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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Characterization and comparison of recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus from drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) isolates.

Since simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was found to be the source of the human AIDS pandemic, a major goal has been to characterize the diversity of SIV strains in the wild and to assess their potential for crossover into humans. In the present study, SIV was isolated from a seropositive drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and three seropositive mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) by using macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Full-length sequences were obtained from a drill and mandrill and designated SIVdrl1FAO and SIVmnd5440, respectively. A 182-bp fragment of the pol genes of the two remaining mandrill SIV isolates was also analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that SIVdrl1FAO formed a monophyletic clade with SIVmnd5440 and SIVmndM14, recently designated SIVmnd type 2. Both the SIVdrl and SIVmnd type 2 genomes carried a vpx gene and appeared to share a common ancestor with SIVrcm in the 5' region of the genome and with SIVmndGB1 (type 1) in the 3' region of the genome. A statistically significant recombination breakpoint was detected at the beginning of envelope, suggesting that the viruses were descendents of the same recombinant. Phylogenetic analysis of vpx and vpr genes demonstrated that the vpx genes formed a monophyletic cluster that grouped with vpr from SIVagm. In addition, both SIVdrl1FAO and SIVmnd5440 replicated in human PBMC and therefore could pose a risk of transmission to the human population.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Muzzle size, paranasal swelling size and body mass in Mandrillus leucophaeus.

The drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), a forest-living Old World monkey, is highly sexually dimorphic, with males exhibiting extreme secondary sexual characteristics, including growth of paranasal swellings on the muzzle. In this study, the size of the secondary bone that forms the paranasal swellings on the muzzles of drills was assessed in relation to body mass proxies. The relationship between the overall size of the muzzle and surrogate measures of body mass was also examined. In female drills, muzzle breadth was positively correlated with two proxies of overall body mass, greatest skull length and upper M1 area. However, there was no such correlation in males. Paranasal swellings in males also appeared to have no significant relationship to body mass proxies. This suggests that secondary bone growth on the muzzles of male drills is independent of overall body size. Furthermore, this secondary bone appears to be vermiculate, probably developing rapidly and in an irregular manner, with no correlation in the sizes of paranasal swelling height and breadth. However, various paranasal swelling dimensions were related to the size of the muzzle. It is suggested that the growth of the paranasal swellings and possibly the muzzle could be influenced by androgen production and reflect testes size and sperm motility. The size and appearance of the paranasal swellings may thus be an indicator of reproductive quality both to potential mates and male competitors. Further work is required to investigate the importance of the paranasal swellings as secondary sexual characteristics in Mandrillus and the relationship between body size and secondary sexual characteristics. Attention should also be paid to the mechanisms and trajectories of facial growth in Mandrillus.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus.

Mandrillus sphinx, a large primate living in Cameroon and Gabon and belonging to the Papionini tribe, was reported to be infected by a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (SIVmndGB1) as early as 1988. Here, we have identified a second, highly divergent SIVmnd (designated SIVmnd-2). Genomic organization differs between the two viral types; SIVmnd-2 has the additional vpx gene, like other SIVs naturally infecting the Papionini tribe (SIVsm and SIVrcm) and in contrast to the other SIVmnd type (here designated SIVmnd-1), which is more closely related to SIVs infecting l'hoest (Cercopithecus lhoesti lhoesti) and sun-tailed (Cercopithecus lhoesti solatus) monkeys. Importantly, our epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence of both types of SIVmnd; all 10 sexually mature wild-living monkeys and 3 out of 17 wild-born juveniles tested were infected. The geographic distribution of SIVmnd seems to be distinct for the two types: SIVmnd-1 viruses were exclusively identified in mandrills from central and southern Gabon, whereas SIVmnd-2 viruses were identified in monkeys from northern and western Gabon, as well as in Cameroon. SIVmnd-2 full-length sequence analysis, together with analysis of partial sequences from SIVmnd-1 and SIVmnd-2 from wild-born or wild-living mandrills, shows that the gag and pol regions of SIVmnd-2 are closest to those of SIVrcm, isolated from red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus), while the env gene is closest to that of SIVmnd-1. pol and env sequence analyses of SIV from a related Papionini species, the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), shows a closer relationship of SIVdrl to SIVmnd-2 than to SIVmnd-1. Epidemiological surveys of human immunodeficiency virus revealed a case in Cameroon of a human infected by a virus serologically related to SIVmnd, raising the possibility that mandrills represent a viral reservoir for humans similar to sooty mangabeys in Western Africa and chimpanzees in Central Africa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

The primary structure of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx, Primates) hemoglobin.

The complete primary structure of the hemoglobin from the Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx, Primates) is presented. This hemoglobin comprises two components in approximately equal amounts (HB I and Hb II). The alpha-chains differ in positions 5 (A3) and 9 (A7) having Ala and Asn in the alpha I-chains and Asp and His in the alpha II-chains. The beta-chains are identical. The components could be separated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. The globin chains were obtained by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The sequences were established by automatic liquid or gas phase Edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides. The alpha-chains show 9 and 11 and the beta-chains 8 exchanges compared with the corresponding human chains, respectively. In the beta-chains one alpha 1/beta 1- and one alpha 1/beta 2-contact is substituted. A comparison of the primary structures of the Mandrill hemoglobin chains with those of other species of the Cercopithecidae family shows that Mandrillus sphinx should be placed between Cercopithecus and Macaca on one side and Papio, Theropithecus and Cercocebus on the other.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1977

[Some aspects of biliary secretion in four species of primates (P. mandrillus, P. papio, E. patas and M. mulatta) (author's transl)].

Effect of several factors on flow and composition of bile of four species of Primates has been studied. Flow of bile widely varied. The smallest flow was found in E. patas and the greatest in P. mandrillus; P. papio and M. mulatta flows were intermediate. Cholic acid concentration in basal bile was small. Electrolites Na+, K+ and C1- were found in concentration close to its plasmatic values. In all four species, interruption of enterohepatic circulation of bile salt, induced a clear decrease in basal flow. Secretin injection (1 U/kg) induced flow increases in P. mandrillus. In M. mulatta and E. patas relationship between logarithm of secretin doses and biliary responses seems to occur. Cholecistokinine-Pancreozimine (2 U/kg) produced in P papio espectacular increases of flow and bile salts concentration with concomitant chloride decreases. Vagal stimulation gave no clear results, although vagal section and use of parasimpathicolitic drugs induced bile flow decreases that show a possible tonic vagal action on extrahepathic biliary tree.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Life history in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): physical development, dominance rank, and group association.

We assess life history from birth to death in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) living in a semifree-ranging colony in Gabon, using data collected for 82 males that attained at least the age of puberty, including 33 that reached adulthood and 25 that died, yielding data for their entire lifespan. We describe patterns of mortality and injuries, dominance rank, group association, growth and stature, and secondary sexual character expression across the male lifespan. We examine relationships among these variables and investigate potential influences on male life history, including differences in the social environment (maternal rank and group demography) and early development, with the aim of identifying characteristics of successful males. Sons of higher-ranking females were more likely to survive to adulthood than sons of low-ranking females. Adolescent males varied consistently in the rate at which they developed, and this variation was related to a male's own dominance rank. Males with fewer peers and sons of higher-ranking and heavier mothers also matured faster. However, maternal variables were not significantly related to dominance rank during adolescence, the age at which males attained adult dominance rank, or whether a male became alpha male. Among adult males, behavior and morphological development were related to a male's own dominance rank, and sons of high-ranking females were larger than sons of low-ranking females. Alpha males were always the most social, and the most brightly colored males, but were not necessarily the largest males present. Finally, alpha male tenure was related to group demography, with larger numbers of rival adult males and maturing adolescent males reducing the time a male spent as alpha male. Tenure did not appear to be related to characteristics of the alpha male himself.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

High levels of diversity characterize mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) Mhc-DRB sequences.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is highly polymorphic in most primate species studied thus far. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) has been studied extensively and the Mhc-DRB region demonstrates variability similar to humans. The extent of MHC diversity is relatively unknown for other Old World monkeys (OWM), especially among genera other than Macaca. A molecular survey of the Mhc-DRB region in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) revealed extensive variability, suggesting that other OWMs may also possess high levels of Mhc-DRB polymorphism. In the present study, 33 Mhc-DRB loci were identified from only 13 animals. Eleven were wild-born and presumed to be unrelated and two were captive-born twins. Two to seven different sequences were identified for each individual, suggesting that some mandrills may have as many as four Mhc-DRB loci on a single haplotype. From these sequences, representatives of at least six Mhc-DRB loci or lineages were identified. As observed in other primates, some new lineages may have arisen through the process of gene conversion. These findings indicate that mandrills have Mhc-DRB diversity not unlike rhesus macaques and humans.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Genetic diversity and reproductive success in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).

Recent studies of wild animal populations have shown that estimators of neutral genetic diversity, such as mean heterozygosity, are often correlated with various fitness traits, such as survival, disease susceptibility, or reproductive success. We used two estimators of genetic diversity to explore the relationship between heterozygosity and reproductive success in male and female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) living in a semifree ranging setting in Gabon. Because social rank is known to influence reproductive success in both sexes, we also examined the correlation between genetic diversity and social rank in females, and acquisition of alpha status in males, as well as length of alpha male tenure. We found that heterozygous individuals showed greater reproductive success, with both females and males producing more offspring. However, heterozygosity influenced reproductive success only in dominant males, not in subordinates. Neither the acquisition of alpha status in males, nor social rank in females, was significantly correlated with heterozygosity, although more heterozygous alpha males showed longer tenure than homozygous ones. We also tested whether the benefits of greater genetic diversity were due mainly to a genome-wide effect of inbreeding depression or to heterosis at one or a few loci. Multilocus effects best explained the correlation between heterozygosity and reproductive success and tenure, indicating the occurrence of inbreeding depression in this mandrill colony.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Two distinct STLV-1 subtypes infecting Mandrillus sphinx follow the geographic distribution of their hosts.

The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) has been shown to be infected with an STLV-1 closely related to HTLV-1. Two distinct STLV-1 subtypes (D and F) infect wild mandrills with high overall prevalence (27.0%) but are different with respect to their phylogenetic relationship and parallel to the mandrills' geographic range. The clustering of these new STLV-1mnd sequences with HTLV-1 subtype D and F suggests first, past simian-to-human transmissions in Central Africa and second, that species barriers are easier to cross over than geographic barriers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Life history correlates of inbreeding depression in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).

Inbreeding depression reflects the negative consequences of increased homozygosity at genes that affect fitness. We investigate inbreeding depression in a semi-free-ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), using high-quality pedigree data, comprising five maternal generations and 20 years of morphological and demographic data. We examine the relationship between inbreeding coefficients and four fitness correlates: two growth parameters (mass and height for age) and longevity in both sexes, and age at first conception in females. Inbreeding was correlated with both growth parameters, but only in females, with inbred females being smaller than noninbred females. Inbreeding was also correlated significantly with age at first conception, with inbred females giving birth earlier in life than noninbred females. We suggest that sex-biased maternal investment may explain this sex-differential response to inbreeding, although the lack of a significant association between inbreeding and growth in males may also be due to the provisioned nature of the colony. The surprising relationship between age at first conception and inbreeding may be related to smaller adult size in inbred females, or to their being less able to escape from male sexual coercion.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

Circannual changes in the secondary sexual adornments of semifree-ranging male and female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).

Male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) have spectacular secondary sexual adornments. These include red and blue sexual skin on the face, rump, and genitalia; a sternal scent-marking gland; and a "fatted" rump. Mandrills are seasonal breeders, and in other seasonally-breeding primate species members of both sexes may show increased expression of secondary sexual characteristics during the mating season. We examined changes in male secondary sexual adornments and testosterone levels, in relation to seasonal changes in the female reproductive cycle and sexual skin morphology, in two semifree-ranging mandrill groups. Females showed circannual changes in sexual skin tumescence, and periods of tumescence peaked from May-July in a long-established group. However, formation of a second, smaller group, two years previous to commencement of the study, disrupted the seasonal pattern of sexual skin tumescence and births. As the groups occupied adjacent enclosures, it appears that social factors, as well as physical environment, affected the seasonal patterning of reproduction in females. Male mandrills, by contrast, did not exhibit marked circannual changes in secondary sexual traits. Although adult male testicular volume and circulating testosterone levels increased significantly during the mating season, sexual skin coloration and rump "fattedness" showed no consistent changes with season. There was some evidence to suggest that maturing males (ages 5-8 yr) showed increased development of red sexual skin during mating periods, but once males had fully developed secondary sexual adornments, they remained stable throughout the year. The possible reasons for this are discussed in relation to intermale competition and social organization in mandrills.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Social and seasonal influences on the reproductive cycle in female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).

We present 12 years of perineal swelling data for a semifree-ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), and evaluate the influence of rank, parity, and seasonality on reproductive parameters. Female sexual swellings showed a seasonal pattern, with August the median month of ovulation. Overlapping periovulatory periods did not decrease the likelihood of conception. Females showed their first genital swelling at age 3.6 years (n = 28; range, 3.2-4.6 years), and higher-ranking females experienced their first swelling earlier than low-ranking females. Median postpartum amenorrhea (PPA) duration was 208 days (n = 92; range, 74-538 days). PPA was longer in primiparous females than in multiparous females, but PPA duration was unrelated to female rank. Median follicular phase duration was 24 days for the first cycle after parturition (n = 84; range, 12-40 days), shortening to 17 days in subsequent cycles (n = 55; range, 6-39 days). The follicular phase was longer in nulliparous females than in parous females, but was unrelated to female rank. Median cycle length (from one sexual swelling breakdown to the next) was 38 days (n = 57; range, 18-108 days). Eighty-seven percent of conceptions occurred within two cycles, and half of the nulliparous females conceived during their first swelling cycle. Lower-ranking females were more likely to require more cycles to conceive than higher-ranking females. The cycling phase was significantly longer in nulliparous females than in parous females, and was also significantly longer in lower-ranking females than in higher-ranking females. We discuss the influence of provisioning on female reproductive parameters, the influence of parity and rank on the different phases of the interbirth interval, and the evolution of long and variable follicular phases in mandrills.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Genetic self-management in a captive colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) as revealed by DNA minisatellite fingerprints.

DNA fingerprints using three oligonucleotide probes, a (GTG)5 short tandem repeat sequence, and 2 corresponding to the core sequences of minisatellites 33.15 and 33.6, have been used to generate DNA fingerprints of a captive colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) housed at the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), in order to monitor paternity. A colony of 6 males and 7 females was established in a 6 ha. rain-forested enclosure in 1983. Band sharing scores indicated that none of the founders were related. By April 1994 the colony had increased to 84 individuals. Forty-nine of the 77 births were first-generation infants, a further 27 were second-generation offspring, and one was a third-generation mandrill. Five animals died during the study, and one was removed for husbandry reasons. Overall band sharing between individuals increased markedly and the power to discriminate between first- and second-generation infants was reduced; the probability of two individuals sharing the same pattern increased 1000-fold from 10(-6) to 10(-3). The dominant male in the group effectively guards access to all receptive females during the annual breeding season. Paternity analysis confirmed that the dominant male is the father of the great majority of offspring born during this term of dominance. Daughters born before 1991 to either of the two dominant males reached sexual maturity during this tenure. Incestual inbreeding occurred with both males, but only 25% of all possible cases resulted in the birth of a viable infant; one male fathered infants on 3 of 13 possible occasions and a second male on 2 of 7 occasions. Female avoidance strategies and shifts in male dominance in this closed mandrill colony appeared to be timed in a way that reduces incest.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Loa loa: immunological responses during experimental infections in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).

Six intact, adult mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) were infected with human-derived, diurnal Loa loa infective larvae. Microfilaremia, hematological, and immunological parameters were followed for 2-4 years. A major aim was to investigate the relationship between specific humoral immunity to microfilariae and microfilaremia and also to assess whether infection led to generalized immune dysfunction. Microfilaremia was similar to previous studies for 4 mandrills, with a prepatent period of 153.5 +/- 10.1 days, a peak of 34-1,798 mf/ml around Day 200, followed by a decline to low, persistent microfilaremia. One mandrill (No. 20) had a longer prepatent period and very low, but persistent, levels of microfilaremia, and one (No. 19) had gradually increasing levels which remained > 10,000 mf/ml for 3 years. To assess generalized immune perturbations several parameters were studied. There was neither generalized leukocytosis nor relative or absolute eosinophila. Serum Ig concentrations were measured from 0-600 days postinfection by radial immunodiffusion using a rabbit anti-mandrill Ig serum, and these were remarkably stable. Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these infected mandrills and noninfected controls showed no significant differences in the magnitude of proliferation after stimulation with a range of doses of PHA, PWM, or Concanavalin A. Thus, no evidence of generalized immune dysfunction was found in the peripheral blood. Serum IgG levels to soluble mf antigens were estimated by an indirect ELISA and all animals had maximal levels around Week 22 postinfection, at the time of maximum microfilaremia, and these decreased over the next 2-3 years in all mandrills except No. 19, in which levels remained fairly constant. Serum IgG levels to adult worm antigens showed a similar pattern but were not, or were only slightly, diminished late in infection. Antibody to mf sheath antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence and agglutination of live mf. Antibody to sheath antigens were never detected in mandrill 19 but were present from Week 8 postinfection to 2-4 weeks before patency in all the others. Anti-sheath antibodies were not detected in serum at later time points, i.e., postpatency, in any mandrill, even at time points when microfilaremia was < 1 mf/ml. The anti-sheath antibody was IgM and no anti-sheath IgG was detected. Ig was detected on the surface of circulating mf in 1 mandrill (No. 20). The appearance of these antibodies prior to maturation of the adults indicates that certain L4 or immature adult antigens cross-react with the surface of mf.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2003

Isolation of cytomegalovirus and foamy virus from the drill monkey (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and prevalence of antibodies to these viruses amongst wild-born and captive-bred individuals.

Drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus) are an endangered species whose indigenous viral flora is largely unknown. We report here the isolation and characterization of both a cytomegalovirus (DrCMV) and a foamy virus (SFV-drl) from drill monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data placed the DrCMV within a primate CMV clade, and showed that SFV-drl was closely related to baboon foamy viruses. ELISA analysis demonstrated that DrCMV shared common epitopes with other primate CMVs but was distinct from human and baboon CMVs. ELISA testing of sera from wild-born and captive-bred drills indicated that the prevalence of antibodies reactive with these two viruses was 93.2% for DrCMV and 20.3% for SFV-drl.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) SIVmnd experimentally infects human and nonhuman primate cells.

This study set out to characterize the features of experimental infection by simian immunodeficiency virus in mandrill (SIVmnd) (Mandrillus sphinx), cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), African green monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus), baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and human cells. Purified cells were exposed to a primary isolate of SIVmnd grown in the infected mandrill peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and viral p27 gag antigen was quantitated by antigen capture ELISA. Human cells have been found to be infected by SIVmnd. SIVmnd infection in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque, baboon, mandrill and human cells were more effective than in vervet and chimpanzee cells. In addition, the lymphocytic cell lines SupT1, CEMx174 and Molt4 clone 8 were consistently infected by SIVmnd, whereas U937, a monocytic cell line, was not.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The relationship between parasitological status and humoral responses to Loa loa antigens in the Mandrillus sphinx model after immunization with irradiated L3 and infection with normal L3.

In order to identify antigens associated with protection and those associated with active infection, the humoral immune response of 6 Mandrillus sphinx immunized with 150 irradiated L3 and challenged with 100 normal L3 of Loa loa or 6 animals infected with 100 L3 were compared. The plasma of these animals was analysed by Western blot using adult, Mf and L3 antigens. Several antigens with molecular weights varying from 120 kDa to 13 kDa were recognized by the plasma of all animals. It was shown that early recognition of microfilarial antigens with molecular weights of 97, 68, 45 and 33 kDa correlated with the amicrofilaraemic state. A total of 83% of animals with circulating microfilariae had antibodies against the microfilariae 21 kDa antigen. Furthermore, the antibodies against the 21 kDa appeared 1 month before detection of microfilariae in the peripheral blood of 80% of these animals, and declined when animals became amicrofilaraemic. In contrast, when L3 antigen was used, a molecule with a relative molecular weight of 20 kDa was recognized by antibodies of the only animal which remained amicrofilaraemic for 1 year after immunization with irradiated L3. These results suggest that the microfilarial molecule of 21 kDa may be useful as a marker of Loa loa patent infection, whereas the 97, 68, 45 and 33 kDa molecules of microfilariae and the L3 molecule of 20 kDa may be associated with resistance against Loa loa.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Molecular evidence for deep phylogenetic divergence in Mandrillus sphinx.

Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are forest primates indigenous to western central Africa. Phylogenetic analysis of 267 base pairs (bp) of the cytochrome b gene from 53 mandrills of known and 17 of unknown provenance revealed two phylogeographical groups, with haplotypes differentiated by 2.6% comprising seven synonymous transitions. The distribution of the haplotypes suggests that the Ogooué River, Gabon, which bisects their range, separates mandrill populations in Cameroon and northern Gabon from those in southern Gabon. The haplotype distribution is also concordant with that of two known mandrill simian immunodeficiency viruses, suggesting that these two mandrill phylogroups have followed different evolutionary trajectories since separation.

Animals↗