PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “MUSHROOMS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Poisonous mushrooms, mushroom poisons and mushroom poisoning. A review].

Of 1,500 different types of Norwegian mushrooms, 60-100 are considered poisonous. Fatal intoxications occur very infrequently. Lack of knowledge of picking and preparing mushrooms and accidental or deliberate consumption are recognised causes of mushroom poisoning. Delayed onset of symptoms (> 5-6 hrs) indicates serious poisoning, and these patients must be admitted to hospital. Cytotoxic toxins (e.g. amatoxin, orellanin) cause serious damage to the visceral organs (liver, kidney) and require intensive treatment, including hemoperfusion. Neurotoxic toxins may cause dramatic, but less harmful peripheral or central symptoms affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems, including hallucinations. Some mushrooms cause gastroenteritis of low clinical significance within a few hours after consumption. Interaction between mushrooms and alcohol may lead to a disulfiram-like effect. Induced vomiting and activated charcoal are important initial therapeutic measures. The precise history of the patient and the collecting of mushroom remnants, including vomitus, may help to identify the particular mushroom. In Norway, the National Poison Information Centre may be contacted for further advice.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The metabolism and bioactivation of agaritine and of other mushroom hydrazines by whole mushroom homogenate and by mushroom tyrosinase.

Whole homogenates of Agaricus bisporus metabolised the mushroom hydrazine agaritine [beta-N-(gamma-L(+)glutamyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl) phenylhydrazine] to generate at least three metabolites. None of these metabolites, however, was the free hydrazine [4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine], the postulated metabolite of agaritine believed to be formed as a result of the loss of the gamma-glutamyl group, the reaction being catalysed by gamma-glutamyltransferase. The three metabolites of agaritine displayed weak mutagenic activity towards Salmonella typhimurium strain TA104. 4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine, as the N'-acetyl derivative, was metabolised by mushroom tyrosinase to yield a number of metabolites that induced a mutagenic response in S. typhimurium TA104. Similar to N'-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine, agaritine was extensively metabolised by the mushroom tyrosinase but, in contrast, the structurally related N'-acetyl-4-hydrazinobenzoic acid did not serve as substrate of this enzyme, implying a critical role for the hydroxymethyl group at the para-position. In conclusion, the current studies have demonstrated for the first time that: (a) whole mushroom homogenates readily metabolise agaritine but not to the postulated 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine; and (b) mushroom tyrosinase metabolises agaritine and N'-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine, in the latter case forming genotoxic metabolites.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1990

[Quantities of agaritine in mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and the carcinogenicity of mushroom methanol extracts on the mouse bladder epithelium].

Consumption of the Agaricus species mushrooms has increased considerably in Japan as the Japanese have become accustomed to Western cooking. The Agaricus species mushroom contains hydrazine derivatives known as Agaritine. Bladder implantation was performed to test the carcinogenic potential of the Agaricus species mushroom which contains large quantities of Agaritine. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Agaritine was detected in fresh Agaricus bisporus mushrooms at the level of 228.2 micrograms/wet weight and in Shiitake (Agaricus edodes) mushrooms at 0.82 microgram/g wet weight, but was not detected in either canned Agaricus bisporus mushrooms or Matsutake (Armillaria edodes) mushrooms. 2) The observed rates of mouse urinary bladder carcinoma were 30.8% for fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), 23.5% for fresh Shiitake (Agaricus edodes), 9.8% for dry Shiitake, 50% for synthesized Agaritine and 5.4% for paraffin wax as a control. The methanol extract of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and synthesized Agaritine were found to be significantly carcinogenic on the mouse bladder epithelium by the bladder implantation test with a probability of less than 0.01. 3) A large quantity of Agaritine was detected in fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), but decreased after boiling the mushrooms in water at 100 degrees C for 10 min. 4) The methanol extract of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and synthesized Agaritine are suggested to be the agents for producing cancer in the bladder epithelium. 5) Adding heat to mushrooms containing Agaritine before cooking contributes to the prevention of any potential Agaritine hazard which may induce carcinogenic changes in the bladder epithelium.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2002

Mushrooms, trees, and money: value estimates of commercial mushrooms and timber in the pacific northwest.

Wild edible mushrooms are harvested in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, where both trees and mushrooms grow in the same landscape. Although there has been some discussion about the value of trees and mushrooms individually, little information exists about the joint production of, and value for, these two forest products. Through four case studies, the information needed to determine production and value for three wild mushroom species in different forests of the Pacific Northwest is described, and present values for several different forest management scenarios are presented. The values for timber and for mushrooms are site- and species-specific. On the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, timber is highly valued and chanterelles are a low-value product by weight; timber has a soil expectation value (SEV) 12 to 200 times higher than chanterelles. In south-central Oregon, timber and American matsutake mushrooms have the potential to have about the same SEV. In eastern Oregon, timber is worth 20 to 110 times as much as the morels that grow in the forest. Production economics is concerned with choices about how much and what to produce with what resources. The choices are influenced by changes in technical and economic circumstances. Through our description and analysis of the necessary definitions and assumptions to assess value in joint production of timber and wild mushrooms, we found that values are sensitive to assumptions about changes in forest management, yields for mushrooms and trees, and costs.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1990

[Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms].

A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the "liberty cap" or "magic mushrooms" (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europa, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.

Denmark↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of the occurrence of agaritine in U.K. cultivated mushrooms and processed mushroom products.

The naturally occurring compound agaritine (beta-N-[gamma-L(+)glutamyl]-4-hydroxy-methylphenyl-hydrazine) has been determined in fresh, dried and processed mushrooms. A method was developed involving extraction of the toxin into methanol, clean-up where appropriate (for processed products) by high-performance size exclusion liquid chromatography and determination by reverse-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. Diode array UV monitoring was used for confirmation. The method had a recovery of 90-98%, a relative standard deviation of 3-5% and a limit of detection of agaritine of 5 mg/kg on a dry-weight basis. Fresh cultivated mushrooms showed agaritine levels of 100-250 mg/kg and 80-190 mg/kg for two different commercial strains. There were slight differences in levels of agaritine between mushrooms of different sizes, and between those of the same size but harvested at different times (different breaks). Retail processed mushrooms products had low agaritine levels in the range 6-33 mg/kg, with the exception of one dried sliced mushroom product found to contain 6520 mg/kg.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1993

[The wrong mushroom. Diagnosis and therapy of mushroom poisoning, especially of Amanita phalloides poisoning].

By far the most frequent deadly intoxication with mushrooms is caused by Amanita phalloides. The diagnosis is based upon the long latency phase, the typical clinical picture of which includes four periods (the asymptomatic latent phase, the gastroenteritis phase, the oligosymptomatic interval and the hepatorenal phase), analysis of the mushrooms by the expert and the sensitive radioimmunoassay for amanitin in blood, urine or gastric content. The therapy includes (1) stabilisation of the patient with the correction of hypoglycemia and electrolyte imbalance, substitution with coagulation factors (FFP) and red cells and the treatment of septic complications, (2) decontamination, which consists of gastric lavage, the administration of activated charcoal and laxatives as well as the forced diuresis, and (3) therapy with high doses of penicillin or ceftazidime and of silibinine. The pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. The other important types of mushroom intoxications are summarized in Table 1.

Amanita↗
PubMed1997

Novel methods for identification and quantification of the mushroom nephrotoxin orellanine. Thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis screening of mushrooms with electron spin resonance determination of the toxin.

Orellanine, (2,2'-bipyridine)-3,3',4,4'-tetrol-1,1'-dioxide, the toxin from several Cortinariace species, induces an acute renal failure which can be very severe or even irreversible and fatal. It is therefore important to be able to quickly and simply identify orellanine in mushroom samples with classical methods, readily available in any laboratory, such as anti-poison centers. This article reports the results of three analytical methods: classical TLC on cellulose plates in n-butanol--acetic acid--water and two original methods, electrophoresis on agarose gel and direct electron spin resonance (ESR) after enzymatic oxidation. They were applied to detect orellanine in 34 Cortinariaceae and 4 other species of toadstools. Our three sets of results are convergent. TLC (detection limit: 15 ng with fluorescence densitometry), electrophoresis (25 ng) and even ESR (5 micrograms), are sensitive enough for our purpose, and a sophisticated method like HPLC (detection limit: 50 pg) is not required. As the ESR spectrum of the toxin semiquinone is highly specific, TLC or electrophoresis coupled with ESR are a convenient alternative to liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, with the same specificity, for a confirmation or with samples such as ours with high toxin contents. ESR unambiguously confirms the relatively high contents of orellanine, from 0.45% (C. henrici) to 1.1-1.4% (C. orellanus), found in five Cortinarius from the subgenus Leprocybe, section Orellani. The five species, though they are from different geographic origins, have a more or less common pattern of fluorescent compounds, among which orellinine and orelline beside orellanine. It can be useful to note that orellanine semiquinone can be easily detected by ESR directly in the fresh mushroom. The toxin is absent in the other mushrooms we tested, especially in D. cinnamomea and C. splendens, which have been claimed as toxic and suspected to contain orellanine.

2,2'-Dipyridyl↗
PubMed1976

[Mushroom worker's lung caused by inhalation of spores of the edible fungus pleurotus Florida ("oyster mushroom") (author's transl)].

A new edible mushroom, known as oyster mushroom (Pleutrotus Florida, variety of Pleurotus ostreatus) has recently gained commercial importance in Europe, having been imported from the U.S.A. in 1963 and cultivated in Germany between 1972 and 1973. Several persons concerned with the cultivation and industrial production of this mushroom fell ill, after close contact with it over a period of some months, with exhaustion, headache, chills and fever, and cough. These symptoms, similar to those of "farmer's lung" were proved to be caused by the spores of Pleurotus Florida, inhaled in harvesting rooms. The suspicion of an allergic disease, is supported by the history and clinical picture, and the demonstration of precipitating antibodies against spore extracts (Ouchterlony test). The antigens probably have a high molecular weight and are fixed to the spore membrane. Experimental sensitisation of rabbits also revealed precipitins. One of three isolated antigens produced antibodies identical in man and rabbit.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Studies on mushroom flavours. 3. Some flavour compounds in fresh, canned and dried edible mushrooms.

The concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol, 5'-GMP and glutamic acid were compared in 8 fresh, 3 canned and 5 dried mushroom species. The highest amounts of 1-octen-3-ol and 5'-GMP were found in the fresh muschrooms. Agaricus bitorquis, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota squarrosa contained 5-7 times as much 1-octen-3-ol as Agaricus bisporus and Calvatia gigantea 58 times as much. Coprinus comatus and Pleurotus ostreatus contained much 5'-GMP. Little 1-octen-3-ol and 5'-GMP were found in most dried and canned mushrooms. Potatoes and tomatoes were analyzed for comparison. Little or no 1-octen-3-ol and 5'-GMP were observed. Glutamic acid was present in most samples in sufficient quantities to have an important influence on the flavour.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1977

[Mercury-content of austrian edible mushrooms and its relation to the protein content of the mushrooms (author's transl)].

The mercury content of 16 eatable mushroom species from different geographical areas was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury levels lay between 18 and 14300 ppb related to mushroom dry matter. A great difference in mercury content was found between species. Boletaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Agaricaceae etc. showed constantly high values (greater than 1000 ppb), but in Cantharellaceae a low content (less than 100 ppb) was recorded. Besides other factors the mercury concentration is essentially dependent on the protein content. A highly significant positive correlation between the two characteristics was found.

Austria↗
PubMed1996

Expression of Drosophila mushroom body mutations in alternative genetic backgrounds: a case study of the mushroom body miniature gene (mbm).

Mutations in 12 genes regulating Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body (MB) development were each studied in two genetic backgrounds. In all cases, brain structure was qualitatively or quantitatively different after replacement of the "original" genetic background with that of the Canton Special wild-type strain. The mushroom body miniature gene (mbm) was investigated in detail. mbm supports the maintenance of MB Kenyon cell fibers in third instar larvae and their regrowth during metamorphosis. Adult mbm1 mutant females are lacking many or most Kenyon cell fibers and are impaired in MB-mediated associative odor learning. We show here that structural defects in mbm1 are apparent only in combination with an X-linked, dosage-dependent modifier (or modifiers). In the Canton Special genetic background, the mbm1 anatomical phenotype is suppressed, and MBs develop to a normal size. However, the olfactory learning phenotype is not fully restored, suggesting that submicroscopic defects persist in the MBs. Mutant mbm1 flies with full-sized MBs have normal retention but show a specific acquisition deficit that cannot be attributed to reductions in odor avoidance, shock reactivity, or locomotor behavior. We propose that polymorphic gene interactions (in addition to ontogenetic factors) determine MB size and, concomitantly, the ability to recognize and learn odors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Neuroanatomy: mushrooming mushroom bodies.

A revolution is spreading in the study of mushroom bodies, structures within the insect brain that mediate learning and memory processes and pheromonal discrimination of the opposite sex.

Animals↗