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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effects of agricultural development policies on migration in peninsular Malaysia.

State planning plays a central role in Malaysia's social and economic development. The government's rural development policies are designed to promote agricultural incomes and help counterbalance ethnic inequalities. The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) implements one of the internationally most successful land development and resettlement programs. In this article, we quantify the impact of FELDA settlements on local out-migration rates, linking macro and micro approaches and using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey, national censuses, and other sources. A model of instantaneous migration rates specifies an individual's migration rate as a function of individual-level sociodemographic characteristics, the level of urbanization of the origin and destination, and the extent of rural development at the district of current residence. Our results show that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the existence of rural development centers in a district reduced the levels of out-migration to pre-1965 levels.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Optimum fuel loads in migratory birds: distinguishing between time and energy minimization

By combining the potential flight range of fuel with different migration policies, the optimum departure fuel load for migratory birds can be calculated. We evaluate the optimum departure fuel loads associated with minimization of three different currencies: (1) overall time of migration, (2) energy cost of transport and (3) total energy coast of migration. Predicted departure loads are highest for (1), lowest for (2) and intermediate for (3). Further, currencies (1) and (3) show departure loads dependent on the fuel accumulation rate at stopovers, while (2) is not affected by variation in the rate of fuel accumulation. Furthermore, fuel loads optimized with respect to currency (3) will differ depending on the size (body mass) of the bird and the energy density of the fuel. We review ecological situations in which the various currencies may apply, and suggest how a combination of stopover decisions and observations of flight speed may be used to decide among the three cases of migration policies. Finally, we calculate that the total energy cost of migration is roughly divided between flight and stopover as 1:2. The total time of migration is similarly divided between flight and stopover as 1:7, probably with a relatively longer stopover time in larger species. Hence, we may expect strong selection pressures to optimize the fuel accumulation strategies during stopover episodes.Copyright 1997 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1997 Academic Press Limited

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

The determinants of breast-feeding in Sri Lanka.

Breast-feeding is the focus of rapidly growing interest. Research on the determinants of breast-feeding is only beginning. The research in this paper is based on World Fertility Survey data for Sri Lanka. We develop what we believe to be an appropriate probit model and find that there are significant socioeconomic factors that influence breast-feeding, in addition to the demographic factors focused upon in the literature. Moreover, some of them have clear policy implications, which are elaborated herein with respect to labor force, education, family planning and internal migration policies. In the course of the paper we also address a number of generally neglected statistical issues that should be considered in analyzing the determinants of breast-feeding, including problems resulting from digit preference or age heaping, the need to use dichotomous dependent variables, unavoidable truncation biases in the basic data, and structural shifts in the determinants of breast-feeding at different durations.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1975

The equivalence of United States census data for persons of Russian stock or descent with American Jews: an evaluation.

While the U.S. Bureau of the Census has had a long-standing policy of abstaining from enumerating the religious beliefs or backgrounds of the American people, at least two-thirds of the Jewish population of the United States has been enumerated in decennial censuses and sample surveys in the guise of persons of Russian stock or origin. This has come about through the migration policy of the old Russian Empire and the statistical categories utilized by American immigration authorities and by the U. S. Bureau of the Census for immigrants and their children. Comparisons between the returns from an ethnic survey and a survey on the religious composition demonstrate the close congruence between persons of Russian stock or descent and American Jews on the national level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Temporary migrants in Shanghai households, 1984.

In China, temporary migration is defined as a change in place of residence without a concomitant change in household registration; such mobility therefore encompasses a more heterogeneous set of movements than is usually subsumed under this heading in other nations. Because of China's strict control of permanent migration to large cities, temporary migration has become an important strategy for adjusting to economic changes and to effecting family reunification. The Shanghai Temporary Migration Survey of 1984 focused on one segment of temporary migrants, the 58% living in the households of permanent residents. Multinomial logistic regression suggests the heightened probability that close relatives of the household heads come to Shanghai to visit or to live, and nonrelatives to work. Regression on current and expected duration shows that many intended to stay for a year or more, some for up to 20 years. Their presence in the city places added strains on infrastructure and raises questions about the continued efficacy of China's migration policies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Migration, fertility, and state policy in Hubei Province, China.

Despite China's one-child family planning policy, the nation experienced a slight rise in the birth rate in the mid-1980s. Many observers attributed this rise to the heightened fertility of those rural-to-urban migrants who moved without a change in registration (temporary migrants), presumably to avoid the surveillance of family planning programs at origin and destination. Using a sequential logit analysis with life-history data from a 1988 survey of Hubei Province, we test this possibility by comparing nonmigrants, permanent migrants, and temporary migrants. While changing family planning policies have a strong impact on timing of first birth and on the likelihood of higher-order births, migrants generally do not have more children than nonmigrants. In fact, migration tends to lower the propensity to have a child. More specifically, the fertility of temporary migrants does not differ significantly from that of other women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a refugee-assistance programme on host population in Guinea as measured by obstetric interventions.

BACKGROUND: Since 1990, 500000 people have fled from Liberia and Sierra Leone to Guinea, west Africa, where the government allowed them to settle freely, and provided medical assistance. We assessed whether the host population gained better access to hospital care during 1988-96. METHODS: In Guéckédou prefecture, we used data on major obstetric interventions performed in the district hospital between January, 1988, and August, 1996, and estimated the expected number of births to calculate the rate of major obstetric interventions for the host population. We calculated rates for 1988-90, 1991-93, and 1994-96 for three rural areas with different numbers of refugees. FINDINGS: Rates of major obstetric interventions for the host population increased from 0.03% (95% CI 0-0.09) to 1.06% (0.74-1.38) in the area with high numbers of refugees, from 0.34% (0.22-0.45) to 0.92% (0.74-1.11) in the area with medium numbers, and from 0.07% (0-0.17) to 0.27% (0.08-0.46) in the area with low numbers. The rate ratio over time was 4.35 (2.64-7.15), 1.70 (1.40-2.07), and 1.94 (0.97-3.87) for these areas, respectively. The rates of major obstetric interventions increased significantly more in the area with high numbers of refugees than in the other two areas. INTERPRETATION: In areas with high numbers of refugees, the refugee-assistance programme improved the health system and transport infrastructure. The presence of refugees also led to economic changes and a "refugee-induced demand". The non-directive refugee policy in Guinea made such changes possible and may be a cost-effective alternative to camps.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Migration and AIDS.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

AIDS--legal issues.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

The impact of origin community characteristics on rural-urban out-migration in a developing country.

It is widely believed that structural variables such as inequitable land distribution, lack of rural employment opportunities, and rural-urban wage and amenity gaps influence population movements in developing countries. Yet quantitative evidence is scant. In this paper a multilevel model is used to investigate the effects of individual-, household-, and areal-level factors on rural-urban out-migration in the Ecuadorian Sierra. Data from a detailed survey carried out in 1977-1978 and from government macro-areal statistics are used to investigate factors affecting the out-migration of youths aged 12-25. Preliminary conclusions are presented on the usefulness of multilevel models in studying migration and policy implications for Ecuador.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Elderly demographic profiles of U.S. states: impacts of "new elderly births," migration, and immigration.

Many policy analysts take a narrow view toward assessing demographic change of state elderly populations by focusing only on the migration component. This article examines how 1990 state elderly populations have been affected by "new elderly births" (a state's population ages 55-59 in 1985 which survived to ages 60-64 in 1990) as well as by migration components, over the 1985-90 period. It utilizes 1990 Census migration tabulations of the residence 5-years-ago question, along with demographic decomposition analysis. During this period, elderly births exerted a greater impact than migration on elderly gains and demographic compositions for all states. Migration from abroad is also important for state Latino and Asian elderly populations.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

International migration of health manpower in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper concerns itself with a few questions related to the impact of the emigration of health manpower on the health status of individuals and economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper evaluates the harmfulness of the migration from Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis leads to some observations about the effect of the quality of the migration on Africa's health care system development and the appropriateness of some of Africa's policies for controlling the migration.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

Paths for future population aging.

Developed countries with low fertility and mortality rates are already experiencing population aging and will continue to do so. Some developing countries undergoing demographic transitions are beginning to acknowledge the issues of population aging. The projected declines in fertility in other developing countries will mean substantial population aging in the future. Alternative measures for population aging can clarify issues that arise with this process. Because population aging is inevitable, all countries need to incorporate aging policies with population policies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Policy paper of the Committee on Ethics and Task Force on Migration and Mental Health: Migration and mental health of migrants, refugees, asylum seekers - Ethical dilemmas and concerns.

BACKGROUND: International migration is a complex phenomenon of global and historical relevance. It includes voluntary, forced, and workforce migration, shaped by diverse determinants. Push factors comprise war, persecution, and political instability, while pull factors include stability, economic opportunities, education, and favorable living conditions. Forced migration is frequently associated with displacement and a disproportionate burden of mental health disorders, which are urgent yet difficult to address due to structural, cultural, and legal barriers. METHODS: Evidence demonstrates that restricted health care access exacerbates psychiatric disorders, while treatment delays contribute to poorer outcomes. Barriers include administrative limitations, linguistic and cultural differences, stigma, and resource shortages. This policy paper was developed by the Committee on Ethics and the Task Force on Migration and Mental Health of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA). Relevant literature was reviewed and combined with the professional expertise of committee members. The draft was subsequently evaluated by the Publication Committee and the EPA Board, and revised accordingly. RESULTS: Ethical principles in refugee care are insufficiently implemented in many European countries. Core principles of medical ethics - beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice - as well as the obligation to advance psychiatric standards and apply psychiatric expertise for societal benefit, are inconsistently upheld. CONCLUSIONS: The primary duty of physicians is to promote health and well-being through competent, timely, and compassionate care. The EPA therefore advocates coordinated strategies to mitigate the mental health consequences of war, displacement, and trauma, and to secure equitable access to psychiatric services for migrants and refugees.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

International migration and control of communicable diseases.

The epidemiology and policy implications of communicable disease (CD) transmission associated with international migration have received little systematic study. This is a review of clinical and epidemiological reports in search of strategies to assess and manage the impact of international migration on the transmission of CDs. The economics and demography of migration from less developed to industrialized nations is considered. Migration-related transmission should differentiate between actual transmission as opposed to geographic relocation of disease. Limitations of current screening and disease prevention strategies are discussed. Social and ecological processes through which migration can contribute to increased CD transmission are described, including placement in refugee camps, unclear legal status of migrants in recipient nations, and temporary return migration. Strategies for non-discriminatory and non-punitive control of migration-related CDs, needed changes in clinical practice, and complexities presented by CDs of long latency (such as HIV infection) are reviewed.

Communicable Disease Control↗