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Two cases of traumatic myiasis, one in Bowen carcinoma and one in chronic leg ulcer, are described. The maggots isolated were reared to the adult stage; they proved to be Calliphoridae of the genus Lucilia (presumably L. sericata). The various forms of myiasis and the species involved in such parasitism are described, and the therapeutic efficiency of proteolytic enzymes and the necrolytic potency of maggots are briefly discussed.
Dipterous larvae were found in the appendices from two postmortem examinations. The single maggot in the first case was not immediately identified in the sections. However, when the posterior end of the larva was recovered from the unsectioned portion of the appendix, it was identified as a maggot of the genus Sarcophaga. The first case was believed to be a case of "pseudomyiasis,+ i.e., the accidental entrapment of a swallowed larva passing through the digestive tract. In the second case, the appendix contained numerous larvae with great variation in sizes and stages of development of the mouth hooks, pharyngeal sclerites, and spiracular breathing plates. Such development was considered to have occurred within the intestinal tract, which indicated that this was a case of true intestinal myiasis.
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Cutaneous myiasis in sheep arising from the activity of Lucilia cuprina larvae can result in significant physiological changes in susceptible animals. The stress imposed on the pituitary-adrenal axis of the sheep in response to myiasis and acute restraint is the subject of this investigation. Merino wethers were exposed to handling restraint, and blood sampling, during examination for blowfly strike; where necessary, they were treated for cutaneous myiasis. Significant changes in the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-endorphin (beta-EP), ACTH and cortisol were found in sheep with extensive myiasis, as compared with unstruck sheep or those with only localized myiasis. In five susceptible sheep with extensive cutaneous myiasis, mean plasma levels of beta-EP, ACTH and cortisol were 307 +/- 71 pg ml-1, 953 +/- 58 pg ml-1 and 232 +/- 46 nmol l-1 respectively, compared with 818 +/- 89 pg ml-1, 641 +/- 41 pg ml-1 and 107 +/- 17 nmol l-1 in six unstruck sheep handled similarly. Whereas significant increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol can result from pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional or surgical stress, and are usually accompanied by a concomitant release of beta-EP from the pituitary, the present findings indicate a marked reduction in beta-EP levels and a significant increase in ACTH and cortisol in sheep following blowfly strike and acute handling restraint. This result suggests that cutaneous myiasis in susceptible sheep can alter the pituitary-adrenal response to acute restraint stress, and this could occur either by an alteration of precursor processing in the pituitary or by the selective release of ACTH.
A report is given on 4 cases of myiasis of the mucous membrane of different localisation and etiology observed in the GDR (vaginal myiasis by Lucilia sericata, urethral and vesicular myiasis by Calliphora vicina, rectal myiasis by Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis and ophthalmomyiasis by Oestrus ovis). Biological peculiarities and habits of life of the causative organisms, pathogenesis of the different forms of parasitosis in man and clinical pictures are described. The cases mentioned show that occasionally is to reckoned with autochthonic myiasis - above all due to larve of blue-bottles, meat and bot-flies - not only in tropic countries, but also in Middle Europe (especially during the warm seasons and when a considerable quantity of flies is present). Among the predisposing factors for furunculous and migrating skin myiasis as well as wound, urogenital, intestinal and other myiases of the mucous membrane comatous conditions due to severe basic diseases play a special part. On unhygienic conditions, however, the parasitic invasion of the maggots of certain, in general harmless species of flies into the integumentum and into various hollow organs of man is just possible also in primarily healthy persons with good general condition. In an adequate anamnesis and suspicious clinical symptomatology, therefore, a myiasis should be included into differential-diagnostic considerations.
Although cases of human cutaneous myiasis do occur in Queensland, few have been reported in the medical literature. No prospective studies to record and to identify the Diptera that are responsible in a particular area seem to have been reported. Thus, a prospective study was undertaken in Brisbane hospitals between October 9, 1986 and March 15, 1988. Fourteen infestations were recorded and, in 12 cases, the larvae were bred through to adult flies. In 10 cases, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) was identified and, in two cases, Parasarcophaga crassipalpis (Macquart) was identified. All cases, except one, occurred during warm weather. The patients mainly were old, ill and debilitated. Myiasis was present on admission to hospital in eight patients and occurred three days to two months after hospital admission in the other cases. It is believed that this is the first prospective study of human cutaneous myiasis to be published, with the largest series of Lucilia cuprina and the first study to incriminate Parasarcophaga crassipalpis in myiasis in humans. It also is the largest Australian series of human cutaneous myiasis, and the first to report Lucilia cuprina as an agent in human myiasis in Australia.
A case of destructive ocular myiasis resulting in complete loss of the globe in two days time is documented. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of such a severe involvement in a healthy and non-compromised host. Mechanical removal and good local hygiene helped heal the wound. The larvae were isolated to be that of Chrysomyia bezziana (screwworm fly). This is possibly the first report of destructive ocular myiasis caused by Chrysomyia bezziana from the Indian subcontinent and the second in world literature. Infestation of human eyes with larvae of flies (myiasis) has been reported. Serious consequences of destructive myiasis are seen in emaciated and diseased patients. Only one report of total destruction of the globe by maggots of Chrysomyia bezziana exists in the literature. As in previous communications, the patient in this report had no predisposing factors both systemic and local. We here in document a case of orbital myiasis leading to rapid destruction of the globe within two days in a healthy and a non-compromised patient.
Cutaneous furunculoid myiasis arises from the infestation of skin or mucous membranes with dipterous larvae. Myiasis from the botfly Dermatobia hominis is a common parasitic disease of the tropics of Central and South America, and may present in the United States. With increasing travel by U.S. citizens, there is potential for increased occurrence; it is important to be able to accurately diagnose myiasis and differentiate it from entities with similar presentations, such as leishmaniasis. The authors describe four cases of myiasis from D. hominis infestation and review clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment.
Human clinical myiasis is a rare entity in temperate zones, but it is of frequent occurrence among indigenous populations in tropical countries. The physician in practice in temperate zones, especially in urban areas, will generally see cases in those who have returned from rural travel or duty tours in tropical countries.Temperate zone physicians by training and clinical services frequently are not prepared to accurately diagnose and treat cases of myiasis. This paper is a report of experiences and records of cases of myiasis and is intended to alert temperate zone physicians to the possibilities of myiasis among a limited number of their patients.
Myiasis is a diseased condition caused by larvae of myiasis producing flies. Still little is known about such an important subject in Egypt. In this paper, the author described three human cases of otitis media associated with aural myiasis. The causative larvae were those of W. magnifica and S. falculata.
The evolution of the main topics of study related to the biology, the life-cycle and the distribution of insects causing cutaneous myiasis during the last century is presented. These subjects are still of interest and a synopsis of new data concerning Hypoderma tarandi, H. diana and Prezhevalskiana silenus is reported as well as the changes of distribution of some species such as Cochliomyia hominivorax. In the second part, an over view of what has been archived on myiasis immunology is reviewed. This is based on the work conducted on Lucilia cuprina and Hypoderma. The areas of research are serological diagnosis, disease monitoring, immunological mechanisms of host protection and parasite escape. The following topic reviewed the latest developments in chemotherapy, the problems associated with this approach to control the myiasis and the part played by these chemicals in successful eradication programs. In the last topic the latest results obtained with the use of biological measures to control C. hominivorax and H. bovis and H. lineatum are reported.
The most important insects from medical point of view, are the blood suckers or the insect-borne diseases. Still others, almost non-blood suckers, but may attack man and animal to deposit their eggs or larvae causing pathogenic condition known as myiasis. In the present paper, a total of nine myiasis producing dipterous flies were collected from Cairo and Giza abattoirs. They were: Musca d. vicina, Calliphora vicina, Chrysomyia albiceps, C. marginalis, Lucilia sericata, L. cuprina, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Wohlfahrtia magnifica and Oestrus ovis. Their role as myiasis producers in man and animal was discussed.
Cerebral myiasis with a 10-day history of convulsions due to an intracerebral hematoma caused by a Hypoderma bovis larva is reported in an 8-year-old child. Computerized tomography (CT) showed the hematoma in a right parieto-occipital location. The H. bovis larva and the extensive intracerebral hematoma were discovered during surgery. Among human parasitoses, cerebral myiasis is rare: a review of the literature revealed only two reports, one published in 1969 and one in 1980. This is the first case that has been diagnosed as cerebral myiasis with exact identification of the Hypoderma bovis larva both from the CT scans and at surgery in a patient during life.
Oral myiasis (infestation by the larvae of Diptera flies) has only rarely been reported in the English-language literature. This article records a case of wound myiasis caused by flies of the family Sarcophagidae that affected a tooth-extraction site, and was a painful complication of the extraction.
A case of cutaneous myiasis is reported, caused by larvae of the fly Dermatobia hominis, found in South and Central America where the disease was contracted during a journey. With the spread of air travel such parasites may be carried to Europe and elsewhere. There are also fly species in Central Europe whose larvae could potentially cause myiasis.
Soft tissue infestation by maggots of flies (myiasis) is a well-recognized complication of neglected wounds. Mixed infestation by larvae of more than one species of fly is a rarity. We report, for the first time in India, one such case of cutaneous myiasis due to mixed infestation--in this instance by Chrysomya bezziana and Sarcophaga sp. in a drug addict.
A case of urogenital myiasis in a patient with transverse myelitis is reported from Imphal, Manipur, India. The larvae of Megaselia scalaris Lowe were recovered repeatedly from the urine of the patient and were reared to adult to facilitate identification. This is the first known case of urinary myiasis caused by M. scalaris in India.
Two cases of cutaneous myiasis are described. The first, acquired in West Africa, consisting of 36 furuncle-like lesions, was caused by the larvae of Cordylobia anthropophaga. An adult fly was raised from one larva. In the second patient, the infestation was caused by five larvae of Dermatobia hominis acquired in Central America. Neither patient was aware of any infestation, but the clinical presentation, although also suggestive of bacterial skin infection, showed a typical course and symptoms of cutaneous myiasis in both patients.