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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior and the Locus of Control.

PROBLEM: The bicycle helmet use rate is still low among teenagers despite the cumulating evidence that bicycle helmets can prevent cyclists from serious injuries and death. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the Health Belief Model (HBM; Health Education Monographs, 2 (1974) (1), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Open University Press, Milton Keynes) and Locus of Control model (LC; Psychological Monographs, (1966) (80) in understanding the intention to use bicycle helmet use among bicycle helmet owners. METHOD: Data were collected at two schools in Helsinki, Finland. Students (N=965) completed a questionnaire including three social psychological models applied to helmet use. Models were compared by structural equation modeling techniques. SUMMARY: Results showed that the TPB and LC model fitted the data well, whereas fit of the HBM model was lower than the fit of TPB and LC models. All components of TPB and external LC orientation were significantly related to the intention to use a helmet. TPB together with LC model provide a promising theoretical framework for helmet use promotion campaigns. Practical suggestions for future bicycle helmet campaigns were provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Empirical psychological modeling of chest pain: a comparative study.

In this study the psychological profiles of 67 patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCA) and 47 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were analyzed to construct an empirical-psychological model that would be able to discriminate these two groups. All patients were suffering from chest pain at the time of referral by their general practitioner. The noncardiac patients were significantly younger, more often female, single, and nonsmokers. The two groups differed significantly on anxiety, somatization, obsessive compulsive behavior, psychoneuroticism, and hyperventilation. Logistic regression analysis on the variables jointly, showed that age, gender, anxiety, and hyperventilation contributed significantly to the model for discriminating between the two groups. Crossvalidation showed that the constructed model was stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Learned helplessness or expectancy-value? A psychological model for describing the experiences of different categories of unemployed people.

Various studies have explored the relationships between unemployment and expectation of success, commitment to work, motivation, causal attributions, self-esteem and depression. A model is proposed that assumes the relationships between these variables are moderated by (a) whether or not the unemployed individual is seeking a first job and (b) age. It is proposed that for the unemployed who are seeking their first job (seekers) the relationships among these variables will be consistent with expectancy-value theory, but for those who have had a previous job (losers), the relationships will be more consistent with learned helplessness theory. It is further assumed that within this latter group the young losers will experience "universal helplessness" whereas the adult losers will experience "personal helplessness".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A psychological model that integrates ethics in engineering education.

Ethics has become an increasingly important issue within engineering as the profession has become progressively more complex. The need to integrate ethics into an engineering curriculum is well documented, as education does not often sufficiently prepare engineers for the ethical conflicts they experience. Recent research indicates that there is great diversity in the way institutions approach the problem of teaching ethics to undergraduate engineering students; some schools require students to take general ethics courses from philosophical or religious perspectives, while others integrate ethics in existing engineering courses. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to implement the integration of ethics in engineering education that is pedagogically based on Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of three social-psychological models of attitude and behavioral plan: prediction of contraceptive behavior.

We compared the predictive validities of three prominent models of attitudes and behavioral decisions: Rosenberg's instrumentality-value model, Fishbein's belief-evaluation model, and Beach's adaptation of subjective expected utility theory. Seventy female undergraduates rated each of the models' components and reported their attitudes and behavioral plans toward using three different methods of contraception. With the traditional across-subjects prediction procedure, the Rosenberg model generally accounted for 5-25% less variance in subjects' attitudes and behavioral plans than the Fishbein an Beach models, which were not different. With a within-subject prediction procedure, the Rosenberg model was again the least accurate, and the Fishbein and Beach models had similar predictive accuracy. As hypothesized, within-subject predictions were more accurate than across-subjects predictions. The relatively poor performance of the Rosenberg model was attributable to the instrumentality component. In addition, we found that the Beach model could be simplified with no appreciable loss in predictive accuracy. Finally, a subject's personal normative beliefs emerged as a strong independent predictor of behavioral plan.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Social psychological models of choice behavior and drivers' left turns.

ABSTRACT. The authors reanalyzed data from a simulated left-turn experiment (P. A. Hancock, J. K. Caird, S. Shekhar, & M. Vercruyssen, 1991) to test the adequacy of the nonlinear Gray-Tallman satisfaction balance model of choice behavior (L. N. Gray & I. Tallman, 1984) in predicting left turns. Participants (Hancock et al., 1991) were 40 experienced U.S. drivers who were exposed to simulated oncoming traffic; the size of the vehicle (motorcycle, compact vehicle, full-sized vehicle, delivery truck), its speed (10-70 mph, or 16-112 kmph), and the intervehicle time gap (3-9 s) varied. Hancock et al. (1991) measured (a) the likelihood of a left turn and (b) the occurrence of a collision. The probability of a left turn was greater for larger intervehicle time gaps and for oncoming smaller vehicles traveling at higher speeds. The Gray-Tallman (1984) model explained 69% of the variation in turning versus 57% for a linear regression model. In making decisions people tend to treat the values and costs affecting choices in a multiplicative, rather than linear, fashion. The Gray-Tallman model also has the potential for incorporating, both theoretically and mathematically, an unlimited range of potential values and costs that may influence left turn decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A cognitive neuropsychological case study of anomia. Implications for psychological models of word retrieval.

The case of a neurological patient with severe anomic word-finding difficulties is reported. A detailed cognitive neuropsychological investigation of the patient's ability to name objects to confrontation was carried out in an attempt to determine where his cognitive deficits might lie. In contrast to the findings of recent case studies of word-finding difficulty (e.g., Howard and Orchard-Lisle, 1984), it was observed that the patient seemed to have a clear understanding of the items that he was trying to name, suggesting that his problems in word-finding were not semantically based. Indeed, the patient would often generate partial phonological information about the sought-after word, indicating that he had a specific target in mind, and this was reminiscent of 'tip-of-the-tongue' states in normal word-finding. A difficulty in retrieving complete phonological forms of words is considered as the probable locus of his anomia. A distinction is made between semantically-based and phonologically-based anomias.

Anomia↗
PubMed2003

Psychological models of professional decision making.

People are often expected to make decisions based on all of the relevant information, weighted and combined appropriately. Under many conditions, however, people use heuristic strategies that depart from this ideal. I tested the ability of two models to predict bail decisions made by judges in two courts. In both courts, a simple heuristic proved to be a better predictor of judicial decisions than a more complex model that instantiated the principles of due process. Specifically, judges were "passing the buck" because they relied on decisions made by the police, prosecution, and previous bench. Problematically, these earlier decisions were not significantly related to case characteristics. These findings have implications for the types of models researchers use to capture professional decision-making policies.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed1984

Psychological models of self-mutilation.

The descriptive models of self-mutilation fall into three broad categories. The psychodynamic formulation; the second category includes the anxiety reduction model, the hostility model, the behavioral learning model and the appeal model; the third social learning category includes the group-epidemic model and aspects of the violence and punishment model. The three models support the view that there is no single cause or motive responsible for self-mutilating behavior. Having a number of factors in mind allows for flexibility and enables clinicians to test particular hypotheses during management and gives them the opportunity to alter intervention accordingly. The problems faced by self-mutilating patients are so varied that no single form of treatment is likely to be universally appropriate.

Aggression↗