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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot sensors based on a combination of spatial-frequency division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing formed by chirped fiber Bragg grating pairs.

Effective multiplexing for a very large number of fiber-optic fiber-Bragg-grating-based Fabry-Perot (FBGFP) sensors is proposed that is based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and spatial-frequency division multiplexing (SFDM). For WDM, FBGFP sensors are arranged in different wavelength domains formed by a series of chirped fiber Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths while the sensors with different cavity lengths within the same wavelength domain are multiplexed by use of SFDM because they have different spatial frequencies as a result of their different cavity lengths. In principle, a thousand FBGFP sensors could be multiplexed with such an approach. The experimental results show that a strain accuracy of better than +/-10 microepsilon has been achieved with little cross talk.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Multiplex_QA: an exploratory quality assessment tool for multiplexed electrophoretic assays.

Multiplex_QA is a data analysis tool for visualizing short- and long-term changes in the performance of multiplexed electrophoretic assays, particularly the commercial short tandem repeat (STR) kits used by the human forensic identity community. A number of quality metrics are calculated from the signal collected for the internal size standard included in nearly all multiplex assays. These quality metrics are related to the signal intensity, symmetry, retention, resolution, and noise of data collected by capillary electrophoresis systems. Interlocking graphical displays enable the identification of changes in the quality metrics with time, evaluation of relationships among the metrics, and detailed examination of electropherographic features of particularly interesting analyses. While primarily intended for exploring which metrics are most useful for documenting data quality, the current version of the tool is sufficiently robust for use by forensic scientists with an interest in data analysis and access to a fast desktop computer.

DNA↗

PubMed2006

Contribution of multiparameter genetic analysis to the detection of genetic alterations in hematologic neoplasia. An evaluation of combining G-band analysis, spectral karyotyping, and multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (multiplex RT-PCR).

We investigated 150 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and 48 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients by multiplex RT-PCR to 7evaluate the adjuvant diagnostic effect, vis-à-vis G-banding and spectral karyotyping (SKY), and the potentials of this method for providing means for monitoring residual disease by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. An abnormal G-banded karyotype was found in 57% of AML and 68% of ALL cases. Ninety-six patients were investigated by SKY in parallel which extended or confirmed the G-banding finding in 94/96 cases. In patients with an abnormal G-banded karyotype, classification of chromosomes involved in structural aberrations by SKY was possible in 98% of the cases and SKY extended the G-banded karyotype in 34% of cases. In 32 cases, an mRNA hybrid was detected by PCR. These cases constitute 16% of the cases investigated at diagnosis (AML: 11% and ALL: 31%). In 13 of these cases, we detected an mRNA hybrid the equivalent of which was not found by G-banding or SKY (AML: 4% and ALL: 13%). By including multiplex RT-PCR, we were able to detect abnormalities in 62% of the investigated patients as opposed to 59% by G-banding. Genetic techniques complement each other and selection of relevant and targeted primer kits for the multiplex RT-PCR assay is recommended.

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed2002

Photonic encoder and decoder for optical code-division multiplexing with time-to-space converters and angle-multiplexed holograms.

A photonic encoder-decoder pair for optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) that uses time-to-space converters and angle-multiplexed holograms is proposed. The encoder converts the pulse from each input port into a specific code and multiplexes input signals into the output port. The hologram in the decoder generates a correlation waveform between the transmitted code and the recorded code. The performance of the OCDM system with the encoder-decoder pair is estimated. The maximum spectral efficiency for 8-bit length orthogonal codes in the worst case at a bit-error rate of 10(-9) is 0.17 (bits/s)/Hz when the number of channels is 8.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

High-efficiency reflective diffraction gratings in fused silica as (de)multiplexers at 1.55microm for dense wavelength division multiplexing application.

We describe high-efficiency, high-dispersion reflection gratings fabricated in bulk fused silica illuminated by incident lights in the C + L bands as (de)multiplexers for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) application. Based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection, gratings with optimized profile parameters exhibit diffraction efficiencies of more than 90% under TM- and TE-polarized incident lights for 101-nm spectral bandwidths (1520-1620 nm) and can reach an efficiency of greater than 97% for both polarizations at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Without loss of metal absorption, without coating of dielectric film layers, and independent of tooth shape, this new kind of grating should be of great interest for DWDM application.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Promising compact wavelength-tunable optical add-drop multiplexer in dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems.

We design and model a highly compact and tunable optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) device that consists of long-period gratings and piezoelectric ceramic fiber stretchers. The proposed OADM shows that 50 dense wavelength-division multiplexing channel signals can be selected in the wavelength range from 1526.25 to 1563.75 nm with 0.75-nm channel spacing, which covers the whole C-band gain spectrum of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The cross talk between channels is less than -39 dB, and the total insertion loss of the device is approximately 0.24 dB, which includes the splicing losses, the mode mismatching loss, and the expected losses in the two side-by-side coupled fibers.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Tunable optical add-drop multiplexer based on long-period fiber gratings for coarse wavelength division multiplexing systems.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a voltage-controllable add-drop multiplexer with a tunable coupler based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). The tunable coupler is based on cladding mode coupling between two parallel LPFGs with divided coil heaters, which controls the resonant wavelength positions of the two LPFGs. The wavelength tunability of the tunable coupler is measured to be -0.45 nm/degrees C in the temperature range from 20 to 120 degrees C. The large tuning range of optical signals (approximately 50.54 nm) from 1502.32 to 1552.86 nm, which covers both the short (S) and the conventional (C) bands, is achieved. The channel isolation is as high as approximately 40 dB. It has several advantages, including a broad tuning range of wavelength in both the S- and C-bands, high channel isolation, no backreflection, and so on.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Rapid identification of Gram-positive anaerobic coccal species originally classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus by multiplex PCR assays using genus- and species-specific primers.

Here, a rapid and reliable two-step multiplex PCR assay for identifying 14 Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) species originally classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus (Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Anaerococcus lactolyticus, Anaerococcus octavius, Anaerococcus prevotii, Anaerococcus tetradius, Anaerococcus vaginalis, Finegoldia magna, Micromonas micros, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus, Peptoniphilus harei, Peptoniphilus indolicus, Peptoniphilus ivorii and Peptoniphilus lacrimalis) is reported. Fourteen type strains representing 14 GPAC species were first identified to the genus level by multiplex PCR (multiplex PCR-G). Since three of these genera (Finegoldia, Micromonas and Peptostreptococcus) contain only a single species, F. magna, M. micros and P. anaerobius, respectively, these organisms were identified to the species level directly by using the multiplex PCR-G. Then six species of the genus Anaerococcus (A. hydrogenalis, A. lactolyticus, A. octavius, A. prevotii, A. vaginalis and A. tetradius) were further identified to the species level using multiplex PCR assays (multiplex PCR-Ia and multiplex PCR-Ib). Similarly, five species of the genus Peptoniphilus (Pn. asaccharolyticus, Pn. harei, Pn. indolicus, Pn. ivorii and Pn. lacrimalis) were identified to the species level using multiplex PCR-IIa and multiplex PCR-IIb. The established two-step multiplex PCR identification scheme was applied to the identification of 190 clinical isolates of GPAC species that had been identified previously to the species level by 16S rRNA sequencing and phenotypic tests. The identification obtained from multiplex PCR assays showed 100 % agreement with 16S rDNA sequencing identification, but only 65 % (123/190) agreement with the identification obtained by phenotypic tests. The multiplex PCR scheme established in this study is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the identification of GPAC species. It will permit a more accurate assessment of the role of various GPAC species in infection and of the degree of antimicrobial resistance in each of the group members.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Computational tradeoffs in multiplex PCR assay design for SNP genotyping.

BACKGROUND: Multiplex PCR is a key technology for detecting infectious microorganisms, whole-genome sequencing, forensic analysis, and for enabling flexible yet low-cost genotyping. However, the design of a multiplex PCR assays requires the consideration of multiple competing objectives and physical constraints, and extensive computational analysis must be performed in order to identify the possible formation of primer-dimers that can negatively impact product yield. RESULTS: This paper examines the computational design limits of multiplex PCR in the context of SNP genotyping and examines tradeoffs associated with several key design factors including multiplexing level (the number of primer pairs per tube), coverage (the % of SNP whose associated primers are actually assigned to one of several available tube), and tube-size uniformity. We also examine how design performance depends on the total number of available SNPs from which to choose, and primer stringency criterial. We show that finding high-multiplexing/high-coverage designs is subject to a computational phase transition, becoming dramatically more difficult when the probability of primer pair interaction exceeds a critical threshold. The precise location of this critical transition point depends on the number of available SNPs and the level of multiplexing required. We also demonstrate how coverage performance is impacted by the number of available snps, primer selection criteria, and target multiplexing levels. CONCLUSION: The presence of a phase transition suggests limits to scaling Multiplex PCR performance for high-throughput genomics applications. Achieving broad SNP coverage rapidly transitions from being very easy to very hard as the target multiplexing level (# of primer pairs per tube) increases. The onset of a phase transition can be "delayed" by having a larger pool of SNPs, or loosening primer selection constraints so as to increase the number of candidate primer pairs per SNP, though the latter may produce other adverse effects. The resulting design performance tradeoffs define a benchmark that can serve as the basis for comparing competing multiplex PCR design optimization algorithms and can also provide general rules-of-thumb to experimentalists seeking to understand the performance limits of standard multiplex PCR.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2007

Multiplexing molecular diagnostics and immunoassays using emerging microarray technologies.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are frequently used for quantitative measurement of the presence of protein, for single-analyte testing, in a sample. The application of ELISA in a microarray format has the potential to simultaneously measure the presence and/or concentrations of numerous proteins, in multiplex testing, all contained in a small drop of test fluid. Microspot microarray technology, in combination with protein biomarkers and nucleic acid diagnostics, appears to be the future high-performance analytical platform of choice. Validation of a large number of disease markers in both molecular and protein diagnostics has paved the way for the emergence of the multiplex assay. Initially, simple low-throughput multiplex assays were tested using the immunoassay format. These were followed by low-level multiplexing and high-throughput array-based immunoassays. More recently, two types of high-level multiplexing and high-throughput diagnostic methods using microspot arrays and bead arrays have been successfully developed to complement single-analyte assays. The value in rapid diagnostic evaluation for high-throughput multiplex, diagnostic test systems based on sound assay design must take into account data screening, normalization and statistical evaluation of possible concentration measurement, data errors and automated operation. Benefits of using multiplex array platforms include improved-quality patient care, as well as cost effectiveness and time saving. These multiplex methods also set the stage for future protein/nucleic acid codetection. Currently, the one analyte at a time test scheme is still dominant; nonetheless, the multiplex microspot microarray tests evaluated in a single multiassay analyzer are expected to become a significant part of clinical diagnostic testing within the next 5-10 years. This review is focused on microspot array and bead array methods for providing high throughput and a high degree of multiplexing in diagnostic testing.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

A comparison of multiplex and simplex families with Alzheimer's disease/senile dementia of Alzheimer type within a well defined population.

A study was made on 150 clinically demented patients presenting at autopsy at Umeå University Hospital in Sweden. In 90 of the cases dementia was considered to be primary in nature and of these forty six per cent (41 cases), fulfilled both the clinical and histopathological criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease/Senile dementia of Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT). The families of these 41 AD/SDAT cases were then studied, and a family history obtained through interviews with multiple family informants and from civil and medical records. Additional diseased family members suffering from progressive dementia (multiplex families) were observed in 12 probands out of 41 (29%). Multiplex families exhibited similar clinical and histopathological characteristics as simplex families containing a single affected individual. The secondary cases in the multiplex families exhibited similar demographic and clinical characteristics as the probands. 39% of the multiplex and 14% of the simplex cases had an early age of onset of the disease, that was under 65 years. The overall prevalence of progressive dementia disorders in the 41 families was 5.9%. The prevalence of a progressive dementia disorder was 11% in the multiplex families (14% for the early onset cases) and 3.5% in the simplex families (2% for the early onset cases). The prevalence of progressive dementia disorder for family members who had passed the mean age of the onset of the disease for their family, was 45% for multiplex and 18% for simplex families. Furthermore the incidence rate for dementia was significantly higher (p < 0.005) in multiplex families (5.5 per 1,000 person years) when compared to simplex families (2.5 per 1,000 person years). No differences could be seen in parental age at birth of the diseased when comparing the two sets of families. However in multiplex families the duration of the disease was significantly (p < 0.025) shorter, in subjects with parental age at birth over 35 years compared to those with a parental age under 35 years. The multiplex families contained significantly (p < 0.025) larger sibships; and showed a significantly lower age of onset for the disease (p < 0.001), and a significantly longer duration of disease (p < 0.05) compared to the simplex families. A significant intra familial correlation of age at disease onset was observed in both sets of the families.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed2006

Detection of respiratory herpesviruses in foals and adult horses determined by nested multiplex PCR.

A nested multiplex PCR was developed as a rapid (<12h), sensitive test for the simultaneous identification of equine herpesviruses (EHV1, EHV4, EHV2 and EHV5) in clinical samples from horses. Peripheral blood and nasal swab (NS) samples from 205 weanling Thoroughbred foals on 6 different studs over 3 consecutive seasons and from 92 adult horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined using direct multiplex PCR of clinical samples (direct PCR) and conventional cell culture with differentiation of EHV in cell cultures by multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR proved a sensitive and specific technique for the detection of EHV in cell culture and clinical samples. The technique described appeared equally sensitive as one using a single set of primers for individual EHV but reduced labour and reagent costs. Cell cultures showing cytopathic effect (CPE) were always positive for EHV on PCR. EHV were also detected by multiplex PCR in 11 samples which failed to show CPE. By a combination of multiplex PCR and cell culture or direct multiplex PCR, the presence of up to three EHV in the same sample was detected. Overall, EHV5 was detected by direct multiplex PCR of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and/or NS samples from 78% of foals and 47% of adult horses. Repeated sampling or cell culture in combination with multiplex PCR and with the incorporation of IL-2 in culture medium increased the sensitivity for detection of EHV in PBMC and demonstrated that EHV5 DNA could be identified in PBMC from 89% of foals and 100% of adult horses. EHV2 was identified from approximately 30% of foals, but was more frequently identified in samples from 17 foals with mild respiratory disease and was isolated infrequently from adult horses. EHV1 and EHV4 were identified uncommonly in any population in the current study.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Multiplex real-time single nucleotide polymorphism detection and quantification by quencher extension.

Multiplex quencher extension (multiplex-QEXT) is a novel closed tube single-step method for detection and quantification of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) simultaneously. The principle of multiplex-QEXT is that 5' reporter-labeled probes are 3' single-base-extended with TAMRA dideoxy nucleotides if the respective SNP alleles are present. TAMRA can serve as either an energy acceptor (quencher-based detection) or donor [fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based detection] for a wide range of different reporter fluorochromes. The extension can therefore be recorded by the respective reporter fluorescence change. We evaluated multiplex-QEXT, analyzing four different SNP loci in the Listeria monocytogenes inlA gene. Probes labeled with the reporters 6-FAM, TET, VIC, and Alexa Fluor 594 were used. Responses for the fluorochromes 6-FAM, TET, and VIC were detected by quenching (decreased fluorescence), while the response for Alexa Fluor 594 was detected by FRET (increased fluorescence). We evaluated the SNP-allele pattern in 252 different L. monocytogenes strains. Multiplex-QEXT gave a good resolution, detecting seven major and five minor groups of L. monocytogenes. Comparison with serotyping showed that multiplex-QEXT gave better resolution. We also evaluated the quantitative aspects of multiplex-QEXT. Quantitative information was obtained for all the fluorochrome/probe combinations in the sample pools. The detection limits for 6-FAM, TET and Alexa Fluor 594 were the presence of the 10% target SNP alleles (P < 0.05), while the detection limit for VIC was the presence of the 5% target SNP alleles (P < 0.05). Currently, overlap in the fluorescence emission spectra is the limiting factor for the multiplexing potential of QEXT. With the emergence of new fluorochromes with narrow emission spectra, we foresee great potential for increasing the multiplex level in the future.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2002

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach.

Considerable time and effort can be saved by simultaneously amplifying multiple sequences in a single reaction, a process referred to as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiplex PCR requires that primers lead to amplification of unique regions of DNA, both in individual pairs and in combinations of many primers, under a single set of reaction conditions. In addition, methods must be available for the analysis of each individual amplification product from the mixture of all the products. Multiplex PCR is becoming a rapid and convenient screening assay in both the clinical and the research laboratory. The development of an efficient multiplex PCR usually requires strategic planning and multiple attempts to optimize reaction conditions. For a successful multiplex PCR assay, the relative concentration of the primers, concentration of the PCR buffer, balance between the magnesium chloride and deoxynucleotide concentrations, cycling temperatures, and amount of template DNA and Taq DNA polymerase are important. An optimal combination of annealing temperature and buffer concentration is essential in multiplex PCR to obtain highly specific amplification products. Magnesium chloride concentration needs only to be proportional to the amount of dNTP, while adjusting primer concentration for each target sequence is also essential. The list of various factors that can influence the reaction is by no means complete. Optimization of the parameters discussed in the present review should provide a practical approach toward resolving the common problems encountered in multiplex PCR (such as spurious amplification products, uneven or no amplification of some target sequences, and difficulties in reproducing some results). Thorough evaluation and validation of new multiplex PCR procedures is essential. The sensitivity and specificity must be thoroughly evaluated using standardized purified nucleic acids. Where available, full use should be made of external and internal quality controls, which must be rigorously applied. As the number of microbial agents detectable by PCR increases, it will become highly desirable for practical purposes to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple agents that cause similar or identical clinical syndromes and/or share similar epidemiological features.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

PCR-multiplexes for a genome-wide framework of simple sequence repeat marker loci in cultivated sunflower.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and other DNA sequence-tagged site markers can be genotyped more rapidly and cost efficiently by simultaneously amplifying multiple loci (multiplex PCR). The development of PCR-multiplexes for a nearly genome-wide framework of 78 SSR marker loci in cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is described herein. The most outstanding single-locus SSR markers in the public collection (300 out of 1,089) were identified and screened for polymorphisms among 24 elite inbred lines, preparatory to selecting SSR markers for testing in multiplex PCRs. The selected SSR markers produced robust PCR products, amplified a single locus each, were polymorphic among elite inbred lines (minimum, mean and maximum heterozygosities were 0.08, 0.53 and 0.85, respectively), and supply a dense genome-wide framework of predominantly or completely codominant, single-locus DNA markers for molecular breeding and genomics research in sunflower. Thirteen six-locus multiplex PCRs were developed for 78 SSR marker loci strategically positioned throughout the sunflower genome (three to five per linkage group) by identifying compatible SSR primer combinations and optimizing multiplex PCR protocols. The multiplexed SSR markers, when coupled with 17 complementary SSR marker loci, create a 'standard genotyping' set ideal for first-pass scans of the genome, as are often needed when screening bulked-segregant DNA samples or mapping phenotypic trait loci. The minimum, mean and maximum heterozygosities of the multiplexed SSR markers were 0.38, 0.62 and 0.83, respectively. The PCR-multiplexes increase genotyping throughput, reduce reagent costs, and are ideal for repetitive genotyping applications where common sets of SSR marker loci are required or advantageous.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1997

Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR for surveillance of influenza A and B viruses in England and Wales in 1995 and 1996.

Multiple-target (multiplex) reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for detection, typing, and subtyping of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza type A (H3N2 and H1N1) and type B viruses was developed and applied prospectively to virological surveillance of influenza in England in the 1995-1996 winter season. During this season both influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 viruses were circulating, although at different times. Six hundred nineteen combined nose and throat swabs taken by general practitioners in sentinel practices from individuals presenting with "influenzalike illness" were analyzed by culture, multiplex RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Of the 619 samples, 246 (39.7%) were positive by multiplex RT-PCR compared with 200 (32.3%) which yielded influenza viruses on culture. There was 100% correlation between multiplex RT-PCR typing and subtyping and the influenza types and subtypes obtained from culture. There was also excellent correlation between the temporal detection of influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 viruses by multiplex RT-PCR and by culture. During the peak weeks of influenza virus activity, a total of 259 specimens were received, of which 101 (38.9%) yielded influenza viruses on culture while 149 (57.5%) were positive in multiplex RT-PCR, providing an increase in detection of influenza viruses of approximately 20%. The increased detection of influenza virus occurred in all the age groups sampled. Samples which were positive by multiplex RT-PCR but negative by culture were not detected significantly earlier or later in the winter of 1995-1996 but were detected during the peak weeks of clinical influenza virus activity. Multiplex RT-PCR was successfully used in surveillance of influenza to provide accurate, sensitive diagnosis directly on clinical specimens sent through the post.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

High-throughput screening of cellulase F mutants from multiplexed plasmid sets using an automated plate assay on a functional proteomic robotic workcell.

BACKGROUND: The field of plasmid-based functional proteomics requires the rapid assay of proteins expressed from plasmid libraries. Automation is essential since large sets of mutant open reading frames are being cloned for evaluation. To date no integrated automated platform is available to carry out the entire process including production of plasmid libraries, expression of cloned genes, and functional testing of expressed proteins. RESULTS: We used a functional proteomic assay in a multiplexed setting on an integrated plasmid-based robotic workcell for high-throughput screening of mutants of cellulase F, an endoglucanase from the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces PC-2. This allowed us to identify plasmids containing optimized clones expressing mutants with improved activity at lower pH. A plasmid library of mutagenized clones of the celF gene with targeted variations in the last four codons was constructed by site-directed PCR mutagenesis and transformed into Escherichia coli. A robotic picker integrated into the workcell was used to inoculate medium in a 96-well deep well plate, combining the transformants into a multiplexed set in each well, and the plate was incubated on the workcell. Plasmids were prepared from the multiplexed culture on the liquid handler component of the workcell and used for in vitro transcription/translation. The multiplexed expressed recombinant proteins were screened for improved activity and stability in an azo-carboxymethylcellulose plate assay. The multiplexed wells containing mutants with improved activity were identified and linked back to the corresponding multiplexed cultures stored in glycerol. Spread plates were prepared from the glycerol stocks and the workcell was used to pick single colonies from the spread plates, prepare plasmid, produce recombinant protein, and assay for activity. The screening assay and subsequent deconvolution of the multiplexed wells resulted in identification of improved CelF mutants and corresponding optimized clones in expression-ready plasmids. CONCLUSION: The multiplex method using an integrated automated platform for high-throughput screening in a functional proteomic assay allows rapid identification of plasmids containing optimized clones ready for use in subsequent applications including transformations to produce improved strains or cell lines.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Development and population study of an eight-locus short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex system.

Amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) loci has become a useful tool for human identification applications. To improve throughput and efficiency for such uses, the polymorphic STR loci CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, vWA, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, D5S818, F13A01, FESFPS, F13B, and LPL have been evaluated, developed, and configured into fluorescently labeled multiplex systems. Eight of these STR loci were combined to generate the PowerPlex System, a two-color multiplex system that supports rapid, accurate, reliable analysis and designation of alleles. The remaining four loci comprise the FFFL System, a one-color multiplex system. The PowerPlex System may be evaluated alternatively as two one-color, four-locus multiplex systems, CTTv Multiplex and GammaSTR Multiplex. The products of multiplex amplification may be analyzed with a variety of fluorescence detection instruments. Determination of genotypes of over 200 individuals from each of three different population/ethnic groups revealed independence of inheritance of the loci and allowed calculation of matching probability, typical paternity index, and power of exclusion for each multiplex.

Alleles↗