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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Variation in macronutrients in human bank milk: influencing factors and implications for human milk banking.

Protein (P), fat (F), and carbohydrate (C) concentration in expressed human bank milk was determined by infrared analysis of 2,554 samples from 224 mothers. The mean contents of P, F, C, and energy (E, calculated from P, F, and C) were 9.0 g/L, 39.0 g/L, 71.9 g/L, and 696 kcal/L, respectively. There was a large variation in the concentration of energy-yielding macronutrients. The contents of P, F, C, and E in the samples with the highest values (97.5 percentile) were 2.3-, 4.8-, 1.2-, and 2.3-fold, respectively, above the contents in the samples with the lowest values (2.5 percentile). The P content decreased exponentially during the 1st 8 months, followed by an increase during the following months. The F content decreased during the 1st 4 months, followed by an almost linear increase. The possible influence of different maternal characteristics on the macronutrient content of the milk was examined. The main results were as follows: the P and F contents increased slightly with increasing body mass index of the mother, the P content decreased with increasing amounts of milk delivered to the milk bank, and the F content was higher in mothers delivering large amounts of milk. By selecting incoming milk with a high P content, we have developed a "high-protein" milk with a P content of about 12 g/L (true protein) and an E content of about 725 kcal/L. Thus, by continuous monitoring of macronutrient content in human bank milk it is possible to develop a "high-protein" milk with sufficient P and E content to cover the needs of preterm infants with very low birth weights (less than 1,500 g).

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Collection methods and contamination of bank milk.

Bank milk collected by manual expression was less likely to be contaminated than milk collected by other methods. Contamination with coliforms and gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative rods was related to the pumps used by donors in their homes. Stringent precautions reduced but did not eliminate contamination.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Quality control of banked milk in Brasilia, Brazil.

The authors studied quality control procedures at human milk banks and nutritional profiles of 909 milk samples (from 195 donors, aged 15 to 45 years) from banked human milk (BHM) in Brasília, Brazil. Number of donations per donor ranged from 1 to > 10 that consisted mostly of mature milk (90.9%) with a mean total energy of 529 +/- 85 kcal/L and a mean total lipid of 22.7 g/L +/- 13.2. Microbiological quality (titrable acidity-Dornic, degrees D) was suitable for infant feeding in 99.2% of samples (< 8 degrees D), ranging from 2 degrees D to 8 degrees D (mean 4.8 +/- 1.4 degrees D). Most BHM (98.1%) samples were dispensed to inpatient infants (1-7 days) diagnosed with respiratory distress (30.1%), prematurity (20.7%), metabolic distress (16.0%), jaundice (14.4%), bacterial infection (6.0%), pneumonia (3.3%), congenital cardiac distress (2.2%), or other conditions (6.2%). Well-motivated mothers and trained staff are serving and sustaining an important life-saving network with long-lasting impact on public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organization and operation of a human breast milk bank.

Breast milk has replaced proprietary formulas as an important feeding for the premature and sick neonate. Over 30 milk banks have been established in the United States to provide breast milk to high-risk neonates. Planning a milk bank poses many problems as no uniform standards for quality control exist. A format for developing a breast milk bank and the protocol for donor screening, collection techniques, transport and storage of milk are presented. Rationale supporting each section of the protocol is also included.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Rate of inactivation of cytomegalovirus in raw banked milk during storage at -20 degrees C and pasteurisation.

Samples of milk from 23 mothers attending the department of obstetrics and gynaecology and 36 who donated milk to the department's milk bank were cultured for cytomegalovirus. Virus was isolated from samples from 12 of the milk donors but none of the mothers attending the department; follow-up studies during lactation in seven of these 12 women showed that five continued to excrete the virus. Samples were taken on three occasions from one woman who regularly excreted high titres of the virus. Storage at -20 degrees C for over three days reduced the titre by over 99%; after pasteurisation at 63 degrees C for eight minutes the milk did not contain any viable virus. It is recommended that raw banked milk used for feeding preterm babies should be kept frozen for at least 72 hours before feeding.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2001

Excelência em bancos de leite humano: uma visão do futuro--the First International Congress on Human Milk Banking.

The first International Congress of Human Milk Banks--Excellence in Human Milk Banking: A Vision of the Future, held in Brazil in June 2000 and sponsored by the Brazilian Association of Milk Banks, had representation from milk banks in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Venezuela, France, the United Kingdom, and North America as well as Brazil. A recurring theme in the discussion of donor milk banking was the role of each country's milk banks in the promotion and support of breastfeeding. The Brazilian National Reference Milk Bank and the growth of donor milk banking in Brazil over the past 15 years were described, including federal regulation that all milk bank directors be trained and certified. Milk banking systems in France, the United Kingdom, Venezuela and the Caribbean, and North America were also discussed. Similarities and differences in the donor screening process and the regulation of milk banks in the countries is presented.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2006

[Infant feeding and future of manking. Human milk. Human milk banking].

Infant feeding and future of mankind. Human milk. Human milk banking. Human milk is the specific food for infants, it is essencial for suitable growth and development and it spreads its influence until adult life and later. The advantages of breastfeeding for infants and mothers are unquestionable. In the seventies WHO registered a significant decrease of breast feeding that was recovering from the eighties in our country. Nowadays, the maternal intention of breastfeeding is high, but the total duration of the breast feeding is too short. To promote breastfeeding is urgent, specially its duration along infancy. When an infant can't be fed with milk of his own mother, pasteurised milk of selected donor mothers is the best option specially for high risk or ill infants. This milk is got, managed and distributed by human milk banks. We have not human milk banks in Spain, even though we had them in the recent past. Hence it is very important to stablish human milk banking in our country for giving human milk to prematures and ill neonates and infants.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Trends in donor milk banking in the United States.

Modern donor milk banking was conceived in the US in the early 1900s as a medicalized version of wet nursing. Over the course of the century the fortunes of donor milk banking have varied considerably. In the last 20 years donor milk banking has been negatively affected by the development of specialty formulas, safety issues related to viral transmission, and lack of clinical research. To survive, US milk banks have been receptive to clinical uses considered as "alternative medicine," and have cooperated with governmental agencies to develop standards for safety. A qualitative analysis of collected case histories of US donor milk recipients demonstrates that donor human milk banking can be critical to survival and the well-being of at-risk infants, children, and the occasional adult. By analyzing national data collected by survey method and examining the literature, the researcher compared German and US milk banks and distribution data. German milk banks use donor milk exclusively for premature infants and have less stringent operating standards, yet dispense volumes of milk greatly in excess of the US milk banks. While statistics are lacking for the total recipient population in the US, a projected analysis (based on German consumption) of the potential volume that could be dispensed in the US is presented, indicating that the population in need of this crucial public health service is currently under-served in the US.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1982

The establishment of a breast-milk bank in Durban.

A breast-milk bank was established in Durban at the end of 1980 by the Christian Care organization. Breast milk is collected and frozen by registered donors and delivered to the Milk Bank at Addington Hospital, Each bottle, containing 40 ml, is tested on arrival at the Milk Bank and deep-frozen if the bacterial count is below a selected level. The fat, protein and lactose content of the discarded milk is analysed. Approximately 163 litres of milk were collected in 8 months, 15% of which was unacceptable and discarded. The chemical composition of the milk varies considerably from bottle to bottle, particularly as regards the fat content. About 90 infants needing special care have received milk from the bank. A survey of milk banks operating in other parts of the world and the results of research into the effects of heat treatment on the immunological factors in human milk are presented.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics of breast milk and serology of women donating breast milk to a milk bank.

OBJECTIVE: Breast milk is the most important nutrient to all newborn babies. If the mother's milk production is insufficient, it is important to provide donor breast milk without reduction of its immunologic and antimicrobial properties. Early use of breast milk to preterm infants has shown a reduced incidence of necrotising enterocolitis, a faster tolerance of enteral feeding, and a reduced need of parenteral nutrition. It is important to have milk from a CMV-IgG negative donor to VLBW infants considered immunocompromised. METHODS: Between January 1st and December 31st 2001, 69 women delivered 1.973 litres (mean 28.6 litres/woman/year). 73% had college education, were primipara, and with a mean age of 30.7 years. Those who smoked, used alcohol or any medications were refused as donors. They started to deliver approximately 7 weeks after having given birth and continued for a mean of 4 months. Each milk sample was tested for bacterial growth. Every donor was screened for HIV, CMV-IgG and hepatitis B/C before donating milk and thereafter every third month. RESULTS: 62.3% was CMV-IgG positive. Samples containing staphylococcus aureus, klebsialla-, enterobacter- and serratia-species or E. coli, and all samples containing > 10(4) cfu/ml were pasteurised. Overall, only 10.5% of the samples were pasteurised. CONCLUSION: It is possible and important to provide VLBW babies with fresh frozen unpasteurised CMV-IgG negative breast milk until their own mothers' milk production is sufficient.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The development of a research human milk bank.

Although there are well-established clinical human milk banks in the United States, there are no milk banks specifically intended to foster research on human milk. The authors' goal was to establish a milk bank with a core data set to support exploratory and hypothesis-driven studies on human milk. Donations to the Cincinnati Children's Research Human Milk Bank are accepted within the context of ongoing, hypothesis-driven research or on an ad hoc basis. Donors must give informed consent, and scientists wishing to use the samples must have Institutional review board approval for their use. Development of more research human milk banks can potentially provide resources for multidisciplinary collaboration and advance the study of human milk and lactation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The milk of human kindness: the story of the Mothers Milk Bank at Austin.

Increased scientific study of human milk and awareness of the special nutritional needs of the premature infant have stimulated interest in human donor milk banking. Yet only three donor human milk banks existed in the United States in 1998. Having observed better outcomes in human milk-fed neonatal intensive care patients, two neonatologists in Austin, Texas, founded The Mothers Milk Bank at Austin (MMBA). Since opening in 1999, the MMBA has expanded rapidly as the result of careful planning, innovative procedures, fiscal stability, and widespread community support. The non-profit organizational structure, diversity and progressive vision of the board of directors and staff, and creative on-going public relations efforts have contributed to the success of the project. The MMBA demonstrates a model for 21st century milk banking.

Editorial↗
PubMed2006

A review of human milk banking and public health policy in Australia.

Breastmilk is the perfect food for human infants. It is markedly different from, and uniquely superior to, artificial baby milk. Human milk banks are services which collect, screen, process and distribute donated breastmilk. Recipients are generally ill and premature infants whose mothers are unable to breastfeed them. This review of human milk banking in Australian public health policy draws from local and international research. This history of human milk banking and contemporary Australian policies, pertaining to breastfeeding and milk banking, are examined. Human milk banking is noted to be largely invisible from national breastfeeding policies. The barriers to establishing human milk banks in the Australian context are explored. Strategies which have helped generate support for human milk banking are discussed. International research has demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of banked donor milk. It is time for human milk banking to become an integral component of Australian breastfeeding policies, viewed as one of several initiatives to protect and support breastfeeding.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

Human milk bank in a district general hospital.

A human milk bank was organised in the special care baby unit of a district general hospital. The staff of the unit and members of a voluntary organisation helped to contact donors and arrange collection of milk samples. Over two years 2093 samples of expressed breast milk were collected from 187 donors and examined bacteriologically. Of these samples, 1171 (56%) grew no bacteria. If the organism count exceeded 2.5 X 10(6)/1 but was less than 1 X 10(9)/1 samples were subjected to mild heat treatment. If the count exceeded 1 X 10(9)/1 the milk was not fed to babies. Sixty-five babies received milk from the bank during the second year. Although these infants were vulnerable, mortality and morbidity were not adversely affected by the banked milk they received. The cost of establishing and running a human milk bank need not be high. Extensive resources such as extra staff and laboratory and transport facilities were not needed. Enthusiastic co-operation and good will between hospital staff, voluntary helpers, and donors contributed greatly to the success of the scheme.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗