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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Comparative performance of Colisure (TM) and accepted methods in the detection of chlorine-injured total coliforms and E.coli.

Studies were done to examine the comparability of Colisure (TM) and accepted reference methods to detect low numbers of total coliform bacteria and E.coli subjected to chlorine stress. Colisure (TM) is a medium designed to concurrently detect coliform bacteria and E.coli in drinking water by the specific action of beta-galactosidase (total coliforms) and beta-glucuronidase (E.coli). The methods used to compare the performance of various media followed a protocol established by the USEPA. Samples (31) of sewage from six different regions of the US were treated with sufficient concentrations of chlorine (1.2-2.5mg/l) to reduce viability 1-3 logs (39% average injury) and diluted with drinking water to achieve ca. 3 viable coliforms/100ml. The mean log reductions in viable bacteria, determined with various media following disinfection of the 31 samples were: mEndo = 1.87 (TC), Colisure (TM) = 1.55 (TC), mTec = 3.63 (E.coli) and Colisure (TM) = 2.01 (E.coli). When Colisure (TM) was compared with accepted methods to detect total coliforms in the dilute, disinfected samples, Colisure (TM) yielded results that were 1.6 times greater than LTB confirmed in BGLB at 28h. Colisure (TM) also detected 1.7 times greater levels of E.coli than LTB confirmed in EC/MUG at 28h. Sensitivity and specificity of Colisure (TM) were between 96 and 100% when positive and negative tests were verified. These findings indicate that Colisure (TM) is superior to certain accepted reference methods in the detection of chlorine-injured coliforms and E.coli under conditions that resemble contaminated drinking water.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Barrier contraceptive method acceptability and choice are not reliable indicators of use.

BACKGROUND: The need for safe and effective female-controlled methods that protect against sexually transmitted pathogens is widely recognized. Product effectiveness is inextricably bound to use, and, therefore, the needs and preferences of potential consumers must be considered. The degree to which measures of acceptability correlate with actual barrier method use remains unexamined. GOAL: The goal was to evaluate associations between measures of acceptability and use of existing over-the-counter barrier methods. STUDY DESIGN: In the San Francisco Bay Area, 510 females aged 15 to 30 years were recruited from reproductive health clinics for this longitudinal study. RESULTS: Neither hypothetical acceptability nor product choice predicted use. Fewer than 50% of participants who chose a female-controlled method used it. Similarly, method satisfaction was not associated with use (14.3-51.4% of satisfied users used the method again). However, dissatisfaction was predictive of low levels of subsequent use (0-15.3% used the method again). Male condoms were used despite dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: The lack of association among assessments of acceptability, choice, satisfaction, and use suggests a need to reframe how product acceptability is evaluated in prevention research so it is more predictive of method use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A theoretical basis for clinically relevant proficiency testing evaluation limits. Sensitivity analysis of the effect of inherent test variability on acceptable method error.

The types and performance characteristics of the present rules for acceptance and rejection of quantitative results by proficiency testing agencies are reviewed. The rates of false acceptance and rejection by peer group evaluation are high when compared with explicit medical usefulness criteria. Accuracy-based target values and fixed limits provide the technologic basis for process control of interlaboratory accuracy, and their efficacy contrasts with that of peer limits. However, uniform criteria for result accuracy are also required. A clinical statistical model predicting the effect of method error on clinical diagnostic accuracy is proposed. A criterion is proposed for result accuracy defined in terms of uniform clinical benefit. The criterion specifies a fixed error limit for each type of application of a medical test that is appropriate for the inherent variability of the test application. Recent College of American Pathologists Survey experience with clinical fixed limits for allowable analytic error calculated by the model is presented.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative evaluation of methods accepted by Russian and international standards to assess total resistance of special cold-proof clothing set].

Experimental studies helped to compare methods determining and calculating total heat resistance of clothing sets accepted by Russian and international standards. Findings are that difference in the total heat resistance values calculated on humans and on dummies in relatively still air and quiet conditions is caused by measurement technique applied. Significant difference in the total heat resistance values calculated in windy conditions or during walk require further research aimed to study influence of those factors on clothes' heat resistance.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1991

Association between contraceptive method accepted and perception of information received: a comparison of Norplant and IUD acceptors.

In the present study Norplant(R) and IUD acceptors who attended the same counseling sessions have been compared on their perception of the information received at the family planning clinic. The study covered 100 acceptors of each method quota matched by parity and years of schooling. Data were obtained through home interviews. The two groups presented no significant differences when selected socio-demographic characteristics were analyzed. Norplant users recalled more information on this method than did IUD acceptors, and the content of what they remembered was different. This included concepts as important as risk of pregnancy, menstrual and health effects, and method of removal. The results suggest that the intrinsic qualities of the new method and the presence of a group of women motivated to use one with its general characteristics, are not sufficient conditions for its acceptance.

Contraception↗
PubMed2006

Female sterilisation: is it what women really want or are alternative contraceptive methods acceptable?

OBJECTIVE: An initial audit was conducted in 2001 to monitor all women referred for female sterilisation. This re-audit in 2003 set out to investigate those women who initially chose alternative reversible contraception and ascertain whether they were still using that method or if they or their partner had requested sterilisation. METHODS: A telephone survey of general practitioners was conducted, 2 years after an initial sterilisation counselling appointment, of those women who initially had chosen alternative, reversible forms of contraception. RESULTS: Information regarding current contraception was obtained for 44 (85%) of the cohort of 52 women. Three women and five of their partners (15.4%) had been sterilised in the intervening 2 years. Two women had undergone hysterectomy for gynaecological reasons. Thirty-four (65.4%) women were using reversible contraceptive methods and 31 (59.6%) were still using the same contraceptive method chosen at the sterilisation counselling appointment. Information was not available for eight (15.4%) women. CONCLUSIONS: Female sterilisation counselling within a contraception and sexual health service successfully offers a full range of contraceptive alternatives. This small audit indicates that at least two-thirds of women who choose one of these alternatives will still be using this method 2 years later. Although the number of women in this audit is small, we suggest that this change in service delivery has contributed to a decline in female sterilisation within the district and has led to an increased use of effective, reversible hormonal contraception within the community and hospital services.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1976

Saline lavage: a rapid, effective, and acceptable method for cleansing the gastrointestinal tract.

The standard preparation for cleansing the gastrointestinal tract for diagnostic studies such as barium enema usually involves dietary restrictions, purgatives, and cleansing enemas. This preparation is time consuming, often uncomfortable for the patient, and frequently unsuccessful. In this study, we examined the efficacy of saline lavage (without dietary restrictions or cleansing enemas) as a gentle, alternative method for cleansing the bowel, and compared lavage to the standard castor oil method of bowel preparation. Lavage cleansing was preferred by 75% of patients who had previously experienced a castor oil preparation. Although 11% of patients could not consume an adequate (4-liter) lavage volume, there was no significant difference in preparation success rate between the remaining lavage patients and the castor oil patients. Total preparation time for lavage (3 +/- 1 hr) was 60% less than for castor oil. The anticipated dehydration produced by castor oil and the hydration produced by lavage were confirmed. No significant changes were noted, however, in serum electrolytes with either method of preparation. Additional early studies are promising for the lavage method when used in inflammatory bowel disease patients and as a cleansing preparation for colonoscopy.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1991

[Psychotherapy in schizophrenic psychoses--historical development, effectiveness and currently accepted methods].

Psychotherapy has a long tradition in the treatment of schizophrenic psychosis. Individual therapies--based on psychoanalysis in continental Europe and in the first half of this century due to emigrants in England and the United States--were predominant. The development of family therapy then led to modified forms and in particular group therapy for relatives of schizophrenic patients. There is a variety of treatments available today: assistance in coping with the disease, cognitive therapies and social skill training, psychotherapy based on depth psychology, family therapy and work with the relatives of patients. Some encouraging studies on efficacy are already available. Drug treatment continues to be the dominant form of therapy, but modified psychotherapeutic programs for patients and their relatives have become an important supplement to neuroleptic therapy and relapse prevention, particularly since the "Vulnerability-Stress-Hypotheses" became widely accepted.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed2001

Making vaccines more acceptable--methods to prevent and minimize pain and other common adverse events associated with vaccines.

The growing abundance of highly immunogenic vaccines has arrived with a burden of pain, distress, and common adverse reactions that in turn may interfere with parental compliance and aggravate anti-vaccine sentiment. In a study of 150 children in each of 2 age-groups, we found that approximately 20% of the subjects suffered serious distress or worse. During the procedural phase, approximately 90% of the 15-to-18 month old children and 45% of the 4-to-6 year old children showed serious distress or worse. To address non-adherence with pediatric vaccine schedules, we must consider all of the possible issues that might prevent a parent from taking a child to a health care provider for vaccination. In that same study we identified useful predictors for both preparatory and procedural distress - predictors that might be used in identifying children who might benefit from preventive interventions. Vaccine providers might consider a variety of interventions. Attitude, empathy, instruction, and practice have all been shown to have a salutatory effect upon pain and anxiety with medical procedures in general and specifically with vaccinations. Distraction has also been found to be an effective method for distress and pain prevention in children. More formal methods of clinical hypnosis which combine a deep state of relaxation with focused imagery and suggestion have also been found to be effective in helping children and adolescents prepare for, cope with, and tolerate the pain and anxiety associated with medical procedures. So-called 'sugar nipples' delivering small amounts of sucrose orally at the time of a painful procedure in an infant has been not been shown to decrease vaccination pain and studies on refrigerant topical anesthetics are mixed. Studies have found a eutectic mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine (EMLA) effective in providing adequate local anesthesia in children, but it suffers from problems in practical application. Studies with various injection techniques have not identified ready solutions, and although jet injection appears to provoke less anxiety and cause less immediate pain, studies also indicate a somewhat greater incidence of delayed local reactogenicity including soreness and edema. Other measures to prevent or rapidly treat other common adverse events have been shown effective and should be considered as well.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1982

[Summary of consultations and transfer of patients by a direct survey of physicians: survey methods, acceptability and limits of interpretation].

A survey of medical ambulatory practice was carried out in February-March 1981 in the two Swiss cantons of Vaud and Fribourg (total population: 700,000), in which 205 physicians participated. The methodology used was inspired from the U.S. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the data collection instrument of which was adapted to our conditions; in addition, data were gathered on all referrals prescribed by 154 physicians during two weeks. (The instruments used are presented.) The potential and limits of this type of survey are discussed, as well as the representativity of the participating physicians and of the recorded visits, which are a systematic sample of over 43,000 visits.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1986

The contraceptive diaphragm. Is it an acceptable method in the 1980s?

A prospective study of diaphragm users at the Family Planning Association of Victoria was undertaken. Despite the women being well motivated and instructed the pregnancy rate was high (24 per 100 woman years) and the continuation rate was only 35% at 12 months. Three-quarters of the women who became pregnant admitted that they did not use a diaphragm on every occasion. Therefore emphasis must be placed on the committed use of the diaphragm every time coitus occurs. Even so, the diaphragm does not appear to be a very safe method of contraception, and may be better suited to family spacing rather than as a method when high efficacy is required.

Contraception Behavior↗