM 14235 = CCM 4960). On the basis of the results generated in this study, emended descriptions of the genus Micrococcus and the species M. luteus and M. lylae are given.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1995

Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. nov., Nesterenkonia gen. nov., Kytococcus gen. nov., Dermacoccus gen. nov., and Micrococcus Cohn 1872 gen. emend.

The results of a phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analysis of the genus Micrococcus indicated that it is significantly heterogeneous. Except for Micrococcus lylae, no species groups phylogenetically with the type species of the genus, Micrococcus luteus. The other members of the genus form three separate phylogenetic lines which on the basis of chemotaxonomic properties can be assigned to four genera. These genera are the genus Kocuria gen. nov. for Micrococcus roseus, Micrococcus varians, and Micrococcus kristinae, described as Kocuria rosea comb. nov., Kocuria varians comb. nov., and Kocuria kristinae comb. nov., respectively; the genus Nesterenkonia gen. nov. for Micrococcus halobius, described as Nesterenkonia halobia comb. nov.; the genus Nesterenkonia gen. nov. for Micrococcus halobius, described as Nesterenkonia halobia comb. nov.; the genus Dermacoccus gen. nov. for Micrococcus nishinomiyaensis, described as Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis comb. nov.; and the genus Kytocossus gen. nov. for Micrococcus sedentarius, described as Kytococcus sedentarius comb. nov. M. luteus and M. lylae, which are closely related phylogenetically but differ in some chemotaxonomic properties, are the only species that remain in the genus Micrococcus Cohn 1872. An emended description of the genus Micrococcus is given [corrected].

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Nutrition and growth of the moderately halophilic bacteria Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15.

Chemically defined media have been developed for the growth of two moderately halophilic bacteria, Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15. M. morrhuae K-17 grows well in a synthetic medium (SM-1) which contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 2 M NaCl, D-mannose, five vitamins and ten amino acids. The synthetic medium (SM-2) for M. luteus K-15 contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 1 M NaCl, D-fructose, nine vitamins and nine amino acids. Nutritional studies show that M. morrhuae K-17 can utilize a large number of organic compounds as carbon and energy source while the ability of M. luteus K-15 in utilizing the organic compounds is rather limited. The minimum salt requirement is 0.5 M NaCl for both strains when growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C. However, this requirement can be lowered to 0.2 M in M. luteus K-15 when grown at a lower temperature of 25 degrees C. It is concluded that the ability to grow in a wider range of salt concentrations in response to temperature is species specific in moderate halophiles. The salt range for growth to occur can be extended when cells of both strains are grown in complex medium which might provide the amino acids and growth factors that cannot be synthesized by these strains at high salt concentrations.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

The fine structure of Micrococcus radiophilus and Micrococcus radioproteolyticus.

The radiation resistant bacteria Micrococcus radiophilus and M. radioproteolyticus were studied by thin sectioning and freez-etching techniques and the two species were found to be similar in the fine structure. The only significant difference was in the appearance of the surfaces of the cell walls in freeze-etched preparations. Since the two species, together with M. radiodurans, possess a unique cell wall structure and a cell wall peptidoglycan, which is different from that of other micrococci and Gram-positive cocci, it is recommended that they be reclassified into a new genus.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1976

Differentiation of Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus varians on the basis of catalase isoenzymes.

Crude extracts prepared from four Micrococcus varians strains, 11 M. luteus strains and four laboratory isolates subsequently classified with M. luteus were assayed for catalase activity following electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme patterns produced from the M. varians strains exhibited three catalase isoenzymes which were distinguished into two types of patterns depending upon the location of the major band. The extracts from all the M. luteus strains produced the same pattern, composed of two catalase isoenzymes of similar electrophoretic mobility. For both species the isoenzyme patterns agreed with the differentiation based on biochemical properties. The catalase activity activity staining method was shown to be a restricted yet reliable assay in the intrageneric but not intraspecies differentiation of yellow-pigmented micrococci.

Catalase↗
PubMed1998

Kytococcus sedentarius (formerly Micrococcus sedentarius) and Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis (formerly Micrococcus nishinomiyaensis) produce monensins, typical Streptomyces cinnamonensis metabolites.

The environmental isolate Kytococcus sedentarius TR-2 was found to be a new producer of the oligoketide antibiotics monensin A and B. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the TR-2 strain had coccoid cells and DNA analysis revealed no close relationship to Streptomyces cinnamonensis, a typical monensin producer. Production of monensins was also proven with six culture collection K. sedentarius strains and three Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis strains. The secondary metabolism of micrococci demonstrates a high degree of instability. Biosynthesis of monensins by micrococci endorses a phylogenetic relationship to Streptomyces spp.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of Micrococcus antarcticus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium from Antarctica.

A Gram-positive, cold-adapted, aerobic, spherical actinobacterium (strain T2T) with a quite low cardinal growth temperature was isolated from Chinese Great-Wall station in Antarctica. Sequence comparisons of the 16S rDNA indicated the isolate to be a phylogenetic member of the genus Micrococcus, family Micrococcaceae, in which it represents a novel lineage. The phylogenetic distinctness of the isolate with respect to the type strains Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus lylae was supported by DNA-DNA similarity values of less than 40%. Chemotaxonomic properties supported the placement of the isolate in the genus Micrococcus. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan is lysine. The predominant menaquinones are MK-8 and MK-8(H2). The G + C content of the DNA of the isolate is 66.4 mol%. Genotypic, morphological and physiological characteristics were used to describe a new species of Micrococcus, for which the name Micrococcus antarcticus is proposed. The type strain is T2T (= AS 1.2372T).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

A phylogenetic analysis of staphylococci, Peptococcus saccharolyticus and Micrococcus mucilaginosus.

The intra- and intergeneric relationships of the genus Staphylococcus, and the phylogenetic position of Peptococcus saccharolyticus and Micrococcus (Staphylococcus salivarius), were investigated by comparative oligonucleotide cataloguing of 16S rRNA. All the staphylococci investigated form a phylogenetically coherent group at the genus level that, in addition, contains the anaerobic species Peptococcus saccharolyticus. The genus Staphylococcus belongs to the broad Bacillus-Lactobacillus-Streptococcus cluster that is defined by Gram-positive bacteria with a low DNA G+C content. Micrococcus mucilaginosus is not a genuine member of the genus Micrococcus. The binary matching coefficients between the 16S rRNA of Micrococcus mucilaginosus and those representatives of the Arthrobacter/Micrococcus group and related genera indicate that Micrococcus mucilaginosus should be regarded as a member of a new genus.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of a conventional routine method for identification of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species. Comparison with API-Staph and API-Staph-Ident.

A collection of 138 consecutive isolates from blood primarily identified as Gram-positive, cluster-forming, coagulase-negative cocci was examined by a conventional routine method for identification of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species. The method was based on selected reactions from the Kloos & Schleifer scheme, utilizing the conventional media of Statens Seruminstitut. Double determinations for each isolate were performed by the conventional method. The results were compared with speciation by the commercial micromethods API-Staph and API-Staph-Ident. For control, 31 Staphylococcus and 13 Micrococcus reference strains were included. Of the 31 Staphylococcus spp. (reference strains), the conventional system, API-Staph, and API-Staph-Ident correctly identified 87%, 87% and 81%, respectively. Micrococcus spp. were only identified to genus level by the conventional method as well as by API-Staph. API-Staph-Ident is not designed for Micrococcus identification. Of 138 blood isolates, 121 belonged to the genus Staphylococcus while 17 were Micrococcus spp. S. epidermidis dominated with all three methods, constituting approx. 35% of the isolates tested. In only 57% of the isolates identification by all three methods agreed. The three methods were unable to put a name on 7.5% (conventional method), 10.7% (API-Staph) and 2.5% (API-Staph-Ident) of the isolates. Reproducibility was high with the conventional method (100% for the reference strains and 91% for blood culture isolates) as well as with API-Staph and API-Staph-Ident (88%/81% and 81%/81%, respectively). We concluded that our conventional system was able to identify most clinically significant staphylococcal species by means of relatively few tests with a high certainty and a high degree of reproducibility.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1995

Reclassification of Micrococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen 1889) to the genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis comb. nov. and emendation of the genus Arthrobacter.

Phylogenetic evidence derived from a 16S ribosomal DNA analysis indicated that the type strain of Micrococcus agilis, DSM 20550 (= ATCC 966 = CCM 2390), is less closely related to the type species of the genus Micrococcus, Micrococcus luteus, than to the type species of the genus Arthrobacter, Arthrobacter globiformis, and related Arthrobacter species. The phylogenetic position of M. agilis is supported by the presence of peptidoglycan variation A3 alpha and by the presence of MK-9(H2) as the major isoprenolog, a characteristic also found in strains of A. globiformis, Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, Arthrobacter atrocyaneus, Arthrobacter citreus, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter ilicis, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Arthrobacter oxydans, Arthrobacter histidinolovorans, and Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. The last six species and M. agilis are characterized by the presence of threonine in the interpeptide bridge of the peptidoglycan. Threonine has not been found in the peptidoglycans of other Arthrobacter species or in members of the genus Micrococcus. Despite the fact that a morphological life cycle is not known, these data support the proposal that M. agilis should be transferred to the genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis comb. nov.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1988

DNA probes with different specificities from a cloned 23S rRNA gene of Micrococcus luteus.

A 7500 bp PstI restriction fragment of chromosomal DNA from Micrococcus luteus containing a 23S rRNA gene was cloned in vector pHE3 in E. coli RR 28 (the recombinant plasmid was designated pAR1). A recombinant phage (pAR5) hybridizing to all eubacteria tested was constructed by shotgun subcloning of the PstI fragment in phage M13mp8. Further subcloning of the fragments of the 23S rRNA gene in the vectors pTZ18R and pTZ19R using selected restriction sites of the gene enabled us to select cloned fragments of the 23S rRNA gene representing different specificities. Probes specific for Micrococcus luteus-Micrococcus lylae (pAR28), for the Arthrobacter-Micrococcus group (pAR27), for eubacteria (pAR5), and for the detection of eu- and archaebacteria (the so-called universal probe pAR17) were constructed. The specificity of each probe was analysed by dot hybridization to the chromosomal DNAs of representatives of most of the main phyla of eu- and archaebacteria.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Mathematical model of the interactions between Micrococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on agar surface.

The interactions between six different Micrococcus species and two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied on an agar surface. This type of interaction on solid surface could act as a model of situations occurring either in the environment, in food or in man. The hypothesis of an amensalistic relationship between a Micrococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due essentially to Ps. aeruginosa bacteriolytic enzymes, is retained as the basis for a mathematical model of the variations of the colony surface of Micrococcus spp. (S) with respect to the distance (d) from Ps. aeruginosa cells. The diffusion of the bacteriolytic substance in agar explains the limitation of the growth of the Micrococcus spp. This model S = Smax (1-e-md2) is shown to be adapted to all the interactions studied.

Agar↗