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Jordan v. Kelly; Jordan v. Mack.
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Mack v. Califano. 23 Feb 1978.
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Admissibility and per se exclusion of hypnotically elicited recall in American courts of law.
State v. Mack (1980) ruled that hypnotically elicited testimony is per se excluded from Minnesota law courts; this court also ruled that police could employ hypnosis in an attempt to construct an independently corroborated case. In recent years, there have been moves to rescind this exclusion; this raises a question of the probative value of such additional information when it is uncorroborated. This situation is compared with that of the polygraph as an index of deception: Like hypnosis, it is excluded per se in most American jurisdictions. Some legal decisions in Wisconsin are used to illustrate one alternative to the per se exclusion approach. Admissibility of scientific evidence in American courts of law has been based on a criterion of "general acceptability within the relevant scientific community," as first elucidated in Frye v. United States (1923). Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Frye decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), by making general acceptability but one of several admissibility criteria. Three Daubert-based decisions, one involving hypnosis and all concerned with "recovered repressed memories," indicate some problems in law posed by Daubert.
Rethinking per se exclusions of hypnotically elicited recall as legal testimony.
In 1993, Boggs argued for a rethinking of the per se exclusion of hypnotically elicited testimony. This article analyzes the Minnesota v. Mack (1980) case that initiated this exclusion and the two Illinois cases Boggs cites in favor of her position. The scientific data on the effect of hypnosis on memory do not support Boggs's position. Rather than providing reasons for rethinking this per se position, these data suggest that it should be retained.
The right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment: national trend and recent changes in Maryland law.
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The Ontario Mental Health Act: a review of court decisions on involuntary committal.
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Conditional restoration of hippocampal synaptic potentiation in Glur-A-deficient mice.
Plasticity of mature hippocampal CA1 synapses is dependent on l-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors containing the glutamate receptor A (GluR-A) subunit. In GluR-A-deficient mice, plasticity could be restored by controlled expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged GluR-A, which contributes to channel formation and displayed the developmental redistribution of AMPA receptors in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by pairing or tetanic stimulation was rescued in adult GluR-A(-/-) mice when (GFP)GluR-A expression was constitutive or induced in already fully developed pyramidal cells. This shows that GluR-A-independent forms of synaptic plasticity can mediate the establishment of mature hippocampal circuits that are prebuilt to express GluR-A-dependent LTP.
Invasion and metastasis of a mammary tumor involves TGF-beta signaling.
Several studies have correlated escape from TGF-beta-mediated cell cycle arrest with the tumorigenic phenotype. Most often, this escape from growth control has been linked to dysfunctional TGF-beta receptors or defects in the TGF-beta-mediated SMAD signaling pathway. In this report, we found that highly metastatic 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells express functional TGF-beta receptors capable of initiating SMAD-mediated transcription, yet are not growth inhibited by TGF-beta1. We further observed that TGF-beta directly contributes to the metastatic behavior of this cell line. Exposure to TGF-beta caused 4T1 cells to undergo morphological changes associated with the metastatic phenotype and invade more readily through collagen coated matrices. Furthermore, expression of a dominant negative truncated type II receptor diminished TGF-beta signaling and significantly restricted the ability of 4T1 cells to establish distant metastases. Our results suggest that regardless of 4T1 resistance to TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition, TGF-beta signaling is required for tumor invasion and metastases formation.
Activity of high-dose toremifene plus cisplatin in platinum-treated non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II California Cancer Consortium Trial.
PURPOSE: Although cisplatin is an important agent in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), de novo resistance is common and acquired resistance emerges rapidly during therapy. Proposed mediators of platinum resistance include the protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway and associated c-FOS overexpression. While estrogen administration has been reported to upregulate PKC and c-FOS expression, the triphenylethylenes tamoxifen and toremifene potentiate platinum cytotoxicity by inhibition of PKC. Downregulation of c-FOS expression has been reported to result from PKC inhibition. In view of these findings, we hypothesized that toremifene would reverse platinum resistance and that this interaction would be influenced by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phase II trial of high-dose toremifene (600 mg orally daily on days 1-7) plus cisplatin (50 mg/m2 intravenously on days 4 and 11) every 28 days in NSCLC patients was conducted. A group of 30 patients with metastatic NSCLC who had been previously treated with platinum-based therapy were enrolled. RESULTS: All of the 30 patients were assessable for toxicity and 28 for tumor response. Therapy was well tolerated with minimal hematologic and non-hematologic toxicity. Common toxicity criteria grade 3 hematologic toxicity was seen in only three patients. Five patients achieved a partial response for an overall response rate of 18% (95% CI 6-37). Median overall survival was 8.1 months (95% CI 5.4-17). To assess PKC, ER, and c-Fos expression by immunohistochemistry, 12 informative pretreatment patient tumor specimens were obtained. Four patient tumor specimens were positive for one or both PKC isoforms (alpha and epsilon) while c-Fos was overexpressed in three. None of the responding patient tumors exhibited c-FOS or PKC-epsilon overexpression. ER expression was found to be infrequent (8%), contrasting with previous reports in this tumor type. CONCLUSION: While this phase II study indicates that high-dose toremifene plus cisplatin is feasible, active, and well tolerated in NSCLC patients previously treated with platinum compounds, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Further study of this regimen is warranted.
Native blot and immunotransfer of human prostatic acid phosphatase isozymes.
Agarose gel isoelectrofocusing is used to separate the isozymes of human prostatic acid phosphatase with retention of enzyme activity. The native blotting of the isozymes onto a nitrocellulose membrane increases the sensitivity of the enzyme stain and is suitable for analysis of isozymes in prostate tissue, which contains little nonprostatic acid phosphatase. The specificity of the transfer is increased by treating the membrane with antibody to human prostatic acid phosphatase prior to the transfer. The specificity of the antibody is conferred to the membrane resulting in a transfer specific for prostatic acid phosphatase. The immunotransfer procedure is applicable to serum which contains appreciable amounts of nonprostatic acid phosphatase.
India ink staining of proteins on nylon and hydrophobic membranes.
India ink was found to be an acceptable stain for proteins blotted or dotted onto positively charged nylon or hydrophobic membranes. The hydrophobic membrane, Immobilon, was an outstanding matrix for binding proteins and displayed low levels of background staining. The least amount of protein detected by india ink staining was between 1.0 and 10 ng. India ink staining of proteins on nylon membranes is an easy, inexpensive, and quick method for the unequivocal detection of both standards and unknowns in the same blot. However, inks, ink concentrations, fixing conditions, staining times, pH, washing conditions, and membrane lots all need to be controlled to achieve maximum sensitivity for protein detection following india ink staining.
Subcellular localization of epoxide hydrolase in mouse liver and kidney.
The subcellular distribution of epoxide hydrolase activity towards TSO and HEOM in mouse liver and kidney was investigated using zonal rotor centrifugation. Epoxide hydrolase activity towards TSO was found predominantly in the soluble fraction with peroxisomes accounting for activity in the particulate fractions. Renal particulate activity towards HEOM was found predominantly in the microsomes.
Activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the amygdala of spontaneous mouse-killer rats and in rats after olfactory lobe removal.
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Retinyl acetate inhibition of 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene induced hepatic neoplasia.
1. Retinyl acetate protected female rats from the hepatocarcinogenic effect of 0.06% 3'-Me-DAB up to 18 weeks. 2. The net effect of retinyl acetate was to retard, not prevent, the action of the hepatocarcinogen since the protection broke down prior to the 30 week time point. 3. The observed elevation of serum LSA by retinyl acetate was unexpected and suggested that some of the difficulties found in its use as a tumor marker may be due to dietary factors. 4. The time necessary for development of preneoplastic lesions in the rats fed 0.01% 3'-Me-DAB was 71 vs 8 weeks for those fed 0.06% 3'-Me-DAB. 5. The effect of retinyl acetate on the lower level of 3'-Me-DAB was to prevent formation of nodules through 71 weeks by which time the unprotected rats fed 0.01% 3'-Me-DAB alone had extensive hepatic nodular development.
Boston Naming Test in Alzheimer's disease.
The 60-item Boston Naming Test (BNT) was administered to 55 subjects: 15 mildly-to-moderately demented patients meeting NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for "probable" Alzheimer's disease (AD), 15 age-equivalent normal control (NC) subjects, and--for purposes of validation--25 additional subjects with other forms of dementia (OD). A cutting score of 51 correctly classified 80% of AD patients and 86% of NC subjects. To facilitate rapid screening of confrontation-naming performance in these populations, three 30-item shortened versions of the BNT were constructed. Even and Odd Versions were equivalent for AD, NC, and OD subjects; high correlations between these two and the 60-item BNT permit easy extrapolation to a total BNT score. A new Empirical Version, derived from performance of our AD and NC reference groups, maintained most of the intergroup discrimination of the full BNT.
Use of intraoperative esophageal manometrics in surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in pediatric patients.
Intraoperative lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressures and lenghts were measured in 10 pediatric patients requiring surgery for compications of gastroesophageal reflux. LES pressure changed significantly pre- and post-Nissen fundoplication (9.8 +/- 1.51 mm Hg vs. 32.8 +/- 2.68 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). LES length also showed a significant change (1.3 +/- 0.13 cm vs. 2.8 +/- 0.26 cm, p less than 0.001). One week postoperatively LES pressures were significantly greater than preoperative values (26.4 +/- 1.74 mm Hg vs. 15.6 +/- 2.64 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Eight of 10 patients have been evaluated 6 mo post fundoplication. None has gastroesophageal reflux by acid reflux testing or water siphon barium esophagram. None of the 10 patients has had gas bloat syndrome during the follow-up period.
Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and gastroesophageal reflux in recurrent acute pulmonary disease of infancy and childhood.
Fifteen patients with recurrent acute respiratory symptoms were evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux. All 15 had barium esophagrams. Ten of 15 had acid reflux tests performed and lower esophageal sphincter pressures measured. The data were compared to those in 23 patients with no acid reflux and 23 patients with positive acid reflux but no respiratory symptoms. Ten of ten patients with respiratory symptoms who were evaluated by the acid reflux test had positive results. The remaining five demonstrated GER by barium esophagram. LES pressure measurements in the ten patients were 11.3 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, which was significantly lower than the pressures in the acid reflux-negative group (20.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) but not different than in the patients with GER but no respiratory symptoms (13.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P greater than 0.05). GER secondary to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter may be one cause of recurrent acute respiratory disease in infants and children.