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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Cigarette advertisements in magazines: evidence for a differential focus on women's and youth magazines.

Cigarette advertisements in eight popular magazines from 1960 to 1985 were examined. The magazines were selected to represent different market segments, particularly women and youth. Across all eight magazines, the average number of cigarette ads per issue increased substantially following the 1971 television ban on cigarette ads. Moreover, beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, proportionately more ads were placed in women's and youth-oriented magazines than in magazines which targeted other population segments. These data suggest that the tobacco industry may have responded to decreases in the number of smokers and the per capita consumption of cigarettes with an enterprising attempt to recruit new smokers-particularly young people and women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Sometimes a cigar [magazine] is more than just a cigar [magazine]: pro-smoking arguments in Cigar Aficionado, 1992-2000.

Since its first issue in 1992, few periodicals have enjoyed the rapid growth and international popularity of Cigar Aficionado. Although the magazine professes to simply celebrate "the good life and the joys of cigar smoking," we argue that it serves a more insidious function; specifically, the periodical supplies readers with 7 persuasive strategies aimed at rebuking dominant anti-smoking health assertions: (a) the cigars-are-not-cigarettes argument, (b) the life-is-dangerous argument, (c) the health-benefits argument, (d) the moderation argument, (e) the old-smokers argument, (f) the bad-science argument, and (g) the good-science argument. These pro-smoking arguments ultimately serve to relieve the cognitive dissonance associated with the consumption of a potentially deadly product and to maintain a loyal readership, free from guilt or anxiety.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent exposure to cigarette advertising in magazines: an evaluation of brand-specific advertising in relation to youth readership.

CONTEXT: Understanding the relationship between cigarette advertising and youth smoking is essential to develop effective interventions. Magazine advertising accounts for nearly half of all cigarette advertising expenditures. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether cigarette brands popular among adolescent smokers are more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with high adolescent readerships. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 1994 data on (1) the presence of advertising by 12 cigarette brands in a sample of 39 popular US magazines; and (2) the youth (ages 12-17 years), young adult (ages 18-24 years), and total readership for each magazine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of advertising in each of the 39 magazines in 1994 for each of the 12 cigarette brands. RESULTS: After controlling for total magazine readership, the percentage of young adult readers, advertising costs and expenditures, and magazine demographics, youth cigarette brands (those smoked by more than 2.5% of 10- to 15-year-old smokers in 1993) were more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with a higher percentage of youth readers. Holding all other variables constant at their sample means, the estimated probability of an adult brand advertising in a magazine decreased over the observed range of youth readership from 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.96) for magazines with 4% youth readers to 0.18 (95% CI, 0.00-0.47) for magazines with 34% youth readers. In contrast, the estimated probability of a youth brand advertising in a magazine increased from 0.32 (95% CI, 0.00-0.65) at 4% youth readership to 0.92 (95% CI, 0.67-1.00) at 34% youth readership. CONCLUSION: Cigarette brands popular among young adolescents are more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with high youth readerships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Cigarette advertising and magazine coverage of the hazards of smoking. A statistical analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health professionals have charged that magazines that depend on revenues from cigarette advertising are less likely to publish articles on the dangers of smoking for fear of offending cigarette manufacturers. Special concern has focused on magazines directed to women. Restricted coverage of smoking hazards could lead readers to underestimate the risks of smoking in relation to other health risks. METHODS: Using logistic-regression analysis of a sample of 99 U.S. magazines published during 25 years (1959 through 1969 and 1973 through 1986), we analyzed the probability that the magazines would publish articles on the risks of smoking in relation to whether they carried advertisements for cigarettes and in relation to the proportion of their advertising revenues derived from cigarette advertisements. We controlled for other factors that might influence coverage. RESULTS: The probability of publishing an article on the risks of smoking in a given year was 11.9 percent for magazines that did not carry cigarette advertisements, as compared with 8.3 percent for those that did publish such advertisements (adjusted odds ratio, 0.73; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.42 to 1.30). For women's magazines alone, the probabilities were 11.7 percent and 5.0 percent, respectively (adjusted odds ratio, 0.13; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.69). When the proportion of revenues derived from cigarette advertising was the independent variable, the probability of publishing an article on the risks of smoking in a given year was reduced by 38 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 18 percent to 55 percent) for magazines with the average proportion of total advertising revenues derived from cigarette advertising for the entire sample of magazines (6 percent) as compared with magazines with no cigarette advertising. This relation was particularly strong in the case of women's magazines. An increase of 1 percent in the share of advertising revenue derived from cigarette advertisements decreased the probability of covering the risks of smoking by three times as much as in other magazines. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong statistical evidence that cigarette advertising in magazines is associated with diminished coverage of the hazards of smoking. This is particularly true for magazines directed to women.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health disparity in black women: lack of pharmaceutical advertising in black vs. white-oriented magazines.

CONTEXT: Racial disparities in health care between black women and white women may be attributed in part to socioeconomic status and lack of insurance, but also may be due to lack of the dissemination of health information in black communities via black popular magazines. OBJECTIVE: Comparison of the number and type of pharmaceutical advertisements between black-oriented magazines and white-oriented magazines. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Morehouse School of Medicine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recording of the type and number of over-the-counter and prescription drug advertisements. RESULTS: Five black-oriented magazines (Black Woman, Black Elegance, Essence, Ebony, and Upscale) and 5 white-oriented magazines (Family Circle, Working Mother, Good Housekeeping, Ladies' Home Journal, Women's Day) were evaluated for 3 months from June-August, 2000. White-oriented magazines had four to eight times more pharmaceutical ads than black-oriented magazines. Types of medications advertised in the white-oriented magazines and not the black-oriented magazines were, for example, cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium supplements, COX II-inhibitors, intranasal steroids, anorexiants, proton pump inhibitors, and smoking deterrent agents. Conversely, medications advertised in the black-oriented magazines and not the white-oriented magazines were antiviral agents and oral contraceptives. Pharmaceutical companies gave several reasons for the disparity, including the explanation that their particular company was advertising about HIV in the black community. CONCLUSIONS: A barrier to equitable health care for black women may be a low prioritization for health prevention and health management. This low prioritization or disinterest may be a reflection of the black magazine that she is reading due to the lack of pharmaceutical advertisements in black-oriented magazines. The result of this disinterest of black females may be seen in the increased morbidity and mortality for selected diseases.

Advertising↗
PubMed1994

Tobacco advertising in South Africa with specific reference to magazines.

RATIONALE: A ban on tobacco advertising forms an integral component of tobacco control strategies, and needs to be considered in South Africa as a matter of urgency. OBJECTIVES: To obtain baseline data on tobacco advertising expenditure in the South African media, and to compare brands used to target different groups in magazines. METHODS: Advertising expenditure (totals and tobacco-related) for 1991 and 1993 was obtained from Adindex. Ten magazines, each with circulations of over 100,000, directed at four different target groups, were selected. For 3 months in 1993, total and tobacco advertising expenditure, brand placement and magazine demographics were determined. RESULTS: Tobacco-related expenditure constituted 4.8% of the R3 billion spent on advertising in 1993. Print (including magazines) and radio together accounted for 72% of all tobacco advertising, while cinema and outdoor advertising were most dependent on the tobacco industry for revenue. Annualised advertising spending for the 10 magazines reached an estimated R230 million, of which tobacco 'adspend' accounted for 6.4%. The highest percentage of tobacco adspend (20.3%) was for a men's 'soft-porn' magazine. For 26 of 30 issues studied, tobacco adverts were on the back cover. Brand targeting was evident in black, women's, and family magazines. There was not a single feature article on the adverse effects of smoking on health in any of the magazines during the 3-month period. Only 2 magazines had single sentences in their health columns mentioning that smoking was bad for health. In a third magazine, one opinion piece devoted a full page to criticising the anti-tobacco lobby! CONCLUSION: Tobacco advertising, through radio and outdoor advertising, reaches children and illiterate communities in peri-urban and rural areas. Tobacco advertising in magazines targets specific consumers, such as blacks and women. For most magazines, tobacco adspend constitutes less than 10% of the total. A total ban on tobacco advertising in the media in general and certainly in magazines would not have adverse economic effects and would promote health.

Advertising↗
PubMed1999

Features of sales promotion in cigarette magazine advertisements, 1980-1993: an analysis of youth exposure in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the presence of features of sales promotion in cigarette advertising in United States magazines, and to describe trends in youth (ages 12-17) exposure to such advertising (termed "promotional advertising"). DESIGN: Analysis of 1980-1993 annual data on: (a) total pages and expenditures for "promotional advertising" (advertising that contains features of sales promotion) in 36 popular magazines (all magazines for which data were available), by cigarette brand; and (b) readership characteristics for each magazine. We defined promotional advertising as advertisements that go beyond the simple advertising of the product and its features to include one or more features of sales promotion, such as coupons, "retail value added" promotions, contests, sweepstakes, catalogues, specialty item distribution, and sponsorship of public entertainment or sporting events. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total pages of, and expenditures for promotional advertising in magazines; and gross impressions (number of readers multiplied by the number of pages of promotional advertising) among youth and total readership. RESULTS: During the period 1980-1993, tobacco companies spent $90.2 million on promotional advertising in the 36 magazines. The proportion of promotional advertising appearing in "youth" magazines (defined as magazines with a greater than average proportion of youth readers) increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 100% in 1987. Although youth readers represented only 19% of magazine readers, the proportion of youth gross impressions to total gross impressions of tobacco promotional advertising exceeded this value throughout the entire period 1985-1993, peaking at 33% in 1987. The five "youth" cigarette brands (defined as brands smoked by at least 2.5% of smokers aged 10-15 years in 1993) accounted for 59% of promotional advertising in all magazines, but for 83% of promotional advertising in youth magazines during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: In their magazine advertising, cigarette companies are preferentially exposing young people to advertisements that contain sales promotional features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Exposure of black youths to cigarette advertising in magazines.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential exposure of black adolescents to brand specific advertising in magazines. DESIGN: A probit regression analysis was conducted of pooled 1990 and 1994 data on brand specific advertising in 36 popular US magazines to examine the relationship between the presence or absence of advertising in each magazine for each of 12 cigarette brands, and the proportion of each magazine's youth (ages 12-17 years) readers who were black. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of advertising in each magazine in 1990 and 1994, for each of 12 cigarette brands. RESULTS: After controlling for total magazine readership and the percentage of young adult, Hispanic, and female readers, black youth cigarette brands (those whose market share among black youths exceeded their overall market share) were more likely than other brands to advertise in magazines with a higher percentage of black youth readers. Holding all other variables constant at their sample means, the probability of a non-black youth brand advertising in a magazine decreased over the observed range of percentage black youth readership from 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55 to 0.75) for magazines with 5% black youth readers to 0.33 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.69) for magazines with 91% black youth readers. In contrast, the probability of a black youth brand advertising in a magazine increased from 0.40 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.62) at 5% black youth readership to 1.00 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.00) at 91% black youth readership. CONCLUSIONS: Black youths are more likely than white youths to be exposed to magazine advertising by cigarette brands popular among black adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cigarette advertising in magazines: the tobacco industry response to the Master Settlement Agreement and to public pressure.

OBJECTIVE: The Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of November 1998 prohibited participating tobacco companies from directly or indirectly targeting youth in marketing. Widely publicised information in May 2000 showed increased cigarette advertising in magazines with substantial youth readership and companies were pressed to change their practices. The responses of the tobacco industry to the MSA and to the public pressure are examined. DESIGN: Expenditures on cigarette advertisements in national magazines in the USA are compared for three periods: January to November 1998, December 1998 to June 2000, and July 2000 to November 2001. Magazines in which at least 15% of readers are youth under age 18 are focused upon. Regression models test for the significance of period differences after controlling for seasonal and long term patterns. DATA SOURCES: Commercially maintained data on advertising in US magazines and on magazine readership by age. KEY MEASURES: Monthly cigarette ad expenditures in magazines with 15%+ youth readership, and monthly proportion of ad expenditures in 15%+ youth magazines. RESULTS: Cigarette advertising expenditures in magazines with 15%+ youth readership increased dramatically after MSA implementation and fell dramatically after public pressure. The percentage allocation of expenditures to 15%+ magazines fell significantly in both periods. Results differ somewhat by company. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco industry response to the MSA was at best modest, reducing proportional allocations of advertising to youth magazines but increasing the absolute amount of such advertising. The value of public pressure was seen in substantial reductions in both absolute and proportional spending on youth magazines, although not by all companies.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents' perceptions of popular teen magazines.

BACKGROUND: The mass media has an enormous influence on adolescent women and their perceptions about the world and themselves. Teen magazines are a favoured form of the mass media, thus they were chosen for this research project. AIM: The aim of this paper is to report a study exploring the messages of health and health-related material in teen magazines from the perspective of adolescents. Knowledge of how adolescents perceive teen magazine messages can be used in the care of this client group. METHOD: Interpretive inquiry, a substantively driven research approach, was used for the project. A convenience sample of 12 adolescents, aged 12-18 years, participated in two focus groups, and selected images and texts from popular North American teen magazines (YM, Teen, and Seventeen) to discuss. Focus group discussions were audiotaped and then transcribed. Individual interviews with the adolescents were also completed to obtain additional data. Audiotaped interviews were analysed using Gadamer's hermeneutic ideas about 'claim' or 'address'. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that teen magazines promote particular expectations about health and health-related activities. Participants noted that the magazines promote the message of perfection by portraying models with perfect eyes, teeth and bodies. The magazines provide ideals of thinness which are presented in a seemingly attainable fashion. Participants stated that magazines suggest that adolescent women need male attention for protection and companionship, in order to achieve fulfillment. Being healthy or whole seemed to be dependent on the adolescent reader embracing and becoming the ideals portrayed in teen magazines. CONCLUSION: In order to provide relevant and sensitive health care, health care providers need to be cognizant of the persistent demands placed on adolescents by teen magazines and the mass media in general. Media messages and their influences need to be discussed with adolescents, either in school health programmes or clinician visits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry and cigarette advertising in magazines.

BACKGROUND: In 1998, the attorneys general of 46 states signed a Master Settlement Agreement with the four largest tobacco companies in the United States. The agreement prohibits tobacco advertising that targets people younger than 18 years of age. METHODS: We analyzed the trends in expenditures for advertising for 15 specific brands of cigarettes and the exposure of young people to cigarette advertising in 38 magazines between 1995 and 2000. We defined cigarette brands as "youth" brands if they were smoked by more than 5 percent of the smokers in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in 1998; all others were considered to be "adult" brands. We classified magazines as youth-oriented magazines if at least 15 percent of their readers or at least 2 million of their readers were 12 to 17 years old. "Reach," a standard measure of exposure to advertising, was defined as the number of young persons who read at least one issue of a magazine containing an advertisement for a particular brand of cigarette during a given year. RESULTS: In 2000 dollars, the overall advertising expenditures for the 15 brands of cigarettes in the 38 magazines were $238.2 million in 1995, $219.3 million in 1998, $291.1 million in 1999, and $216.9 million in 2000. Expenditures for youth brands in youth-oriented magazines were $56.4 million in 1995, $58.5 million in 1998, $67.4 million in 1999, and $59.6 million in 2000. Expenditures for adult brands in youth-oriented magazines were $72.2 million, $82.3 million, $108.6 million, and $67.6 million, respectively. In 2000, magazine advertisements for youth brands of cigarettes reached more than 80 percent of young people in the United States an average of 17 times each. CONCLUSIONS: The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry appears to have had little effect on cigarette advertising in magazines and on the exposure of young people to these advertisements.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An analysis of breast cancer coverage in selected women's magazines, 1987-1995.

PURPOSE: Women's magazines are a significant source of health information for many women, but there is some concern that the media may misrepresent a woman's risk of breast cancer. This review analyzes breast cancer articles in selected women's magazines to determine if the information presented is accurate and balanced. SEARCH METHODS: For the years 1987 to 1995, the quantity and content of breast cancer articles were examined in four popular women's magazines and three magazines with a large African-American audience. Fifty-nine lead factual breast cancer articles were analyzed for the information presented on prevention measures, risk factors, incidence/mortality statistics, and lifetime risk. The age at diagnosis for women featured in these articles was also determined. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FINDINGS: Breast cancer was the topic of 34.9% of the 585 cancer articles published in these seven magazines. Mammography screening guidelines were recommended in 68% of articles that discussed prevention; 66% presented the American Cancer Society guidelines. Risk factors for breast cancer were reported as age greater than 50 in 41% and family history in 78% of the articles that discussed risk factors. Twenty articles used the lifetime risk statistic of developing breast cancer; six explained what this statistic means. The average age of diagnosis for women featured in the articles was 40.5. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of breast cancer articles to all cancer articles in these magazines (34.9%) was similar to breast cancer incidence (32.2%) but was higher than its contribution to either female cancer mortality (17.2%) or overall female mortality (4.0%). Magazines that targeted the African-American audience had fewer breast cancer articles than the other four magazines. Risk factors for breast cancer were not discussed in proportion to their impact on risk. The popular lifetime risk statistic was not explained in the majority of cases where it was presented. The average age of diagnosis for the women featured in these articles was far below the median age of diagnosis of 65. Thus, magazine reports may be contributing to women's misunderstanding of their true breast cancer risk.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Brand-specific cigarette advertising in magazines in relation to youth and young adult readership, 1986-1994.

This study investigated whether cigarette brands popular among youths are preferentially advertised in magazines with high youth readerships. Using a probit regression model of 1986-1994 data, we estimated the effect of the percentage of youth (ages 12-17) readers in a magazine on the probability of a cigarette brand advertising in that magazine and compared these effects for youth cigarette brands (those smoked by more than 2.5% of 10-15-year-old smokers) and adult cigarette brands. We controlled for the percentages of young adult (ages 18-24), female, black, and Hispanic readers. Holding all other variables constant at their sample means, the probability of an adult brand advertising in a magazine decreased from 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.85) at a youth readership level of 2% (the lowest level of percentage youth readership in the sample magazines) to 0.46 (95% CI, 0.29-0.64) at a youth readership level of 47% (the highest level in the sample magazines). In contrast, the probability of a youth brand advertising in a magazine increased from 0.63 (95% CI, 0.51-0.75) at a youth readership level of 2% to 0.84 (95% CI, 0.72-0.96) at a youth readership level of 47%. It was concluded that, over nearly a decade, cigarette brands popular among youths were more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with high youth readerships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Health disparities and advertising content of women's magazines: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in health status among ethnic groups favor the Caucasian population in the United States on almost all major indicators. Disparities in exposure to health-related mass media messages may be among the environmental factors contributing to the racial and ethnic imbalance in health outcomes. This study evaluated whether variations exist in health-related advertisements and health promotion cues among lay magazines catering to Hispanic, African American and Caucasian women. METHODS: Relative and absolute assessments of all health-related advertising in 12 women's magazines over a three-month period were compared. The four highest circulating, general interest magazines oriented to Black women and to Hispanic women were compared to the four highest-circulating magazines aimed at a mainstream, predominantly White readership. Data were collected and analyzed in 2002 and 2003. RESULTS: Compared to readers of mainstream magazines, readers of African American and Hispanic magazines were exposed to proportionally fewer health-promoting advertisements and more health-diminishing advertisements. Photographs of African American role models were more often used to advertise products with negative health impact than positive health impact, while the reverse was true of Caucasian role models in the mainstream magazines. CONCLUSION: To the extent that individual levels of health education and awareness can be influenced by advertising, variations in the quantity and content of health-related information among magazines read by different ethnic groups may contribute to racial disparities in health behaviors and health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

From the Cleavers to the Clintons: role choices and body orientation as reflected in magazine article content.

The media have been heavily implicated as sources of overconcern with body focus, attractiveness, and thinness, primarily for women. Attendant negative consequences are widely assumed. Yet there appears to be a recent media trend to concern with physical health and fitness, rather than just appearance. This trend has not been empirically assessed. Further, previous research has not adequately explored the possibility that there may be an assortment of physical ideals represented in the media, which may vary according to the different audiences being targeted. The current study assessed magazine article content, examining gender differences, time trends, and magazine audience type. Four types of article content were examined: health, fitness, beauty, and weight loss, in an attempt to capture the major aspects of body focus. The numbers of articles containing such content were tallied, over a 12-year period, in a sample of magazines oriented to three distinct audiences: traditional, high fashion, and modern. Huge gender differences were obtained, with female-targeted magazines not surprisingly outstripping male-targeted ones for all content categories assessed. There were also clear differences in content between magazine types. Time-trend analyses indicated a decrease in emphasis on weight loss in women's magazines over the period studied, and a statistical trend for an increase in weight loss focus in men's magazines. We conclude that apparent trends toward healthier habits are not just thinness goals revisited.

Adult↗