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The initial examinations of prospective epidemiological studies of the same kind performed in random samples of 50-54 years old men from Moscow and Berlin showed the following prevalence rates (each first figure for Moscow, second for Berlin): ischaemic heart disease 14.4/13.6%, arterial hypertension 18.0/19.0%, intermittent claudication 6.9/3.4%, cigarette smoking 46.5/51.4%, overweight 22.9/21.9%, impaired glucose tolerance 36.6/42.5%. Hypercholesterolaemia (24.6/8.1%) was not comparable because different determination methods were used. In both population samples almost a half of IHD and 1/3-1/2 of hypertension cases were newly detected only by the study examinations. More than 80% of the 50-54 years old men showed the presence of one or more risk factors. The following significant relationships between disease groups and risk factors were found: for IHD, with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for hypertension, with overweight, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for intermittent claudication, with cigarette smoking, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only). These comparative studies demonstrate the benefit and need of further common research and efforts for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.
The study was undertaken to examine 190 males, aged 30-60 years who were divided into 4 groups: (1) patients with essential hypertension; (2) those with postinfarction cardiosclerosis; (3) those with postinfarction cardiosclerosis and essential hypertension; (4) healthy individuals. The levels of apolipoproteins B and A1 and circulating immune complex cholesterol were examined in the cold (winter) and hot (summer) seasons in the areas of arid (Ashkhabad) and temperate (Moscow) climate. The major apo-proteins were determined by enzyme uncompetitive immunoassay. Cholesterol levels in the immune complexes were measured by the method developed at the Institute of Experimental Cardiology, All-Union Cardiology Research Center, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The Moscow examinees were found to have more profound changes in the lipid spectrum than the Ashkhabad ones. In both climatic zones, the level of the major apo-proteins and their ratio were unaffected by seasonal variations.
In the period of 1971--1973 in Moscow, 85 strains of rhinoviruses (types IB, 14, 20, 27, 33, 48, 56, 60 and 69) were isolated from patients with respiratory diseases. In March-May 1971 in one administrative district of Moscow, from ambulatory patients with ARD rhinoviruses of types 48 (24 strains) and 27 (8 strains) were predominantly isolated. An outbreak of diseases due to these two types appeared to have occurred. From children rhinoviruses were isolated not only from nasopharyngeal washings. From 3 children they were isolated from the lower respiratory tract (from the blood collected before his death due to staphylococcal sepsis. Surveys for virus-neutralizing antibody to 17 rhinovirus serotypes in 10 lots of gamma globulin prepared in different towns of the Soviet Union revealed wide spread of rhinovirus types IB, 13, 18, 31 and 32 limited spread of types 17 and 42 and moderate spread of types 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 22, 24, 48 and 53.
The Moscow Oncology Institute was opened on November 18 (December 1) 1903 and named "Institute for Treatment of Malignant Tumors at Moscow University". With the lapse of time this name was changed several times. In 1947 it was named after a prominent Soviet surgeon P.A. Herzen. It is the oldest in Russia and one of the oldest in the world institutions for oncology researches.
Plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, total oestradiol (E2) and proportion of E2 not bound to blood proteins (percentage free E2) have been measured in a case-control study to test whether any of these factors are related to the risk of breast cancer. The cases studied were 27 premenopausal and 34 postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed localized breast cancer who were admitted to the All-Union Cancer Research Centre, Moscow. The controls were an equivalent number of women from the same neighbourhood. These were matched for age (within 2 years) and menopausal status. The average levels of E2 in cases were significantly higher than controls (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 for pre- and postmenopausal groups, respectively). Percentage free E2 was significantly raised only in premenopausal cases (p = 0.019). The plasma concentrations of testosterone and SHBG were similar for both pre- and postmenopausal groups. Raised E2 or percentage free E2 was associated with an increased relative risk of breast cancer. However, only E2 levels (crude or adjusted for body build) were significantly related to risk in the two menopausal sets (p = 0.022 and p = 0.002, respectively). High percentage free E2 was associated with almost a threefold increase in the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women; however, this increase was not statistically significant (p = 0.083). The levels of SHBG or testosterone, crude or adjusted for body build and E2 concentration, were not related to risk of breast cancer.
A cross-sectional study on tobacco smoking prevalence and related socio-psychological parameters in Moscow school students aged 10-17 was performed. Data from an anonymous self-report (n = 4802) on smoking prevalence was confirmed by special technique--expert assessment. Widespread smoking was found: among male 5th graders (the youngest group) 14.4% are smokers (those who smoked at least 1 cigarette over the past 3 months); among male 10th graders (oldest group) 53.2% smoke; among females these figures were 0.8% for the youngest students and 28.2% for the oldest ones. A significant difference in awareness of smoking health hazards and attitudes towards the habit was shown among school students with various smoking statuses. Complaints about cough and shortness of breath after light physical stress were significantly more prevalent in regular smokers as compared to non-smokers. The possible causal role of some psychological factors in early formation of smoking habit is discussed.
This article reports the preliminary results of a family study of alcoholism in the Moscow population. A comparison of male and female alcoholic inpatients revealed differences between them in the patterns of alcoholism development and in the frequencies of the disorder among male and female probands' parents and siblings. Those differences, particularly those observed in the fathers of the female and male probands, may suggest that the liability and genetic predisposition to alcoholism in female alcoholics, on the average, are higher than those in male alcoholics. There were also differences between male and female probands in the frequencies of the types of drinking behavior (including alcoholism) we used to characterize individual phenotypes as to the liability to alcoholism in the probands' parents and spouses, indicating that the higher the liability and/or genetic predisposition to alcoholism the higher the probability of the proband's marriage to an individual with a higher liability to the disorder. The data on the comparison of the probands' children with their parents affectedness imply the possibility of a relationship between the genetic predisposition to alcoholism and the risk for mental and somatic disturbances in offspring of alcoholics.
The antigenic and some biological properties of influenza virus strains isolated during 1972-1973 epidemic were studied. Altogether 114 strains were isolated from sick infants of the first months of life beginning from neonatality. The strains under study were found to have high adaptation and elution activity, to be highly sensitive to inhibitors and to produce polymorphous allantoic population in the adaptation period. The hemagglutinating and neuraminidase components were shown to be fairly closely related to those of the membrane of the reference A2/Hong Kong/1/68 strain (H3N2). At the same time, a low neutralizing activity of the antisera for this strain against Moscow strains of 1972-1973 in biological neutralization tests in chick embryos was observed, explaining very high susceptibility of the population to influenza type A infection in the winter of 1972-1973. The strains under study were antigenically homogenous and most closely related to the reference A2/England/42/72 (H3N2) strain.
The convened investigation was related to a clinico-epidemiological study of mental disorders in individuals older than 60 who lived in the Kiev district of Moscow. The study was made of the entire population by a nonselective method with a fulfillment of a specially elaborated epidemiological chart. On the basis of an analysis of such charts and a personal interview of 1024 elderly patients and 215 elderly individuals not registered in the neuropsychiatric dispensary it was possible to receive some data concerning the prevalence rates, diagnostical, sex and age content of mental diseases in patients over 60, living in the given district.
Sera from Moscow residents of different ages were studied by the HI test for antibody to mumps virus. In newborn babies antibody was found in 94%. The number of subject possessing antibody decreased with age and was minimal among children of 3-4 years (40%) but then increased and reached 94% among adults (20 years or more).
The authors conducted an overall study of schizophrenic patients, older than 60 years of age and registered in one of the Moscow dispensaries. It was demonstrated that the elderly amount to 17% of the whole schizophrenic population in the given dispensary. The percentage of late schizophrenia (16.7%) is relatively high, although the percentage of them in a hospital population is even higher (27-35%). The sex ratio demonstrated a larger amount of women (1 : 3). 90% of all the studied patients at the moment of examination were at home, while 33% were never admitted to hospitals. Among the studied contingent there was a high percentage of patients with a regressive development of the process and a stabilization with a tendency towards its obliviation. The study contains some data necessary for further investigations concerning the adaptational possibilities and physical state of these patients. The obtained information require correlations with data on the general population of this region in the same age periods.
High density of the rat population in Moscow in 1990-1991 resulted in the appearance of Ornithonyssus bacoti foci and of cases of the rat-mite dermatitis in humans. A total of 36 foci of the disease were examined and eradicated. A method for the detection of such foci has been developed. Two types of foci are distinguished, communal and industrial, and their specific features as regards the rodent and mite populations and clinical features of dermatitis in humans are described. A system of measures for liquidation of foci of rat mites is suggested, including rat and mite eradication and treatment of the patients. Specific features of these measures for various types of foci and in case of a focus reappearance are enumerated.
Resistance and irritability to permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, fenitrothion, malathion, dieldrin and DDT (WHO standard papers) were determined in Culex pipiens collected in the basements of big houses in the centre of Moscow. Mosquitos were found to be moderately resistant to fenitrothion (87% mortality), DDT (83%) and propoxur (80%), and susceptible to the remaining insecticides. The irritability was low to dieldrin but moderate to permethrin, propoxur and DDT, and high to the rest. The irritability to bendiocarb seems to be really caused by the repellent action of citric acid which the WHO standard paper is impregnated with. It is recommended to use pyrethroids against mosquito larvae and pyrethroid brickets against adults.