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We present a genome assembly from an individual Ilex aquifolium (the English holly; Eudicot; Magnoliopsida; Aquifoliales; Aquifoliaceae). The genome sequence is 800.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 20 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The assembled mitochondrial and plastid genomes have lengths of 538.43 kilobases and 157.52 kilobases in length, respectively.
We present a genome assembly from a specimen of Spergularia bocconei (Greek sea-spurrey; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Caryophyllaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 466.20 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules suggesting the individual is an allotetraploid (2 n = 4 x = 36). The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 327.07 kilobases and 152.41 kilobases, respectively.
We present a genome assembly of Cardamine flexuosa (Wavy Bitter-cress; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Brassicales; Brassicaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 204.54 megabases. Most of the assembly (97.53%) is scaffolded into 8 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 299.98 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 153.92 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 24 305 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Euphorbia lathyris (caper spurge; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Malpighiales; Euphorbiaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 1 020.39 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.88%) is scaffolded into 10 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequences have lengths of 886.36, 41.02, 86.31 and 32.73 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 163.75 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 26 361 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Carex sylvatica (Wood-sedge; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Poales; Cyperaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 363.24 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.79%) is scaffolded into 29 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequences have lengths of 1715.64, 74.78 and 77.37 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 215.14 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Prunus padus (bird cherry; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Rosales; Rosaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 454.49 megabases. Most of the assembly (97.36%) is scaffolded into 16 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequences have lengths of 280.28 and 155.92 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 158.96 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Gnaphalium uliginosum (marsh cudweed; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Asterales; Asteraceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 354.38 megabases. Most of the assembly (98.86%) is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 195.0 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 152.8 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 24 149 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Vicia sativa (Narrowleaf Vetch; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Fabales; Fabaceae). The assembly consists of two haplotypes with total lengths of 1 748.92 megabases and 1 751.13 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (98.95%) is scaffolded into 6 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 405.76 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 124.62 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 11 105 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Quercus cerris (Turkey oak; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Fagales; Fagaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 777.39 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.89%) is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequences have lengths of 380.47 and 15.0 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 161.2 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 25 805 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Acaena ovalifolia (Two-spined Acaena; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Rosales; Rosaceae). The assembly consists of two haplotypes with total lengths of 687.12 megabases and 687.19 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (99.59%) is scaffolded into 21 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Most of haplotype 2 (99.12%) is scaffolded into 21 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 365.03 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 156.05 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 51 813 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Schoenoplectus triqueter (Triangular Club-rush; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Poales; Cyperaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 580.26 megabases. Most of the assembly (98.75%) is scaffolded into 21 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Five mitochondrial sequences and the plastid genome were also assembled. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 31 746 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Veronica verna (Spring Speedwell; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Lamiales; Plantaginaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 463.88 megabases. Most of the assembly (98.85%) is scaffolded into 8 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 311.81 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 149.82 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 22 903 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Filago lutescens (Red-tipped Cudweed; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Asterales; Asteraceae). The assembly consists of two haplotypes with total lengths of 648.45 megabases and 646.22 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (99.77%) is scaffolded into 14 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 225.84 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 151.54 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 38 942 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Hypericum androsaemum (Tutsan; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Malpighiales; Hypericaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 384.54 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.96%) is scaffolded into 20 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequences have lengths of 138.63, 75.57, 98.15 and 103.38 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 165.0 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Aquilegia vulgaris (Columbine; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Ranunculales; Ranunculaceae). The assembly consists of two haplotypes with total lengths of 296.10 megabases and 289.22 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (98.81%) is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Most of haplotype 2 (94.35%) is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequences have lengths of 388.22 and 83.91 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 161.5 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 23 898 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Frangula alnus (alder buckthorn; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Rosales; Rhamnaceae). The assembly consists of two haplotypes with total lengths of 279.06 megabases and 281.25 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (99.91%) is scaffolded into 10 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Most of haplotype 2 (99.91%) is scaffolded into 10 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 492.03 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 161.23 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
We present a genome assembly of Quercus petraea (sessile oak; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Fagales; Fagaceae). The assembly consists of two haplotypes with total lengths of 823.57 megabases and 815.09 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (99.41%) is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial sequence has a length of 349.29 kilobases and the plastid genome assembly has a length of 161.18 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 32 253 protein-coding genes. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.
The widespread use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has raised concern about its persistence, mobility, and effects on non-target aquatic vegetation in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we provide a global synthesis of the ecotoxicological responses of aquatic macrophytes to 2,4-D based on a PRISMA-guided systematic review of 86 peer-reviewed studies published between 1947 and 2025. A consistent gradient of species-specific sensitivity was observed across macrophyte growth forms. The submerged species Myriophyllum spicatum showed high susceptibility, with EC₅₀ values of 0.04-0.182 mg/L and marked growth inhibition at low concentrations, whereas floating species such as Lemna minor and Pontederia crassipes were more tolerant, requiring higher concentrations (7.08 to >100 and 8.1 mg/L, respectively) to produce comparable effects. Importantly, this sensitivity ranking was consistent across laboratory and field experimental settings. These interspecific differences likely reflect variation in herbicide uptake, translocation, and detoxification capacity associated with growth form. The overlap between EC₅₀ values for M. spicatum and regulatory thresholds for 2,4-D in surface waters suggests that current limits may be insufficient to protect sensitive submerged macrophyte communities. Regarding remediation, L. minor and Salvinia natans emerged as the most promising candidates for phytoremediation, while P. crassipes showed limited capacity to reduce herbicide concentrations in water. Despite advances, no study directly compared oxidative stress biomarkers between submerged and floating species, representing a critical gap in understanding the biochemical basis of the sensitivity gradient. Overall, this synthesis highlights the need to account for taxon-dependent sensitivity when evaluating the ecological risks of 2,4-D and provides a basis for improving regulatory frameworks and management of herbicide contamination in freshwater ecosystems.