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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Further developmental stages of the interest in money.

Ferenczi, in his psychoanalytic classic on the ontogenesis (development in the individual) of the interest in money, without designating it as such, traced a phylogenetic or evolutionary sequence that took us by a series of transformations from the anal-cloacal erotism of valuation of a fecal body product (the infant's love of feces) to deodorized (like mud), dehydrated (like sand), decolorized, hardened, smooth (like stones and buttons) fecal substitutes that finally as coins are made to shine. This is to consider money as shiny possessable objects that would be of equal interest to simian species. Surely money can be analogized to other body products; and I have previously suggested (1969) that words also are a treasury of wealth that are valued as body products and also archaically associated with feces. But the youngest of the 18 suburban children in this pilot study seemed already to have related money to the love of their parents and grandparents. Further developmental stages of the human interest in money, here only suggested, appear to proceed as follows: curiosity about money as a belonging of the parents in oedipal-stage grasp of family politics (which may persist if childhood selfishness remains unleavened); money as a reward and exchange in latency trading (whether by boys and girls or grown-up "traders" in the financial "game"); money as a measure of status and class and as an indication of group identity in adolescence (which may persist in senses of group entitlement); and various levels of mature appreciation of money as a system of universal agreement, as a translatable, fungible form of information to register relative value, and as capital, an ingredient of productivity. Further study of the mental stages of the appreciation of money is warranted, but the social context appears unavoidably central. Ultimately money may be purely a mean that finally (harking back to its symbolic body origin) will be fully separated from the self in acts of riddance and gifting that vary from exercising power to loving bestowal (Kolb), and from jealous greed to generosity. Piagetian cognitive stages are exemplified by the children's approach to money at different ages; for example, even in this limited sample there is indication of a principle of conservation of value (here proposed) that appears in latency as an equivalent of the principle of conservation of volume. Neuropsychiatric impairment may lead to increasing concreteness in the representation of money as feces (which I have termed "the return of Ferenczi").(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Behavioral economic analysis of smoking: money and food as alternatives.

The relative reinforcing value of smoking versus two nonpharmacological reinforcers, money and food, was evaluated in young female smokers in two experiments. In Experiment 1 eight smokers worked for access to smoking or money on concurrent progressive variable ratio schedules of reinforcement (VR4 to VR50) across two days of Smoking Deprivation or No Deprivation. During No Deprivation money was reliably chosen over smoking. During Deprivation subjects initially (VR4) chose smoking over money, but at subsequent comparisons allocated equal time to work for smoking or money. In Experiment 2 eight smokers were provided access to smoking or food across four conditions: No Deprivation, Smoking Deprivation, Food Deprivation and Smoking + Food Deprivation, using the same progressive variable ratio schedules as in Experiment 1. Results showed an increase in the reinforcing value of food after Food Deprivation and smoking after Smoking Deprivation. On the dual deprivation day, subjects initially (VR4) chose to work for food, showed equal preferences over the next three schedule comparisons (VR8-VR20), and from VR25-VR50 shifted their choice to smoking. An increase in percent of calories as fat was observed during all deprivation conditions. The results demonstrate the use of the concurrent schedule paradigm for assessing choice among pharmacological and nonpharmacological reinforcers, and shows the relative reinforcing value of smoking depends on recent deprivation, response demands to obtain the reinforcer and availability of alternative reinforcers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Crack cocaine and the exchange of sex for money or drugs. Risk factors for gonorrhea among black adolescents in San Francisco.

In contrast to rates for the United States as a whole, the incidence rate of gonorrhea increased 11% in San Francisco between 1986 and 1988, with substantial increases observed among black adolescents. Reports by health department personnel and police suggested that crack cocaine use, specifically the exchange of sex for drugs, contributed to this increase. To test this hypothesis, the authors conducted a case-control study from August 1988 to October 1988 that compared 68 prospectively identified adolescent gonorrhea patients with 136 neighborhood control patients. Thirty-two percent of the female gonorrhea patients had received money or drugs in exchange for sex, while none of the control patients reported having done so (P = 0.0001). Most of the female patients (89%) who had received money or drugs in exchange for sex had used crack. Crack use was less common among female patients who denied receiving money or drugs in exchange for sex (11%) and among control patients (6%). Crack use and providing money or drugs in exchange for sex were not risk factors for gonorrhea among the male patients, but were reported frequently by both gonorrhea patients and control patients. Not living with parents was a risk factor for male patients (odds ratio 4.9, 95% confidence limit 1.4 to 19.5). For all patients, a history of a sexually transmitted disease appeared to be an independent risk factor for gonorrhea. The conclusion is made that crack-related exchange of sex for money or drugs is a risk factor for gonorrhea among black adolescent girls in San Francisco.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Variables relating to the allocation of pocket money to children: parental reasons and values.

This study was concerned with relations among parents' beliefs, values and practices in regard to the allocation of pocket money to their children. Mothers and fathers in 133 Adelaide families provided information about the pocket money allowance they gave to each child in their family and they completed items designed to measure the importance of various possible reasons for their allocations (family concern, independence training, child's needs), as well as items that assessed value dimensions (work ethic, social welfare, compassion). Results showed that social welfare values were associated with family concern reasons, and that individualistic work ethic values were associated with independence training reasons but were antagonistic to reasons concerned with meeting the child's needs. The amount of pocket money provided was positively related to both the age of the child and to the importance of family concern reasons. Parents saw independence training and meeting the child's needs as more important reasons for older children and mothers emphasized children's needs more than fathers. These results were discussed in relation to other research on distributive justice, allocation decisions, pocket money and household tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Alternatives to conservatorship: the role of daily money management services.

This study tested the hypothesis that daily money management services divert vulnerable elders from conservatorship. Community-residing elders referred to protective service were randomly assigned to a money management service (n = 40) or to customary screening by the Office of the Public Guardian or Adult Protective Services (n = 23). Results indicated no significant difference in rates of conservatorship between those who were offered the money management service and those who were not. Appointment to conservatorship for both groups was associated with cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptom severity.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of ethanol self-administration on choice behavior: money vs. socializing.

Volunteer chronic alcoholic subjects were exposed to a discrete-trail choice procedure within a residential research setting. Twelve daily trials occurred at 20 min intervals. In each trial a subject chose between 2 mutually exclusive options involving either receipt of money or the opportunity for socializing. The effect of ethanol self-administration was evaluated by requiring randomly over days that a subject consume either 8 drinks of orange juice or 8 drinks of ethanol (89.12 g ethanol total). For all 4 subjects, the mean rate of choosing socialization over money was significantly greater on sessions involving ethanol self-administration than on sessions involving orange juice self-administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Is paying for health care culturally acceptable in Sub-Sahara Africa? Money and tradition.

In 1987 UNICEF launched the so-called Bamako Initiative, which has as its main objective to improve the sustainability of primary health care in Africa by making people pay for it. The question is raised whether paying for health care is culturally acceptable in African communities. The author argues that 'money' is not a new phenomenon in Africa and that paying for goods and services does not need to conflict with existing traditions of reciprocity in the field of health care. Money is an artifact which is culturally incorporated in a creative manner to satisfy specific needs. Cultural objections to paying for health care, therefore, are unlikely to exist, but how payment should be realised in an effective and just way is another question.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Money and psychodynamic group psychotherapy.

Money may be the most upsetting and therefore the most avoided topic in group psychotherapy. To overcome this resistance, the leader must secure prospective members' willingness to speak openly about financial matters. Financial issues particular to group therapy emerge when money is normalized as a topic for discussion. These include lowering or not raising fees, rescheduling, leaves of absence, combined and conjoint therapy, and nonverbal behaviors. Several case examples are provided. Members' strong feelings toward the leader around financial transactions often find expression in angry accusations. Suggestions for dealing therapeutically with countertransference reactions to these accusations are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Acute myeloblastic leukaemia--a model for assessing value for money for new treatment programmes.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of changes in treatment of acute myeloblastic leukaemia that may give better value for money. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients' notes to identify items of management costing money; prospective costing of these items. The Medical Research Council acute myeloblastic leukaemia 9 trial was used to identify the amount and distribution of these costs when either one or two courses of induction treatment were required to obtain complete remission. These findings were then extrapolated to four published international controlled trials using similarly intense treatment and in which the number of courses of treatment required for complete remission was stated, to compare British costs for treatment with idarubicin and daunorubicin, both in combination with cytarabine. SETTING: Leukaemia unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London. SUBJECTS: Data on 10 patients receiving intensive induction treatment for acute myeloblastic leukaemia were used to identify 160 items of cost in four broad groups: general (including accommodation), diagnostic, supportive treatment, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. One newly treated patient was prospectively assessed over one month, including a time and motion study, to cost these items; then costs for 268 patients from the MRC trial receiving moderate induction chemotherapy including daunorubicin were assessed, and costs for treatment of 522 patients in the four international studies comparing daunorubicin with idarubicin were analysed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost effectiveness was measured as the overall cost to obtain complete remission in untreated patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia after treatment with idarubicin or daunorubicin. RESULTS: The 160 costed items were measured for their sensitivity in varying the total cost of treatment, this being assessed within Britain in other district general and private hospitals to measure the extremes of cost of these items. Overall, idarubicin, although more expensive, showed a substantial saving (1477 pounds per patient) in total hospital costs, more than offsetting the increased cost (607 pounds) of the new treatment, an overall savings of 870 pounds per patient (5%). CONCLUSION: Approaches modelling cost effectiveness may be an essential part of planning new programmes of treatment in the future. This method can be used to estimate the cost effectiveness of the treatments in different environments and countries where costs may vary widely.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Money hidden and rediscovered in subsequent manic phases. A case of action dependent on mood state?

A manic-depressive patient hid 3000 pounds during one manic phase and subsequently, when his mood stabilised, could not remember where he had hidden it. He found the money during a subsequent manic phase a few months later. We suggest that this is not a clear case of state-dependent memory, since the patient at no point explicitly recollected where he had hidden the money. Instead we suggest that this represents state-dependent action. The links between this case and previous research on state-dependent memory are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Money in psychoanalytic treatment].

The appreciation of money as a medium of exchange strongly depends on the experienced type of reciprocal action between individual and environment. Money claims during treatment activate problems in particular with primary reference persons, but also with the enlarged cultural milieu and cause a structural specific experience and elaboration both with the patient and the therapeutist. The chances and dangers of treatment paid by the insurance have already been pointed out.

Fees, Medical↗
PubMed1976

Time and money for vocational rehabilitation of clients with mild, moderate, and severe mental retardation.

Mildly, moderately, and severely mentally retarded vocational rehabilitation clients comprised a random national sample of 600 clients. One-half of the sample had been closed (services completed) "rehabilitated", and half had been closed "nonrehabilitated." Variables selected for analyses were time in referral, training, and rehabilitation process; dollars in evaluation, facilities, all services, and earnings. Rehabilitated clients tended to require more time in referral, less moneys for extended evaluation and rehabilitation facilities, and earned more per week than the nonrehabilitated clients. Severely mentally retarded clients required more time in training and higher costs for extended evaluation, rehabilitation facilities, and all services than the moderately or mildly retarded groups. A consistent interaction across five variables indicated that the greatest amounts of service in time and money went to the nonrehabilitated severely retarded group.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1992

Do physicians make too much money?

The average net income of physicians in the USA is more than four times the average net income of people working in all domestic industries in the USA. When critics suggest that physicians make too much money, defenders typically appeal to the following four prominent principles of economic justice: Aristotle's Income Principle, the Free Market Principle, the Utilitarian Income Principle, and Rawls' Difference Principle. I shall show that no matter which of these four principles is assumed, the present high incomes of physicians cannot be defended.

Compensation and Redress↗
PubMed1989

Does pooling saliva for cotinine testing save money without losing information?

Although testing for continine in saliva offers an attractive means to verify survey responses about recent use of tobacco, its relatively high cost prevents its use in many studies of substance use. Pooling two or more samples can dramatically reduce the cost when prevalence rates are low, but many researchers fear that failures in detecting users will outweigh the monetary benefit. Results from pools of two saliva specimens collected from seventh-grade students provide the first empirical evidence that pooling saves money without compromising the test's accuracy to detect recent tobacco use. Pooling successfully identified all specimens near or above the 10-ng/ml threshold for evidence of active tobacco exposure. We conclude that analysis can realize substantial savings by pooling saliva samples from young populations without losing valuable information.

Adolescent↗