PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Meals”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

[Food value of straw meal in the nutrition of pigs. 1. Digestibility of the nutrients and N-balance after feeding with partially hydrolized straw meal].

Straw Meal was mixed with concentrated HCl at a mass proportion of approximately 10 : 1. After a one-hour duration of action the mixture was diluted with water (in proporation to the added HCl volume the double amount of water) and steamed in an electric steaming caldron for one hour. The partially hydrolised final product was neutralised with calcium hydroxide (3,5 kg per 10 kg HCl). In a digestibility experiment 4 pigs were fed according to the differential method with barley (supplemented with lysine and methionine) without straw meal resp. with straw meal (717 g barley dry matter+386 g straw meal dry matter per animal and day for pigs with an average live weight of 64.3 kg). In this test 21.0% of the organic matter of partially hydrolised straw meal, 0.5% of the crude fibre and 42.3% of the N-free extractives were digestible. When the animals were fed with barley exclusively (1045 g dry matter per day and animal of an average body weight of 61,4 kg), 17,1% of the 26,0 t N per animal and day were excreted in feces. After the feeding with straw meal admixtures, 34,5% of the 20,9 g N per animal and day were excreted in feces. When the feed consisted of 1,99 kg barley, 220 g fish meal and 565 g straw meal (dry matter in each case) per animal and day for the same pigs with an average body weight of 97,1 kg a digestibility of the organic matter of the partially hydrolised straw meal of 24,6% was achieved. 24.3% of the nitrogen consumed (72.9 g) by each animal per day were excreted in feces. After slaughtering, the pH-value in the caecum sould be ascertained as 6.0 to 6.5. The conclusion of this is that partially hydrolised straw meal contains approximately 20% utilisable carbohydrates and has a positive dietic effect in the digestive tract.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 1. Report. A comparison of skim milk, fish meal and extracted soy beans as a protein source in conjunction with whole wheat meal in a liquid feed].

40 piglets were reared in separate cages from the 13th to the 28th day of age and received a liquid milk diet (controls) or a substituted liquid diet. Half of the protein requirements of the young pigs were covered from skim milk, the other half was supplied through fish meal, extracted soya bean meal or a combination of both meals. Whole wheat meal was used as source of substitution energy. The ration containing extracted soya bean meal reduced all the digestibility coefficients with the exception of NFE. As a result, the levels of energy and nutrient intake and the rates of weight increase were lower in the experimental groups receiving the soya bean meal diet than in the control group. The same performance level as with the control diet was achieved when 50% of the skim milk in the experimental diet were replaced by wheat and fish meal.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1975

Phytate destruction by yeast fermentation in whole wheat meals. Study of high-extraction rate meals.

Destruction of phytate by yeast fermentation is compared in sponges prepared from Iranian whole wheat meals of different extraction rates. Phytate was destroyed rapidly in whole meals of 75 to 85 and 85 to 90 per cent extraction, but destruction was retarded in those of 95 to 100 per cent extraction. Production of acid-soluble phosphorus kept pace with phytate destruction in the two whole meals of lower extraction rates but was delayed with less-than-expected yield in those of 95 to 100 per cent rate. Unleavened whole meal bread contains little acid-soluble phosphorus. Leavened breads made from whole meals of slightly lower extraction rate average five times as much. Since phytate phosphorus appears to remain unavailable in the small intestine in many circumstances, dependece on unleavened whole meal bread may result in critically low intakes of available phosphorus when other sources are lacking in the diet. It is concluded that replacement of the whole meals of 95 to 100 per cent extraction rate, presently the main staple of the diet of rural Iran, by those of somewhat lower rate is an important preliminary to the introduction of leaven and fermentation into village bread-making methods.

Bread↗
PubMed1978

[Assessment of the proteins in crill meal and lucerne meal extract].

In a feed test with rats lucerne meal extract and crill meal were used as protein sources in order to test their quality in comparison to casein. On the basis of the applied criteria, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio productive protein value and efficiency of the gross energy we can conclude that lucerne meal extract alone is unsuitable to cover the protein requirement of growing rats. Lucerne meal extract can be supplied particularly on a higher protein level if casein is given in addition. Crill meal as protein source proves to be superior to casein concerning feed conversion and inferior concerning protein accumulation. In this case, complementary doses of casein did not lead to better results.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the metabolic response to a glucose tolerance test and a standardized test meal and the response to serial test meals in normal healthy subjects.

The plasma glucose and insulin response to a standardized meal test breakfast was compared with the time-honored glucose tolerance test in the same normal healthy subjects. The amplitude of glycemic excursion and between-subject variation was less with the more physiologic standardized test meal than with that seen with the glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test's prime function is to amplify any glucose intolerance, thus aiding diagnosis, whereas a standardized meal gives a more clinically relevant metabolic status. The administration of serial test meals during the same day in a smaller group of normal subjects indicated, as seen previously with repeated glucose tolerance tests, a diminishing carbohydrate tolerance during the day.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Value of alkane-produced protein and three animal meals for growth and body nitrogen of meal worms (Tenebrio molitor L.)].

Different types of chemical and biological procedures for screening protein quality of many foods are available. It is recognized however that such assays cannot be part of a routine screening technic. For good technologists and plant breeders in search of novelties, the main problems arise from the small size of samples available and the need to evaluate a large number of materials in a short period of time. The development of more accurate, economical and/or faster bioassay methods would be useful for solving some of the general and applied nutrition problems. The possibility of using larvae of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as a bioassay test organism for nutritional evaluation of proteins has been suggested (8) and previous investigations (9, 10, 11, 12,13, etc.) indicated that these larvae can be used in such studies because of a short, rapid growth period and a sensitivity to slight changes in protein quality and quantity. The present investigation was designed to asses the nutritional quality of artificial diets containing various levels of BP-protein (pure n-alkanes grown yeast or yeast G) when fed to larvae of T. molitor. The results were compared with those of Difco vitamin-free casein, fish and meat meals studied in the same manner. The chemical compositions of these proteins sources was also reported. Defatted meals of the samples were used to prepare diets containing from 0,6 to 20 p. 100 of dietary protein. The basic protein free diet used contained: dextrose: 97 p. 100, McCollum's salt mixture: 2 p. 100, cholesterol: 1 p. 100 and a solution of B-vitamins and zinc chloride: 0,1 ml/g. The dextrose portion of the diets is adjusted as the protein concentration fluctuates. Larvae of T. molitor, Gembloux strain, race F, ranging in weight from 9,60 to 12,00 mg were selected from stock cultures, rearing in the ground wheat-Brever's yeast medium. They were starved for 48 hr. and were weighed again before being placed on the test diets for 4 weeks. Groups of thirty larvae having an average initial weight of approximately 10 mg were reared individually in vials at 27 degrees C and 70 p. 100 relative humidity with 1,5 g of diet each. At the end of the experimental period,the larvae were weighed to the nearest 0,1 mg and the gains in fresh weight were recorded. Then, all the larvae from the same diet, previously killed with chloroform were used from nitrogen determinations. Data on gains in weight and body nitrogen of larvae were analyzed, using analysis of variance and NEWMAN and KEUL's multiple range test. The results suggest that the protein levels allowing maximuum growth and body nitrogen vary from 9 to 12 p. 100 and these levels were suitable for the comparisons. Based on the criterion of larval weight, the nutritional quality of the protein sources was : BP-protein greater than casein = fish meal greater than meat meal (P less than 0,01)...

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration].

Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

On rapeseed meals. Part XXVI. Some remarks on the biological value of rapeseed meal proteins after silage.

The influence of propionic bacteria on the biological value of potato-rapeseed meal protein ensilage was investigated. The inoculation of the ensilage with Propionibacterium Petersoni T 112 led to the reduction of the content of goitrogenous compounds (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and to an increase of the nutritive value (NPU, PER) of the rapeseed protein. The increase of the protein value is greater by the application of propionic bacteria than by toasting of rapeseed meal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

Abomasal infusion of soybean meal necessary to provide nitrogen retention equivalent to steer fed soybean meal.

Eight growing Angus steer calves averaging 213 kg were fitted with abomasal infusion cannulae to compare feeding 455 g of soybean meal (SBM) daily with infusing 120 g SBM abomasally (26% of intake) on nitrogen (N) retention and plasma urea and amino acid levels. A reversal design was used in which each steer received a SBM-supplemented diet plus water abomasally and an unsupplemented diet (basal) plus 120 g of SBM infused abomasally. Feeding a normal intake of SBM or infusing 26% of SBM intake post-ruminally (abomasally) resulted in similar daily N retention (18.4 g N for fed steers and 18.8 g N for infused steers). Total urinary output (liter/day), as well as urinary N losses (g/day), was 6.8 vs. 5.2 and 44.1 vs. 24.0 for the fed and infused groups of steers, respectively (P less than .05). Nitrogen retained expressed as a percent of N intake was 7.2% higher for SBM infusion. Daily fecal dry matter excretion was .25 kg greater for steers infused with SBM. Plasma urea levels were higher (P less than .05) for SBM-fed steers at each 2-hr sampling interval for 8 hr after feeding. Plasma free amino acid levels were similar for both groups of steers.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1975

Gastrin response to meals of different composition in normal subjects.

The serum gastrin responses and the integrated gastrin responses to eating three meals of very different composition were studied in the same normal subjects on different days. Two meals, a milk meal of 500 ml, and a breakfast of eggs, toast, butter, marmalade, fruit juice and coffee, were eaten at breakfast time. The serum gastrin responses to these meals were compared and contrasted with the concentrations observed when the subjects fasted over the same time of day. A steak meal was eaten at lunch time. There were no significant differences between the mean serum gastrin concentrations to the three meals but each meal produced a significant increase in serum gastrin above fasting levels. When the prefeeding gastrin concentration was subtracted from the gastrin responses then the integrated responses to the steak meal were greater than those to either of the breakfast meals. Considerable variability in response to any one meal was observed within the group of subjects, but those subjects who produced high serum gastrin concentrations to one meal did so to the others. Conversely, at low response to one meal was reflected in low responses to the other two meals. Fasting serum gastrin concentration was correlated with the age of the subject. Repeatability of the response to one meal was tested in two subjects who ate the same meal on four separate occasions showing their responses to be repeatable.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Changing meal patterns and suppression of feed intake with increasing amounts of dietary nonprotein nitrogen in ruminants.

Goats were injected intraruminally during spontaneous meals with ammonium chloride, urea, ammonium lactate, or sodium lactate arranged in a Latin square experimental design randomized for order of treatments. Urea and ammonium injections shortened meal length by 20 to 30%. Rate of eating and meal frequency were reduced. Sodium lactate injections reduced meal size. In cows, meal length and meal size also were measured. Grain concentrate, corn silage, and chopped hay were fed as complete mixed rations. In the concentrates 58+ of the nitrogen was either from soybean meal or urea. Length of the first meal after feeding was reduced from 24.3 min with soybean meal to 12.4 with urea. Meal size was reduced from 3.2 kg to 1.8 kg when urea was fed. Total feed intake was similar, 12.0 kg/day (soybean meal) and 11.6 kg/day (urea) since spontaneous meal number and size were 17 and .30 kg for soybean meal but increased to 23 and .36 kg for urea. The physiological basis for the limit on meal length with urea rations is unknown but is an important factor in successful feeding of urea when eating time is limited for cows.

Ammonium Chloride↗