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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

"Clinical efficacy and expression of antimicrobial resistance genes after using a novel herbal mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine: A Randomised controlled trial in generalised gingivitis patients".

OBJECTIVES: Chlorhexidine, the gold-standard mouthwash, has several disadvantages, like promotion of antimicrobial resistance. Herbal mouthwashes are emerging as alternatives to chlorhexidine. However, its impact on antimicrobial resistance remains unclear. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy and the expression of antimicrobial resistance genes of chlorhexidine with a novel herbal mouthwash. DESIGN: Sixty patients with generalised gingivitis were randomly assigned to two groups using block randomisation. After professional mechanical plaque removal patients were instructed to use either chlorhexidine or a novel herbal mouthwash (patented composition) for two weeks. Tetracycline resistance (tetM) and macrolide efflux (mefI) gene expression in subgingival plaque were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intragroup comparisons were performed with a paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for parametric and nonparametric data. Intergroup comparisons employed unpaired t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: A significant reduction in bleeding, plaque, pocket depth and and patient reported outcomes were noticed in both groups. But reduction in plaque was more significant in chlorhexidine group. tetM and mefI genes significantly upregulated in the chlorhexidine group, while it was downregulated with herbal mouthwash (fold change 1.79 ± 0.74 and 0.60 ± 0.43 for tetM, and 1.83 ± 0.87 and 0.51 ± 0.44 for mefI). However, patients' perception of taste, freshness, and overall satisfaction was better in the chlorhexidine group. CONCLUSIONS: The increased expression of antimicrobial resistance genes following chlorhexidine use warrants careful consideration. Herbal mouthwash is an effective, safer alternative with comparable clinical benefits and less impact on antimicrobial resistance.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Effects of two cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes on bacterial plaque.

The purpose of this single blind clinical study was to determine the effects of two commerical mouthwashes (one containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide and the other containing only cetlypridinium chloride) on existing plaque accumulations. A second purpose was to determine if a residual effect could be shown 2 weeks after cessation of using these mouthwashes. A total of 120 adult subjects, who had been divided into three groups, were initially in the study. For a period of 31 days, the subjects in Group A rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide; Group B rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing only ceytlpyridinium chloride; and Group C served as controls and rinsed with colored flavored water. All subjects continued their normal home oral hygiene practices, except that mothwashes other than as assigned were forbidden. The subjects received three identical examinations to determine their plaque scores. The examinations were conducted the day preceding initiation; the day following cessation; and 15 days after cessation of the rinsing procedures. A total of 105 subjects received the first and second examinations, and 93 subjects received all three examinations. Based upon the data obtained, the daily use of each of the cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes tested, appears to be partially effective in reducing existing bacterial plaque accumulations. The cetylpyridinium chloride-domophen bromide product was slightly, but not significantly, more effective than the other commercial mouthwash. Neither commerical product demonstrated a significant residual effect 2 weeks after cessation of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Effect of water and mouthwashes on pH of oral monkey mucosa.

Among the many factors involved in homeostasis, maintenance of hydrogen-ion concentration is one of the most important functions of the body. Surface pH measurements of oral tissues after rinsing with water or mouthwashes are meager. This report presents results of the effect of tap water and 9 commercial mouthwashes on intraoral pH under controlled conditions. Nine rhesus monkeys, 5 females and 4 males between 3 and 8 years of age, were used in this study. During measurements they were sedated with phencyclidine hydrochloride and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. A Beckman pH meter with potassium chloride and silver chloride combination electrode was utilized. The pH was measured on the lingual gingva opposite the right lower first molar. Control readings were obtained, then a 30-sec pulsed-water-jet lavage with tap water with a force of 5 psi was given, and the pH was observed for 5 min. The 1 ml of mouthwash was administered on a thoroughly soaked gauze for 30 sec. This procedure was repeated 3 times on different days for each of the 9 mouthwashes used. All of the measurements showed a decrease in pH after tap-water lavage. In general, acid mouthwashes decreased the pH, while mouthwashes with alkaline pH's increased the pH of the oral tissues. The effects on pH was, however, transitory since the major change appeared within 8 min and approached equilibrium by 12 to 16 min.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of a quaternary ammonium-containing mouthwash on formed plaque.

The effect on formed dental plaque of a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was evaluated in forty-one adults. During this fourteen day study no oral hygiene other than the use of a mouthwash was provided. Plaque and gingival indices were scored on sixteen teeth at days 0, 7 and 14. The results of this study suggested that subjects using the CPC containing mouthwash formed less plaque than those using the placebo mouthwash. No change in the Gingival Index was observed. Of those patients using the CPC containing mouthwash, four showed a slight staining of the anterior teeth and five reported a mild burning sensation of the tongue.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Clinical evaluation of the effect of a proteolytic enzyme mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis in young adults.

One hundred and thirty-one young adults were used in a controlled study to determine whether a proteolytic mouthwash produced from B. subtilis could help remove existing plaque, decrease the rate of plaque accumulation or reduce the clinical signs of gingivitis. These subjects were stratified by means of the Gingival Index and the Shaver-Schiff Plaque Index into severe or mild groups. These groups were further divided in a random fashion into treatment and placebo groups. The treatment group rinsed with a proteolytic mouthwash consisting mainly of neutral and alkaline proteases and amylase. A placebo mouthwash was used by the control group. The results of this investigation indicate that there is no statistically significant reduction either in existing plaque or in the rate of plaque accumulation when this proteolytic enzyme mouthwash is used. Furthermore, in the treatment group the degree of gingivitis as measured by the GI was not reduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Effect of an antiseptic mouthwash on plaque accumulation.

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of sodium peroxyborate monohydrate bitartarate on plaque accumulation in comparison with "no oral hygiene" and "brushing once before breakfast." Fifteen male resident students between the ages of 18 to 22 years volunteered for the study. 1. In all three stages of the study regeneration of plaque were observed in all individuals within 24 hours after thorough prophylaxis. 2. The tendency to plaque accumulation varied from person to person, from tooth to tooth in the same individual, and even on different surfaces of the same tooth. 3. The plaque scores and the range of plaque scores were lower on the first 2 days with the use of mouthwash when compared with tooth brushing on the corresponding days. 4. A reduction of 30.62% was observed with the use of mouthwash when it was compared with "no oral hygiene." 5. Plaque accumulation was 17.7% more with mouthwash than with use of the toothbrush. 6. A negligible reduction in efficacy (0.38%) was observed with this mouthwash in comparison with 1% H2O2, used under pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Ultrasonic method for direct and simultaneous determination of alcohol and soluble solids content of mouthwash.

A technique for the determination of certain soluble species in solution by the changes they produce in the speed of propagation of ultrasonic waves in the solution was applied to measure the alcohol and soluble solids levels of mouthwashes. The simultaneous determination of these two quantities is made possible by measuring the wave velocity at two different temperatures. The method gives accurate, precise results for the general range of mouthwash compositions in use with appropriate calibration. The advantages of this method over other current methods are precision, speed, and convenience. It is not a suitable regulatory method, however, because calibration must be done with known variations of the particular mouthwash composition to be analyzed.

Ethanol↗
PubMed1975

The effect of an antimicrobial mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis in yound adults.

The effectiveness of an antimicrobial mouthwash (alexidine, 2-ethylhexyl bisbiguanidine dihydrochloride) in preventing plaque and gingivitis was evaluated in 45 young male adults. In a study using a double-blind cross-over design, subjects received a thorough prophylaxis and refrained from all routine oral hygiene for 2 weeks. During this period, subjects rinsed twice daily with either a treatment (alexidine) or placebo mouthwash. Plaque and gingivitis were assessed on selected teeth on days 2, 7 and 14. The characteristics of plaque that were recorded include: surface area score, dry weight and differential counts of microorganisms. After the 14th day, subjects resumed their regular oral hygiene practices for 3 weeks before starting the second experimental period. Aftter a second prophylaxis, the treatment and placebo groups from the first 2 weeks were crossed over and the procedures followed previously were repeated during the sixth and seventh weeks. The alexidine mouthwash was statistically and clinically effective in decreasing plaque scores and plaque weight, and statistically but not clinically effective in decreasing gingivitis scores. No systemic side effects were observed, but an asymptomatic brown tongue stain was observed in about half of the subjects. There was no evidence to suggest that alexidine disturbed the relative composition of the microorganisms in plague, but there was a suggestion that it decreased the number of microorganisms almost 2-fold when compared with the placebo group.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Mouthwash and oral cancer: carcinogen or coincidence?

Among 200 patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, 11 persons abstained from all alcoholic beverages and tobacco. All but one of these 11 patients had used mouthwash many times daily for more than 20 years. Most of them used a brand of mouthwash that contained 25% alcohol. This evidence, along with information from other patients, may be used to confirm or refute the theory that mouthwash may be carcinogenic for susceptible persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Absorption of boron after mouthwash treatment with Bocosept.

Healthy volunteers and patients with gingivitis were treated locally with the boron-containing bacteriostatic agent, Bocosept. Blood levels and urinary excretion of boron were examined by a spectrophotometric method. Blood concentrations after a single mouthwash with Bocosept slightly exceeded those after intake of 200 g raisins or a bottle of red wine. The blood levels during a one-week course of treatment showed a low rate of boron accumulation. The highest concentration was about 0.3 microgram B/ml, a level which does not seem to involve any risk of boron poisoning. The small amount taken up after mouthwash treatment with Bocosept does not appear to represent absorption by the oral mucosa. It seems more likely that the uptake of boron takes place in the intestine after ingestion of residual amounts from the mouth.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

The use of chlorhexidine mouthwash compared with a periodontal dressing following the gingivectomy procedure.

The clinical results achieved were compared when a group of 21 patients requiring gingivectomies in comparable bilateral segments received a dressing or a chlorhexidine mouthwash during the first post-operative week. Initial pre-operative conditions were comparable. In each of the two treatments highly significant reductions in pocket depths were achieved; the sizes of the reductions were of clinical significance (greater than 1.5 mm). The observed difference (0.16 mm) between the two treatments in favour of the mouthwash, although significant at the conventional 5% level, was clinically unimportant. More patients preferred the dressing as a post-operative treatment, and the clinical implications of the patients' preferences are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of a periodontal dressing and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash after the internal bevelled flap procedure.

A group of 15 patients requiring comparable bilateral internal bevelled flap procedures took part in a study to compare the clinical results achieved when a dressing or chlorhexidine mouthwash was used during the first postoperative week. Initial preoperative conditions were comparable. At the end of the first postoperative week, significantly more plaque accumulated and the sulcus bleeding index was significantly higher on the dressing treated side. At 1 month and 3 months postoperatively the sulcus bleeding indices were below preoperative levels for both treated sides with no significant differences between the sides. A significant and comparable reduction in pocket depths occurred following the two postoperative treatments. Subjectively recorded pain scores demonstrated that more pain was experienced on the dressing treated side, particularly during the first 4 postoperative days. More patients preferred the mouthwash as a postoperative treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of a mouthwash in an irrigating device on accumulation and maturation of dental plaque.

A study was conducted to determine whether there was any advantage in using a commercial mouthwash over water in a pulsating oral irrigating device on dental plaque growth and maturation. The amount of plaque accmulated on the test teeth of human subjects was measured on days 1,3,5,7 and 10 during the experimental period by using the two-tone disclosing dye solution and the Quigley and Hein scoring method. The results showed the value of using the two-tone disclosing dye in visualizing the growth and maturation of bacterial plaque in situ. There was a marked delay in the rate of plaque maturation by the commerical mouthwash delivered by an irrigating device. There were no statistical differences in plaque accumulation between the control and treatment groups for the 10-days test periods.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Soft tissue responses to high frequency use of experimental and commercial mouthwashes.

A recent study reported that regular use of commercial mouthwashes produced a significant incidence of oral reactions, including epithelial peeling, inflammation, ulceration and geographic tongue-like lesions. In view of the widespread use of these preparations, without apparent deleterious effects, an investigation of two commercial preparations (Scope, Listerine) and an experimental mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride was undertaken to assess the possible irritant effects on the oral soft tissue under stringent test conditions. A double blind design was used and soft tissue effects were measured over a two week period. Rinses were used full strength, 20 cc 3 times daily. Examinations were conducted by an oral pathologist at the start and conclusion of the test period, and a record was made of the occurrence of erythema, hyperemia/prominent vasculature, inflammation, petechia, keratosis, tongue coating, and ulceration. These observations did not reveal any soft tissue conditions beyond those which would be expected in the normal population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Oral mucosal white lesions associated with excessive use of Listerine mouthwash. Report of two cases.

Two patients were observed to have asymptomatic, diffuse, filmy white lesions involving large portions of the oral mucosa. Both patients admitted to the topical use of Listerine mouthwash in excess of recommended doses. Other considerations in the differential diagnosis were eliminated by history. The lesions showed complete regression in 2 weeks following discontinuance of the lavage.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The induction of hyperkeratotic white lesions in hamster cheek pouches with mouthwash.

Listerine mouthwash applied to the left cheek pouch mucosa of thirty-seven hamsters 45 minutes daily for 41 days caused diffuse, corrugated white lesions showing hyperkeratosis in 100 percent of the animals. The right (control) side showed essentially no changes in response to saline solution applied similarly. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of alexidine.2HCL mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis after six months.

Two-hundred and fourteen subjects ranging in age from 22 to 63 years used either a mouthwash that contained 0.035% w/v alexidine.2HCL (2-ethylhexyl bisbiguanidine dihydrochloride) or a placebo twice daily on a doubleblind basis for six months in conjunction with routine oral hygiene procedures. The results indicated that alexidine.2HCL was safe and was statistically more effective in producing a clinically significant reduction in gingivitis than was the placebo.

Adult↗