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Results for “Macrosynteny”

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13 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Significant microsynteny with new evolutionary highlights is detected between Arabidopsis and legume model plants despite the lack of macrosynteny.

The increased amount of data produced by large genome sequencing projects allows scientists to carry out important syntenic studies to a great extent. Detailed genetic maps and entirely or partially sequenced genomes are compared, and macro- and microsyntenic relations can be determined for different species. In our study, the syntenic relationships between key legume plants and two model plants, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa were investigated. The comparison of the map position of 172 gene-based Medicago sativa markers to the organization of homologous A. thaliana genes could not identify any sign of macrosynteny between the two genomes. A 276 kb long section of chromosome 5 of the model legume Medicago truncatula was used to investigate potential microsynteny with the other legume Lotus japonicus, as well as with Arabidopsis and Populus. Besides the overall correlation found between the legume plants, the comparison revealed several microsyntenic regions in the two more distant plants with significant resemblance. Despite the large phylogenetic distance, clear microsyntenic regions between Medicago and Arabidopsis or Populus were detected unraveling new intragenomic evolutionary relations in Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2006

Extensive macrosynteny between Medicago truncatula and Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris.

The first predominantly gene-based genetic linkage map of lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) was constructed using an F5 population developed from a cross between the cultivars Digger (ILL5722) and Northfield (ILL5588) using 79 intron-targeted amplified polymorphic (ITAP) and 18 genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Linkage analysis revealed seven linkage groups (LGs) comprised of 5-25 markers that varied in length from 80.2 to 274.6 cM. The genome map spanned a total length of 928.4 cM. Clear evidence of a simple and direct macrosyntenic relationship between lentil and Medicago truncatula was observed. Sixty-six out of the 71 gene-based markers, which were previously assigned to M. truncatula genetic and physical maps, were found in regions syntenic between the Lens c. ssp. culinaris and M. truncatula genomes. However, there was evidence of moderate chromosomal rearrangements which may account for the difference in chromosome numbers between these two legume species. Eighteen common SSR markers were used to connect the current map with the most comprehensive and recent map that exists for lentil, providing the syntenic context of four important domestication traits. The composite map presented, anchored with orthologous markers mapped in M. truncatula, provides a strong foundation for the future use of genomic and genetic information in lentil genetic analysis and breeding.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2026

Comparative genomics and adult-female transcriptomics prioritize physiological candidate pathways in the aquatic acentropine moth Paracymoriza distinctalis.

Freshwater-associated life histories are rare in Lepidoptera, and the physiological systems accompanying them remain poorly resolved. We integrated adult-female whole-body RNA-seq from Paracymoriza distinctalis (n = 3) and three terrestrial crambids (n = 3, 3, and 2) with focused comparative genomics to prioritize testable candidate pathways. Adult-female expression-biased genes were enriched for muscle contraction and myofibril assembly, carbohydrate and nucleotide-related metabolism, response to stimulus, and regulation of signal transduction. Protein-interaction analysis further identified coherent modules associated with RNA processing, carbon metabolism, the citrate cycle, and RAF/MAPK signaling. At the genome level, P. distinctalis retained broad macrosynteny with two crambid relatives, whereas putative lineage-biased genes were enriched for vitelline membrane formation, embryonic development, apoptosis, cytoskeletal organization, and transferase activity. Because the transcriptomes were obtained from whole adult females, these patterns may reflect locomotor, reproductive, metabolic, and tissue-composition differences and should not be interpreted as direct mechanisms of larval aquatic adaptation. Together, the results identify a concise set of adult-stage physiological candidates for stage-resolved, tissue-specific, and functional validation.

Acentropinae↗

PubMed2004

The gibberellic-acid insensitive dwarfing gene sdw3 of barley is located on chromosome 2HS in a region that shows high colinearity with rice chromosome 7L.

In this study, comparative high resolution genetic mapping of the GA-insensitive dwarfing gene sdw3 of barley revealed highly conserved macrosynteny of the target region on barley chromosome 2HS with rice chromosome 7L. A rice contig covering the sdw3-orthologous region was identified and subsequently exploited for marker saturation of the target interval in barley. This was achieved by (1) mapping of rice markers from the orthologous region of the rice genetic map, (2) mapping of rice ESTs that had been physically localized on the rice contig, or (3) mapping of barley ESTs that show strong sequence similarity to coding sequences present in the rice contig. Finally, the sdw3 gene was mapped to an interval of 0.55 cM in barley, corresponding to a physical distance of about 252 kb in rice, after employing orthologous EST-derived rice markers. Three putative ORFs were identified in this interval in rice, which exhibited significant sequence similarity to known signal regulator genes from different species. These ORFs can serve as starting points for the map-based isolation of the sdw3 gene from barley.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed2026

Clinical and Genomic Insights into the Allodiploid Hybrid Pathogen Aspergillus latus: A Retrospective Case Series.

Aspergillus latus is an emerging cryptic allodiploid hybrid pathogen within Aspergillus section Nidulantes that closely resembles related species and therefore prone to misidentification by routine diagnostic methods. Therefore, its true clinical burden is likely underestimated. In this study, we retrospectively characterized five patients with A. latus infections identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) at a tertiary hospital in China. Clinical manifestations varied according to host immune status, ranging from a subclinical pulmonary lesion in an immunocompetent individual to aggressive disease in highly immunocompromised patients. Conventional microbiological methods showed limited sensitivity and consistently misidentified the isolates as A. nidulans, whereas mNGS enabled accurate detection of A. latus together with complex co-infections. Three viable clinical isolates were recovered for morphological characterization, antifungal susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All tested isolates demonstrated reduced susceptibility to echinocandins but remained susceptible to mold-active triazoles and amphotericin B. Furthermore, WGS and macrosynteny analyses confirmed their allodiploid hybrid nature, revealing a mosaic genome derived from A. spinulosporus and an A. quadrilineatus-related lineage. Collectively, these findings highlight that A. latus may be missed by routine diagnostic methods and may exhibit a distinct antifungal susceptibility profile. Molecular approaches such as mNGS and WGS may therefore help achieve accurate species-level identification and support targeted antifungal therapy. Given this small retrospective case series, larger prospective and multicenter studies are needed to validate these observations and better define the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and therapeutic implications of this emerging allodiploid hybrid pathogen.

Retrospective Studies↗

PubMed2025

Chromosome-level Genome Assembly of the Halophytic Turfgrass Zoysia macrostachya.

Zoysia macrostachya Franch. & Sav. is a halophytic perennial turfgrass in the Poaceae family, commonly found in the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, and East Asia. Z. macrostachya thrives in high-salinity environments, making it an excellent model for studying abiotic stress resilience. In this study, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of Z. macrostachya, constructed using Oxford Nanopore long reads, Illumina short reads, and Omni-C sequencing data. The assembly spans 329.78 Mb across 20 chromosomes, with a scaffold N50 of 19.24 Mb, and includes complete telomeric sequences at both ends. The assembly showed 97.8% complete BUSCOs, indicating high genome completeness. Repeat element and gene annotation identified 44.03% of the genome as repetitive elements and 33,474 protein-coding genes. The gene annotation showed 97.1% complete BUSCOs and 86.92% functionally characterized genes. Macrosynteny analysis highlighted highly collinear relationships with related species, providing a foundational understanding of the Z. macrostachya genomic structure. This high-quality genome serves as a valuable resource for advancing salinity tolerance research and improving the genetic diversity of Zoysia species.

Genome, Plant↗

PubMed2005

SynBrowse: a synteny browser for comparative sequence analysis.

MOTIVATION: The recent efforts of various sequence projects to sequence deeply into various phylogenies provide great resources for comparative sequence analysis. A generic and portable tool is essential for scientists to visualize and analyze sequence comparisons. RESULTS: We have developed SynBrowse, a synteny browser for visualizing and analyzing genome alignments both within and between species. It is intended to help scientists study macrosynteny, microsynteny and homologous genes between sequences. It can also aid with the identification of uncharacterized genes, putative regulatory elements and novel structural features of a species. SynBrowse is a GBrowse (the Generic Genome Browser) family software tool that runs on top of the open source BioPerl modules. It consists of two components: a web-based front end and a set of relational database back ends. Each database stores pre-computed alignments from a focus sequence to reference sequences in addition to the genome annotations of the focus sequence. The user interface lets end users select a key comparative alignment type and search for syntenic blocks between two sequences and zoom in to view the relationships among the corresponding genome annotations in detail. SynBrowse is portable with simple installation, flexible configuration, convenient data input and easy integration with other components of a model organism system. AVAILABILITY: The software is available at http://www.gmod.org CONTACT: vbrendel@iastate.edu

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Comprehensive structural analysis of the genome of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).

With the aim of establishing the basic knowledge and resources needed for applied genetics, we investigated the genome structure of red clover Trifolium pratense L. by a combination of cytological, genomic and genetic approaches. The deduced genome size was approximately 440 Mb, as estimated by measuring the nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry. Seven chromosomes could be distinguished by microscopic observation of DAPI stained prometaphase chromosomes and fluorescence in situ hybridization using 28S and 5S rDNA probes and bacterial artificial chromosome probes containing microsatellite markers with known positions on a genetic linkage map. The average GC content of the genomes of chloroplast, mitochondrion and nucleus were shown to be 33.8, 42.9 and 34.2%, respectively, by the analysis of 1.4 Mb of random genomic sequences. A total of 26,356 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were grouped into 9339 non-redundant sequences were collected, and 78% of the ESTs showed sequence similarity to registered genes, mainly of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. To facilitate basic and applied genetics in red clover, we generated a high-density genetic linkage map with gene-associated microsatellite markers. A total of 7159 primer pairs were designed to amplify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) identified in four different types of libraries. Based on sequence similarity, 82% of the SSRs were likely to be associated with genes. Polymorphism was examined using two parent plants, HR and R130, and 10 F(1) progeny by agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by genotyping for the primer pairs showing polymorphisms using 188 F(1) plants from the mapping population. The selected 1305 microsatellite markers as well as the previously developed 167 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers were subjected to linkage analysis. A total of 1434 loci detected by 1399 markers were successfully mapped onto seven linkage groups totaling 868.7 cM in length; 405 loci (28%) were bi-parental, 611 (43%) were specific to HR and 418 (29%) were specific to R130. Each genetic linkage group was linked to a corresponding chromosome by FISH analysis using seven microsatellite markers specific to each of the linkage groups as probes. Transferability of the developed microsatellite markers to other germplasms was confirmed by testing 268 selected markers on 88 red clover germplasms. Macrosynteny at the segmental level was observed between the genomes of red clover and two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, strongly suggesting that the genome information for the model legumes is transferable to red clover for genetic investigations and experimental breeding.

Base Composition↗

PubMed2025

First chromosome-level genome assembly of the colonial chordate model Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata).

BACKGROUND: Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata) is a colonial, laboratory model tunicate recognized for its remarkable developmental diversity, its regenerative abilities, and its peculiar genetically determined allorecognition system governed by a polymorphic locus controlling chimerism and cell parasitism. RESULTS: We report the first chromosome-level genome assembly of B. schlosseri subclade A1. By integrating long and short reads with Hi-C scaffolding, we produced both a phased diploid genome assembly and a conventional collapsed consensus sequence of 533 Mb. Of this total length, 96% belonged to 16 chromosome-scale scaffolds, with a BUSCO completeness score of 91.4%. We then compared our assembly with other high-quality tunicate genomes, revealing some synteny conservation but also extensive genomic rearrangements and a general loss of colinearity. CONCLUSIONS: The chromosome-level resolution of this assembly enhances our understanding of genome organization in colonial modular organisms. Comparative analyses highlight the dynamic nature of tunicate genomes, with conserved macrosynteny yet extensive microsyntenic rearrangements and scrambling, underscoring their rapid evolutionary trajectory. This high-quality genome assembly provides a valuable resource for exploring the unique biological features of colonial chordates, including their exceptional regenerative abilities and complex allorecognition system.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Syntenic relationships between Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis reveal extensive divergence of genome organization.

Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula represent sister clades within the dicot subclass Rosidae. We used genetic map-based and bacterial artificial chromosome sequence-based approaches to estimate the level of synteny between the genomes of these model plant species. Mapping of 82 tentative orthologous gene pairs reveals a lack of extended macrosynteny between the two genomes, although marker collinearity is frequently observed over small genetic intervals. Divergence estimates based on non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions suggest that a majority of the genes under analysis have experienced duplication in Arabidopsis subsequent to divergence of the two genomes, potentially confounding synteny analysis. Moreover, in cases of localized synteny, genetically linked loci in M. truncatula often share multiple points of synteny with Arabidopsis; this latter observation is consistent with the large number of segmental duplications that compose the Arabidopsis genome. More detailed analysis, based on complete sequencing and annotation of three M. truncatula bacterial artificial chromosome contigs suggests that the two genomes are related by networks of microsynteny that are often highly degenerate. In some cases, the erosion of microsynteny could be ascribed to the selective gene loss from duplicated loci, whereas in other cases, it is due to the absence of close homologs of M. truncatula genes in Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2002

The molecular genetic linkage map of the model legume Medicago truncatula: an essential tool for comparative legume genomics and the isolation of agronomically important genes.

BACKGROUND: The legume Medicago truncatula has emerged as a model plant for the molecular and genetic dissection of various plant processes involved in rhizobial, mycorrhizal and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions. Aiming to develop essential tools for such genetic approaches, we have established the first genetic map of this species. Two parental homozygous lines were selected from the cultivar Jemalong and from the Algerian natural population (DZA315) on the basis of their molecular and phenotypic polymorphism. RESULTS: An F2 segregating population of 124 individuals between these two lines was obtained using an efficient manual crossing technique established for M. truncatula and was used to construct a genetic map. This map spans 1225 cM (average 470 kb/cM) and comprises 289 markers including RAPD, AFLP, known genes and isoenzymes arranged in 8 linkage groups (2n = 16). Markers are uniformly distributed throughout the map and segregation distortion is limited to only 3 linkage groups. By mapping a number of common markers, the eight linkage groups are shown to be homologous to those of diploid alfalfa (M. sativa), implying a good level of macrosynteny between the two genomes. Using this M. truncatula map and the derived F3 populations, we were able to map the Mtsym6 symbiotic gene on linkage group 8 and the SPC gene, responsible for the direction of pod coiling, on linkage group 7. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Medicago truncatula is amenable to diploid genetic analysis and they open the way to map-based cloning of symbiotic or other agronomically-important genes using this model plant.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2004

Comparative mapping of a major aluminum tolerance gene in sorghum and other species in the poaceae.

In several crop species within the Triticeae tribe of the grass family Poaceae, single major aluminum (Al) tolerance genes have been identified that effectively mitigate Al toxicity, a major abiotic constraint to crop production on acidic soils. However, the trait is quantitatively inherited in species within other tribes, and the possible ancestral relationships between major Al tolerance genes and QTL in the grasses remain unresolved. To help establish these relationships, we conducted a molecular genetic analysis of Al tolerance in sorghum and integrated our findings with those from previous studies performed in crop species belonging to different grass tribes. A single locus, AltSB, was found to control Al tolerance in two highly Al tolerant sorghum cultivars. Significant macrosynteny between sorghum and the Triticeae was observed for molecular markers closely linked to putatively orthologous Al tolerance loci present in the group 4 chromosomes of wheat, barley, and rye. However, AltSB was not located within the homeologous region of sorghum but rather mapped near the end of sorghum chromosome 3. Thus, AltSB not only is the first major Al tolerance gene mapped in a grass species that does not belong to the Triticeae, but also appears to be different from the major Al tolerance locus in the Triticeae. Intertribe map comparisons suggest that a major Al tolerance QTL on rice chromosome 1 is likely to be orthologous to AltSB, whereas another rice QTL on chromosome 3 is likely to correspond to the Triticeae group 4 Al tolerance locus. Therefore, this study demonstrates a clear evolutionary link between genes and QTL encoding the same trait in distantly related species within a single plant family.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2006

Comparative physical mapping of the apospory-specific genomic region in two apomictic grasses: Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris.

In gametophytic apomicts of the aposporous type, each cell of the embryo sac is genetically identical to somatic cells of the ovule because they are products of mitosis, not of meiosis. The egg of the aposporous embryo sac follows parthenogenetic development into an embryo; therefore, uniform progeny result even from heterozygous plants, a trait that would be valuable for many crop species. Attempts to introgress apomixis from wild relatives into major crops through traditional breeding have been hindered by low or no recombination within the chromosomal region governing this trait (the apospory-specific genomic region or ASGR). The lack of recombination also has been a major obstacle to positional cloning of key genes. To further delineate and characterize the nonrecombinant ASGR, we have identified eight new ASGR-linked, AFLP-based molecular markers, only one of which showed recombination with the trait for aposporous embryo sac development. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones identified with the ASGR-linked AFLPs or previously mapped markers, when mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization in Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris, showed almost complete macrosynteny between the two apomictic grasses throughout the ASGR, although with an inverted order. A BAC identified with the recombinant AFLP marker mapped most proximal to the centromere of the ASGR-carrier chromosome in P. squamulatum but was not located on the ASGR-carrier chromosome in C. ciliaris. Exceptional regions where synteny was disrupted probably are nonessential for expression of the aposporous trait. The ASGR appears to be maintained as a haplotype even though its position in the genome can be variable.

Cenchrus↗