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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Glaucoma in Mongolia. A population-based survey in Hövsgöl province, northern Mongolia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of glaucoma and suspect glaucoma, and to classify the cases detected according to mechanism. DESIGN: A population-based prevalence study. SETTING: Rural and urban locations in Hövsgöl province, northern Mongolia. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred forty-two (94.2%) of 1000 individuals 40 years of age and older were examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary angle-closure glaucoma was diagnosed in subjects with previous acute or intermittent symptoms of angle closure and in individuals with an occludable angle and an intraocular pressure greater than 19 mm Hg or a glaucomatous visual field. RESULTS: The prevalence of manifest primary angle-closure glaucoma was 1.4% (14 subjects). The prevalence of gonioscopically occludable angles was 6.4% (64 subjects, including those with glaucoma). Primary open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 5 subjects (prevalence, 0.5%). As all these subjects were older than 60 years, the prevalence became 2.1% for this age group. Three cases (prevalence, 0.3%) of secondary open-angle glaucoma were detected. No cases of secondary angle-closure glaucoma were diagnosed. The prevalence of blindness was 1.2% (12 subjects), and primary glaucoma accounted for one third of these cases (4 subjects). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed glaucoma as a major public health problem in northern Mongolia. Primary angle-closure glaucoma is more prevalent than primary open-angle glaucoma, supporting clinic-based data from other east Asian countries. Among the subjects examined, 97 (9.7%) had either manifest, latent, or suspect glaucoma. Neighboring populations may be similarly affected owing to a shared genetic heritage.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Genetic differentiation of the inhabitants of Mongolia. Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA RFLPs and mitotypes in the inhabitants of Mongolia and a population assessment of the mutation rate in the mitochondrial genome].

The geographical distribution of the Asian specific deletion--insertion polymorphisms and or the RFLP's in the V noncoding region and the D-loop and of the mitotypes was analysed in Mongolia. The frequencies of the mtDNA markers demonstrated homogeneity of 18 local groups in Mongolia. The geographical distribution of the mitotypes showed the existence of two ancestral maternal lineages in mongols. There was no significant difference in the average FST values between mitochondrial gene flow and the nuclear gene flow of the Mongolian population. The equality of FST values permit to calculate the mutation rate for the human mtDNA--6.10(-9) per nucleotide per year. The data reveals the Mongolian population is in the equilibrium.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed2006

Rhodococcus equi in the soil environment of horses in Inner Mongolia, China.

Little is known about the distribution of Rhodococcus equi in the soil environment of native horses in China. One hundred and eight soil samples were collected from native-horse farms in the Hulun Beier grasslands of eastern Mongolia, the Xilin Goler grasslands of southern Mongolia, and Tongliao City in Inner Mongolia, China. The isolation rates of R. equi from soil samples from the Hulun Beier and Xilin Goler grasslands ranged from 25.9% to 30.0%. In contrast, isolation rates from soil samples from Tongliao City were as high as 82.3% and the mean number of R. equi in soil samples from Tongliao City was 10 times more than those of samples from the grasslands. The 488 isolates were examined using PCR for the presence of genes that encode virulence-associated 15-17 kDa antigen protein (VapA) and the 20 kDa antigen protein (VapB). All isolates were negative for virulence-associated proteins. Plasmid profiles of these avirulent isolates showed that cryptic plasmids of various sizes were present with an incidence of 13.3% to 21.5%. The results of the present study contrast with those of our recent study (J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67:611-613, 2005), in which we reported that R. equi was absent from Mongolian horses in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It is suggested that the difference between the results of these two studies is due to the mobile pasturing system in Mongolia and nonmobile pasturing system in Inner Mongolia.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Investigation on rodents' natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in some areas of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate rodents' natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) in some areas of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, China. METHODS: DNAs were extracted from spleens of the captured mice and nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) technique was used to detect the Ot-Sta56 gene. Six positive samples were sequenced and analyzed by Clustal X (5.0) and DNA Club software. RESULTS: A total of 90 rodents were captured in Inner Mongolia, and the overall prevalence of Ot was 6.67%. There was no significant difference in infection rates among the positive rodents species. 20 rodents were captured in Xinjiang, and the prevalence of Ot was 5.00%. The geographical difference in infection rates was not statistically significant between Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. 9 rodents were captured in farmlands of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang but there was no positive samples found. 101 rodents were captured in grasslands, and the prevalence of Ot was 6.93%. The Sta56 gene nucleotide sequence homology to Karp strain of N59 (from Microtus maximowiczii), N69 (from Cricetulus barabensis) and X33(from Cricetus cricetus) was 99%. The sequence homology to Taitung-2 strain and TW461 strain of N65 (from C. barabensis) was 94%, and the sequence homology to Taitung-2 strain and TW461 strain of N88(from Apodemus agrarius) was also 94%. The sequence homology to Oishi strain of N90 (from A. agrarius) was 96.00%. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that infections of Ot did exist in rodents captured from Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The genotypes of Ot in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang were quite complex, with some of them belonged to Karp type, and the others belonged to Taitung-2, TW461 and Oishi types which providing evidence for further investigation on the scrub typhus fuci in the two areas.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Exploring the social and cultural context of sexual health for young people in Mongolia: implications for health promotion.

Recent political, economic, and cultural changes in Mongolia make its large proportion of young people vulnerable to HIV infection. While there had been only two clinical cases of HIV in Mongolia by the year 2000, the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is on the rise, especially among people aged 15-24. Little is known about the social and cultural context in which the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of Mongolian young people are created and negotiated. This context must be better understood in order to promote safer sex practices. This study employed qualitative research methods to explore and describe the social and cultural context in which sexual behaviour is negotiated among secondary school students in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Students and teachers from two schools in Ulaanbaatar and health professionals were selected by purposeful sampling to participate in six semi-structured focus group interviews in autumn 2000. Thematic content analysis was conducted on the focus group transcripts. Seven themes were extracted including embarrassment, lack of knowledge, concepts of sex, perceptions of condoms, gender roles, peer norms, and the influence of drinking on sexual activity. Results presented are the first description of the social and cultural context of sexual health and highlight the combined impact of these themes on safer sex practices in Mongolia. These findings are not generalizable, but their agreement with the Mongolian and the international literature indicates that they may be transferable. Implications for STI and HIV/AIDS prevention efforts and further research in Mongolia are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Risk factors and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among low-income female commercial sex workers in Mongolia.

BACKGROUND: Mongolia has very low HIV prevalence despite high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Low-income female sex workers (FSWs) may be at high risk for acquiring and spreading the disease in Mongolia. GOAL: The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with the acquisition of HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis among low-income female commercial sex workers in 3 urban centers in Mongolia. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred seventy-nine low-income FSWs were tested for HIV (enzyme immunoassay) and 132 were tested for syphilis (Treponema pallidum hemagglutination-confirmed), gonorrhea (Gram stain and culture), and trichomoniasis (wet mount microscopy). Questionnaires detailing socioeconomic characteristics, sexual behaviors, drug and alcohol use, general health, and STI/HIV knowledge were completed by 149 women. RESULTS: No HIV infections were found in 179 women. Of 132 women, 57 (43%), 18 (14%), and 37 (28%) tested positive for syphilis, gonorrhea, and trichomonas, respectively; 88 (67%) tested positive for one or more STIs and 22 (17%) were multiply infected. Socioeconomic factors were correlated to reported condom use and infection status. CONCLUSIONS: Low-income FSWs in Mongolia represent a unique population of very high-risk individuals with very low rates of HIV infection. Interventions targeting this population represent a unique opportunity to prevent a potentially rapid increase of HIV infection in urban Mongolia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The impact of mining activities on Mongolia's protected areas: a status report with policy recommendations.

Mongolia's protected areas cover 20.5 million ha or 13.1% of its national territory. Existing and proposed protected areas, however, are threatened by mining. Mining impacts on Mongolia's protected areas are diverse and include licensed and unlicensed mineral activities in protected areas, buffer zone disturbance, and prevention of the establishment of proposed protected areas. Review of United States, Canadian, and Australian policies revealed 9 basic approaches to resolving conflicts between protected areas and mining. Four approaches suitable for Mongolia are granting land trades and special dispensations in exchange for mineral licenses in protected areas; granting protected status to all lapsed mineral licenses in protected areas; voluntary forfeiting of mineral licenses in protected areas in exchange for positive corporate publicity; and prohibiting all new mineral activities in existing and proposed protected areas. Mining is Mongolia's most important industry, however, and the long-term benefits of preserving Mongolia's natural heritage must be considered and weighed against the economic benefits and costs of mining activities.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia.

This review focuses on the status of infectious diseases that are serious for animal health and have adverse economic effects in Mongolia. Data presented here are limited due to the lack of published or other easily available documents. Foot-and-mouth disease continues to cause substantial economic losses as exemplified by the outbreak of infection with serotype O PanAsia lineage virus. In the case of the 2001 outbreak, a 65% reduction in export revenues was recorded. In order to ascertain the free status of Mongolia from rinderpest, sero-epidemiological surveillance has been carried out since 2001. In 2004, Mongolia was certified free from rinderpest by Office International des Epizooties (OIE). A sharp rise in both animal and human brucellosis incidence has become a serious problem. Rabies and anthrax remain endemic with occasional human cases. Other prevailing infectious diseases are contagious pustular dermatitis, contagious agalactia, enterotoxemia and pasteurellosis. The current programs for the control of infectious diseases in livestock in Mongolia lack a definite policy that would enable rapid implementation. A large-scale surveillance of infectious diseases in animals and management of appropriate preventive measures are urgently required in Mongolia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Time trend in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis and characteristics of notified tuberculosis patients in urban area of Mongolia].

Recent Mongolian political, social and economic changes have had a great impact on its health care system and tuberculosis control program. The objective of this study is to assess time trend in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis and characteristics of notified tuberculosis cases in Mongolia. 1) Data on statistics of tuberculosis are obtained from reports of the National Tuberculosis Center in Mongolia. The mortality of tuberculosis in Mongolia shows a downward trend during 1985-1995. The number of notified tuberculosis cases had gradually decreased during 1985-1989. It suddenly dropped in 1990 and was the lowest in 1993. After that, about two fold increase in the notified cases was observed in recent three years from 1993 to 1995. Such a large fluctuation in the number of notified cases after 1990 is unlikely to be associated with the epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis, but rather due to a reporting bias. The shortage of drugs and economic hardship prevented patients from consulting medical facilities. The shortage of drugs also prevented doctors from notifying patients to the tuberculosis registry, because the notification did not lead to treating the disease. The improvement of health care system and the supply of essential drugs since 1994 seems to contribute to the increase in the number of notified cases. 2) The study subjects include 618 patients who were diagnosed as active tuberculosis at ten tuberculosis specialized facilities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia from May 1995 to March 1996. Patients were interviewed about their demographic factors and their medical records were reviewed. Fifty one percent of the cases were female. The mean age was 26.9 years old. Ninety percent of the cases underwent chest X-ray examination, while 72% of the cases underwent bacteriological examination and only 21% were confirmed bacteriologically. It is necessary to improve the quality control of sputum smear examination and the validity of diagnosis of tuberculosis in Mongolia. As for treatment regimens, only 29% of the cases were being treated with at least four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and/or streptomycin). It is needed to provide directly observed treatment using the WHO recommended standard regimen to at least smear positive tuberculosis cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Epidemiological study of equine piroplasmosis in Mongolia.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of equine piroplasmosis in Mongolia, a country in which the disease occurs epidemically in different climatic conditions. Antibodies to Babesia equi and B. caballi were determined in serum samples of 254 pastured horses in different locations of Mongolia using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant antigens. One hundred and eighty-five (72.8%) and 102 (40.1%) of all serum samples were positive for B. equi and B. caballi infections, respectively. In addition, 78 (30.7%) samples were positive for both B. equi and B. caballi infections. These results indicate that equine piroplasmosis is widespread in Mongolia. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an epidemiological study on equine piroplasmosis in different geographic regions in Mongolia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Helminths of goats in Mongolia.

Post-mortem examinations of 236 goats from all provinces in Mongolia were performed for the study of helminths in goats. Thirty-nine helminth species belonging to three classes, 14 families and 23 genera were found. Trichocephalus spiralis and Avitellina centripunctata are reported for the first time in goats in Mongolia. The prevalence and intensity of helminth infections are reported for three age groups of goats in four seasons and three geographic zones in Mongolia. Common helminth infections of goats in all zones of Mongolia were infections of Ostertagia, Marshallagia and Nematodirus. In addition, fecal samples of 15 kids, 15 yearlings and 15 adult goats were examined monthly for eggs. The highest number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was counted in March (average 1335.3+/-405.3) and the lowest count was in November (54+/-18.6).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Dental health of dentists' children in Mongolia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the dental health of dentists' children, to evaluate its association with their dentist-parents' background and work-related characteristics and to compare it with that of children in the general population in Mongolia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, questionnaire-based data. SUBJECTS: Dentists' children, aged 3-13 years. SAMPLE: All dentists (n = 250) actively practising in the capital city of Mongolia. RESULTS: The dentists' children's dmft ranged from 0 to 12, and DMFT from 0 to 8; 50% were caries-free. The younger the children, the higher was their total caries experience expressed as the sum of DMFT + dmft scores (r = -0.22; P = 0.001). Dentist-parents' background and work-related factors were not associated with their children's caries status (P > 0.05). When dentists' children were compared with their counterparts at the population level, mean dmft for 6-year-olds was 2.6 for (urban) dentists' children, 6.5 for children in the urban population and 0.9 for those in rural population of equivalent age. Mean DMFT for 12-year-olds were 1.0, 1.8 and 1.2, respectively, in the same three groups. In general, (urban) dentists' children in all age groups had better dental health than did their urban counterparts at the population level. Among 5-7-year-olds, dentists' children had worse dental health than did their counterparts in the rural population. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the dentists' knowledge and awareness, their children demonstrated higher rates of dental caries than expected. This suggests that Mongolian dentists may have insufficient preventive orientation. In particular, the primary dentition of younger children seems to be poorly valued. In Mongolia, dentists should have better training and education in modern methods of caries prevention and their advantages. Appreciation and care of the primary dentition need to be improved at all levels of oral health promotion in Mongolia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence rate of myopia in schoolchildren in rural Mongolia.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia among some young Asian populations has been reported to be increasing to near epidemic proportions. Mongolia is an emerging Asian economy with limited ophthalmic resources. The purpose of this study was to define a level of myopia for school-aged children in rural Mongolia. METHODS: A total of 1057 schoolchildren, aged between 7 and 17 years, were examined in two remote, rural suums (districts) of Mongolia: one situated in the western aimag (province) of Khovd and the other in the central steppe's aimag of Zavkhan. The examination included retinoscopy, subjective refraction, best-corrected visual acuity, and direct ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS: The total prevalence of myopia (more than -0.5 D spherical equivalent) was 5.8% (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 4.4-7.2%). Female students exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of myopia in comparison to male students: 8.3% (95% CIs, 6.0-10.6%) compared with 3.1%, respectively (95% CIs, 1.6-4.6%): p < 0.001). For those with myopia, the median level of myopia for both genders was -0.75 D spherical equivalent (SE) and ranged from -0.50 to -28.00 D SE in girls and from -0.50 to -6.50 D SE in boys. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to report a level of myopia for schoolchildren in Mongolia. The prevalence rate is low in comparison to reported studies for other Far Eastern countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Educational desert or oasis? An educator's trek to Outer Mongolia.

Mongolia has long been associated with isolation from the western world. Sandwiched between Russia on the north and China on the south, it is little known and little understood. Now split into two separate nations, Inner Mongolia is under the control of Red China, and Outer Mongolia under the control of Russia. Outer Mongolia has a population of 1.3 million and is about one-fifth the size of the United States. Education follows the Russian (communist) model and, of course, has a Five-Year Plan. Since World War II the literacy rate has jumped to 90%, and has received recognition by UNESCO for its efforts. Mongolian schools are on a two-track system, one for those going into trades or agriculture, and the other for those going on to higher education and the professions. Considering the Mongolian economic structure, its geography, and the nature of its people, it can be said that they have done a good job of educating their people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Four geographically distinct genotypes of JC virus are prevalent in China and Mongolia: implications for the racial composition of modern China.

JC polyomavirus (JCV) is ubiquitous in humans, persisting in renal tissue and excreting progeny in urine. It has been shown that the genotyping of urinary JCV offers a novel means of tracing human migrations. This approach was used to elucidate the racial composition of modern China. JCV isolates in the Old World were previously classified into nine distinct genotypes. One of them (B1) has a wide domain, encompassing part of Europe and the entirety of Asia. By constructing a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, all B1 isolates detected so far were classified into four distinct groups (B1-a to -d), each occupying unique domains in the world. According to this revised classification system of JCV DNAs, four genotypes (CY, SC, B1-a and -b) were found to be prevalent in China and Mongolia (Mongolia was studied instead of Inner Mongolia, which is part of China). There was a remarkable variation in the incidence of genotypes among the sites of sample collection. CY was more frequently detected in Northern China, SC was predominant in Southern China and B1-b was detected only in Mongolia. B1-a was spread throughout China. These data were statistically analysed and the observed regional differences in the incidence of genotypes were found to be significant. It is likely that these differences in JCV distribution in China reflect the intermingling of different population groups that constitute modern China.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of red cell blood groups in Han subpopulations of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Henan Provinces, China.

Three Han subpopulations, Gansu, Henan, and Inner Mongolia were examined for red cell blood group systems, including ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kidd, Duffy, Diego, and Xg. There was no MS type in Gansu, no SS type in Henan and no MNS and NS types in Inner Mongolia, no CCDE- and CcDEE types in Henan, and no ccDee type in Inner Mongolia. The gene frequencies of S (0.0975) and P1 (0.2584) as well as the MS haplotype frequency (0.0629) in Gansu were the highest, while the Di(a) gene frequency (0.0151) in Henan was the lowest among the subpopulations of Han nationality studied so far. The Xg(a) gene frequency in Henan was 0.6055, the highest value observed in China. The genetic distances and phylogenetic tree of eight Han subpopulations showed that the Han in Henan were closest to the Han in Inner Mongolia, and that the Han in Fujian were closest to the Han in Guizhou among others.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed2006

Population origins in Mongolia: genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA.

In the present study, nuclear (autosomal and Y-chromosome short tandem repeats) and mitochondrial (hypervariable region I) ancient DNA data previously obtained from a 2,300-year-old Xiongnu population of the Egyin Gol Valley (south of Lake Baikal in northern Mongolia) (Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2003 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:247-260) were compared with data from two contemporary Mongolian populations: one from the same location (Egyin Gol Valley plus a perimeter of less than 100 km around the valley), and one from the whole of Mongolia. The principal objective of this comparative analysis was to assess the likelihood that genetic continuity exists between ancient and present-day Mongolian populations. Since the ancient Xiongnu sample might have been composed of some of the ancestors of the present-day Yakuts, data from a present-day Yakut population, as well as published data from Turkish populations, were also included in the comparative analysis. The main result of our study was the genetic similarity observed among Mongolian samples from different periods and geographic areas. This result supports the hypothesis that the succession over time of different Turkic and Mongolian tribes in the current territory of Mongolia resulted in cultural rather than genetic exchanges. Furthermore, it appears that the Yakuts probably did not find their origin among the Xiongnu tribes, as we previously hypothesized.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗