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Lymphocytes of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis were cultured using a microculture technic. The use of RPMI-1640 with fetal calf serum as a culture medium and an extra dose of phytohemagglutinin produced excellent results. Staining of the chromosomes by the Gemsa banding technic did not reveal any differences between the karyotypes of the Macaca species.
The supragingival and subgingival dental plaque flora of Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis monkeys were examined using mylar strip impressions, direct smears, and culture techniques. In smears, samples generally contained 40--50% cocci, 20--30% rods 8--20% fusiform bacteria, and 4--5% each of filaments, vibrios and spirochetes. Differences in the ratios of the various bacterial groups related to age and sex were found. Several monkey bacterial species were similar to those in human dental plaque. The present results indicate that the Macaca female monkey can be a suitable animal model for the experimental studies of dental diseases.
Karyotypes of Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis (2n equals 42) were compared using the Giemsa banding pattern technique. No differences between the chromosomes of both Macaca species were found with conventional staining methods. In the literature the occurrence of fertile hybrids is used as an argument in favor of conspecificity. The banding patterns were evaluated by comparison of their density distribution curves. Our data indicated no significant differences between the two Macaca species.
Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocytes from 1812 Macaca mulatta has unequivocally demonstrated that the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) isozymes are controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles. Limited data on erythrocytes from 89 Macaca speciosa were also consistent with autosomal codominance.
Sporocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis obtained from human feces were used to infect swine. Heart, tongue, and skeletal muscle from experimentally infected and noninfected control swine were fed via stomach tube to nonhuman primates including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus). All primates fed infected swine tissues shed sporocysts beginning 13 to 15 days postinfection and were still shedding sporocysts at the conclusion of the experiment, 30 days postinfection. Rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys were fed infected swine tissues a second time and shed sporocysts. All primates remained in good health throughout both experiments and exhibited no unusual clinical signs as a result of infection.
Twenty-one isoimmune sera produced in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) containing type-specific antibodies for simian-type red cell antigens were tested for their cross-reactivity with red cells from crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis). The majority of the antisera gave cross-reactions determining polymorphisms in the red cells of crab-eating macaques, homologous to those of rhesus monkeys. These results attest to the close taxonomic realationship between the two species of macaques, and have the practical implication that isoimmune sera produced for blood typing can also be used for typing red cells from related species, as has been also observed in studies on apes.
Comparative studies of reproductive characteristics were carried out on a colony of Macaca fascicularis and M. arctoides. Seasonal differences were not significant between species, and conceptions occurred throughout the year. The occurrence of short cycles ('luteal phase defect') was found in 2.9% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 1.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Long cycles (40-50 days) were found in 4.0% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 3.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Gestation lengths averaged 172.4 and 165.3 days, respectively, for M. arctoides and M. fascicularis. Ovulation in M. fascicularis occurred at a day of ovulation/cycle length ratio of 0.48 +/- 0.08 compared with 0.48 +/- 0.09 for M. mulatta data previously published.
The dopamine, dopac and tyrosinehydroxylase contents of the caudate nucleus in the prosimian Perodicticus potto and in the simii Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis have been estimated. The results do not support the hypothesis according to which the sluggishness of the potto is somehow related to a low dopamine content of part of the extrapyramidal system as found in the Parkinson-syndrome.
Recently, Ishimoto, Kuwata and Shotake reported a polymerizing hemoglobin found in Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) (J. Anthropol. Soc. Nippon 83, 233-243 (1975)). They separated the variant hemoglobin by gel filtration and from finger print results and from the fact that beta-mercaptoethanol dissociates the polymer deduced the substitution of an amino acid(s) by cysteine in the betaT10 peptide. We have purified the variant hemoglobin by ion-exchange chromatography using carboxymethyl cellulose after the protection of the reactive thiol groups with cystamine, and purified the betaT10 peptide and demonstrated that the usual glycine at beta 83 (EF 7) is substituted in the variant hemoglobin by cysteine.
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Imipramine hydrochloride was administered orally twice daily to 18 bonnet and 3 rhesus monkeys between days 23 and 45 of pregnancy for 1-3 or 18-22 days at 1, 2, and 10 times the recommended human dose. No teratologic changes were observed, although signs of maternal toxicity occurred at the high dose level, and the abortion rate was higher than in controls.
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M fascicularis monkeys were immunized subcutaneously in the vicinity of the major salivary glands and by retrograde infusion into the parotid duct, with a vaccine containing Formalin-killed S mutans strain 6715 cells and culture-fluid antigens. Indirect immunofluorescent staining was used to titrate and classify antibodies. Subcutaneous immunization induced only a serum response, whereas intraductal infusion stimulated both an IgA antibody response in the parotid fluid and a serum response. Immunized and nonimmunized control groups were orally infected with S mutans strain 6715. The establishment in dental plaque was quantitated by recovery of the infecting organism on selective media and by immunofluorescent staining of plaque smears taken from individual tooth surfaces. The establishment of S mutans strain 6715 was noticeably inhibited in immune monkeys. Immunofluorescent assays for antibody also showed that serum and parotid fluid containing serum IgA antibodies cross reacted with other d serotype and a serotype strains but not representative b and c strains. Immune and control groups were then orally infected with S mutans strain GS-5, a c serotype strain, and no inhibition in establishment was detected of the non-cross-reacting type c organism in the immune group. A latter series of booster immunizations via the intraductal route resulted in a significant decrease in parotid fluid flow. Histological investigations showed inflammatory cell infiltration and replacement of epithelium by connective tissue in the glands from immunized monkeys. A separate group of monkeys, younger than the first, was immunized with the same vaccine via the duct only. In this group, immunizations were given at shorter intervals, but the immunization response was similar to that observed in the first group. The investigations reviewed here and new experiments reported show that immunization of monkeys with S mutan strain 6715 via the parotid duct elicited a reproducible IgA antibody response in the parotid fluid as well as a serum antibody response. Inhibition of colonization on tooth surfaces in immune monkeys showed specificity for the immunizing strain suggesting that inhibition was antibody mediated.
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A developmental comparison of the fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47 during prenatal life in macacus rhesus and man was performed. Cytomyeloarchitectonic and morphometric methods of investigation were applied: the areas of the fields in question, the transverse thickness of the cortex, separate cortical layers, neuronal dimentions were measured. Alongside, general regularities in the development of these fields in both species (the frontal cortex is laid earlier than other parts of the cortex, the terms of the field differentiation coincide, uneven development of the fields with different phylogenic origin) some important differences are demonstrated. They are seen a) in the rate of the frontal field maturation--in man it takes longer time, b) in a more complex organization of the frontal part in man--during prenatal life new structural features of the fields, 44, 45, 46 and subfields in the field 47 appear. During prenatal life of monkey and man in the development of the frontal area the phenomena of heterochrony (common for both species) and anabolia (peculiar for man only) are observed (the appearance of new more complex structures). These phenomena display themselves in the shift of the laying of the frontal area towards earlier stages of embryogenesis.
The interaction between Herpesvirus macaca and lymphoblastoid cells grown in continuous culture, or purified from rhesus blood, was studied as a model for latent or chronic herpesvirus infection of leukocytes. Continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines infected in vitro were PA3, a human cell line with bone-marrow derived (B)-lymphocyte characteristics; LM/DM, a rhesus cell line with B-lymphocyte characteristics; and MOLT-4, a human cell line with thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte characteristics. A distinct pattern of interaction was found for each lymphoblastoid cell line. A small but stable fraction of cells continued to express virus-specific antigens for more than three weeks following infection of the B-type lymphoblastoid cell lines of rhesus and human origin. Herpesvirus macaca replicated only in PA3 cells. Viral replication did not occur and viral antigens were not detected in either peripheral lymphocytes or MOLT-4 cells. The observations suggest that Herpesvirus macaca interacts in distinct patterns with different lymphoid cell lines in vitro, and that within a given culture, subpopulations of lymphoid cells are present at a given time which respond to the virus differently.