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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Application of NADH tetrazolium reductase reaction in perioperative biopsy of dysganglionic large bowel.

A reaction for NADH tetrazolium reductase was used to demonstrate the presence of ganglion cells in myenteric plexus during dysganglionic bowel operations in 24 patients. The advantages of this method are the quick preparation of an incubation medium, a short incubation time and the good demonstration of ganglion cells. It was possible to determine the extent of the aganglionic and prominently hypoganglionic parts of the bowel and in this way achieve improved results. The NADH tetrazolium reductase reaction can be recommended for the perioperative biopsy of a dysganglionic bowel.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1982

Appearance of sensory nerve terminals in cat muscle spindles stained for NADH-tetrazolium reductase.

Cat muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of the tenuissimus muscle stained for myofibrillar ATPase, cholinesterase or NADH-tetrazolium reductase. The terminal sites of the primary and secondary axons on intrafusal muscle fibers could be demonstrated due to their high NADH-TR activity. This sensory NADH-TR reactivity at the equator and in the juxtaequatorial regions disappeared following spindle chronic de-afferentation, but not after de-efferentation. Spindle poles that carried both primary and secondary sensory endings had a longer periaxial fluid space than poles with primary endings only, and their motor innervation, as determined by staining for ChE, was positioned at the greater distance from the equator. Some of the secondary endings occurred in intrafusal regions that displayed surface fiber ChE activity. The histochemical reaction for NADH-TR represents a simple, rapid and reliable method for studies of the distribution of sensory nerve terminals in the spindle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Microphotometric analysis of NADH-tetrazolium reductase deficiency in fibroblasts of patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

We employed a microphotometric approach to examine whether a defect in the mitochondrial respiratory complex I expected in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) as the consequence of a mtDNA (11778G>A) mutation in the ND4 gene coding for a subunit of the respiratory complex I can be detected at the single-cell level. Genetically stable fibroblast cell lines were established from skin biopsies of two members of a Chinese Indonesian family with LHON. The fibroblasts were homoplasmic for the 11778G>A mutation. The activity of the respiratory complex I was examined histochemically by staining for NADH-tetrazolium reductase. The histochemical staining showed a typical pattern with an apparent concentration of the activity around the nucleus, suggested as the reflection of the gradient in the thickness of the unsectioned fibroblast cells. Microphotometric quantification of the staining intensity showed that the activity is linear for at least 60 min. The activity shows a discontinuity in its Arrhenius kinetics with a break point at 13.0-13.5 degrees C (activation energy at 50-58 J/mol and 209-238 J/mol above and below the break temperature, respectively), indicating the membrane association of the NADH-tetrazolium reductase activity. Both patients showed lower fibroblast NADH-tetrazolium reductase activity, with a reduction of degrees 30%. Our results demonstrate the utility of microphotometric analysis in the study of biochemical defects associated with mutations in the mtDNA.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1987

Neural specificity of acrylamide action upon enzymes associated with oxidative energy-producing pathways. I. Histochemical analysis of NADH-tetrazolium reductase activity.

The mechanism by which acrylamide (ACR) produces a distal neurofilamentous axonopathy has not been determined. Our investigations are focused upon the effects of this toxicant on energy transformations; more specifically, on enzymes of oxidative metabolism. The current study determines the effects of ACR on NADH-tetrazolium reductase (TR) activity (composite of primarily lipoamide and NADH dehydrogenases) in a variety of neural and non-neural tissues in order to test for a correlation between the neural specificity of enzyme inhibition with specific neurotoxicity. Quantitative histochemical assays demonstrate a significant inhibition of NADH-TR activity in ligated axons (-9.5%), Purkinje neurons (-17.3%) and dorsal root ganglion neurons (-17.8%) following a single ACR injection. Non-neural tissue enzymes were not significantly inhibited. A non-neurotoxic analogue, methylene-bis-ACR, had no effect upon these enzymes except in Purkinje neurons. The data supports, in general, the hypothesis that specific inhibition of neural NADH-TR activity by acrylamide is the primary site of action in producing the neuropathy. The neural specificity is attributed to lower levels of glutathione in neural tissues rather than specific inhibition of neural isoenzymes of NADH-TR.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of motor endings of the cat's muscle spindle stained for NADH-tetrazolium reductase and cholinesterase.

Cat muscle spindles were examined histochemically in serial transverse sections of tenuissimus muscles stained for ATPase, NADH-TR and ChE alternating sequentially. Motor nerve terminals on nuclear bag1, bag2 and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers were identified in periodic sections stained for ChE. Intrafusal fiber regions that carried ChE-active areas were then examined in staining for NADH-TR. The motor endings on the three types of intrafusal fiber differed in their apparent histochemical content of both ChE and NADH-TR. The observations suggest that functional differences may exist among motor nerve terminals on the various intrafusal fiber types.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Cellular membranes and membrane-bound enzymes in vitamin E deficiency. A histochemical, cytochemical, biochemical, and morphologic study of the liver of the Pekin duckling.

The objective of this investigation was to find out whether vitamin E deficiency, apart from influencing the lipid component of cellular membranes, also influences the protein component. For that purpose a number of membrane-bound enzymes in the liver of the Pekin duckling were histochemically, cytochemically, and biochemically examined. Furthermore, cells, cellular membranes, and protein particles in membranes were morphometrically investigated. Histochemically five membrane-bound enzymes appeared to be stimulated in vitamin E deficiency: 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), tetrazolium reductase (NADH), and tetrazolium reductase (NADPH). 5'-Nucleotidase and glucose-6-phosphatase were also investigated cytochemically and biochemically. The cytochemical localization of these enzymes was identical in control and vitamin E-deficient ducklings. Biochemically, a stimulation of these two enzymes also could be demonstrated. The increase per milligram of DNA appeared to be largest whereas the increase per milligram of protein, per milligram of phospholipid, and per milligram of RNA was only half of the increase per milligram of DNA. This can be explained by the 30 per cent increase of the cell volume in vitamin E deficiency leading to an increase of protein, phospholipid, and RNA per cell. The thickness of membranes and the diameter of protein particles in membranes were measured in liver parenchymal cells. In vitamin E deficiency the thickness of the outer mitochondrial membrane and the diameter of protein particles in this membrane were smaller whereas the thickness of the endoplasmic reticular membrane was larger. The increase of the activities of mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes and the decrease of the thickness of the outer mitochondrial membrane and of its protein particles are interpreted to be the result of the influence of free radicals on membranes with electron transport functions. The increase of 5'-nucleotidase activity in the plasma membrane is likely to have a different cause; it may be related to the transport of nucleotides across this membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A fixative for use in muscle histochemistry.

A fixative solution that preserves the activity of some relevant enzymes in muscle histochemistry is described. Portions of human muscle biopsy specimens and selected murine muscles were fresh frozen or placed in the fixative at room temperature for up to 1 month before freezing. Cryostat sections of fresh frozen and fixed frozen tissue were assayed for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH)-tetrazolium reductase (NADH), several adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), myoadenylate deaminase (MD), and phosphorylase. NADH, ATPase, and MD activity were preserved following fixation but phosphorylase was not preserved. Murine spleen and kidney were similarly tested for acid phosphatase (acid phos), alkaline phosphatase (alk phos), and nonspecific esterase (NSE). Alk phos activity was preserved but acid phos and NSE activity were significantly reduced following fixation. This fixative is useful in some circumstances for processing or shipping human muscle biopsy specimens and experimental tissues.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

Acrylamide produces a direct, dose-dependent and specific inhibition of oxidative metabolism in motoneurons.

The mechanism of action of acrylamide (ACR) in producing a central-peripheral distal axonopathy is unknown. We have tested the hypothesis that ACR inhibition of enzymes of oxidative metabolism is responsible for compromise of the energy supply, thereby producing the neuropathy. A single 50 mg/kg i.p. dose of ACR resulted in a 33.4% decrease in NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) (indicative of oxidative metabolism) activity in rat soleus motoneurons within one hour of injection. Methylene bis ACR (Mb-ACR), a non-neurotoxic analogue, produced a much smaller (6.7%) decrease in NADH-TR activity. Restoration of normal NADH-TR activity following that single injection occurred in 3 days. In vitro histochemical assays demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of motoneuron NADH-TR activity (10-54%) by 1-10mM ACR. Equimolar Mb-ACR produced significantly less inhibition. The rapid, dose-dependent and specific inhibition of this oxidative enzyme activity by ACR provides evidence in support of the energy hypothesis of ACR-induced neuropathy and more specifically suggests that oxidative enzyme inhibitions are a critical site of ACR action.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1987

Enzyme activity changes in rat soleus motoneurons and muscle after synergist ablation.

Quantitative enzyme histochemical methods have been used to determine the effect of ablation of synergists on the oxidative metabolism of the alpha-motoneurons and muscle fibers of the rat soleus. Sixty days postablation, the NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) activity of soleus motoneurons decreased 12.5% from 0.327 +/- 0.005 (mean +/- SE; optical density units) to 0.286 +/- 0.007. In the muscle fibers, the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity (glycolytic enzyme) decreased from 0.114 +/- 0.010 to 0.074 +/- 0.009, a change of 35.1%, and the NADH-TR activity decreased 21.2% from 0.348 +/- 0.018 to 0.274 +/- 0.017. In both the motoneurons and the muscle fibers, the decrease was nonspecific for all cells, although a greater effect on the cells with higher enzyme activity was observed. The decreased NADH-TR activity represents a shift in the oxidative profile of the motoneurons and muscle fibers, indicating a decreased ability to use oxidative metabolism for periods of short-term high-energy demands. Furthermore, the parallel decrease in muscle fibers and motoneurons with high NADH-TR activity (fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers and presumably also motoneurons) demonstrates the tight correlation of the NADH-TR activity between these parts of the motor unit in both control and synergist-ablated muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Lobulated fibers in neuromuscular diseases.

Lobulated fibers have been observed in biopsies of 13 patients with various neuromuscular disorders including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (3), distal myopathy (2), scapuloperoneal muscular dystrophy (2), congenital myopathy, Kugelberg-Welander syndrome, hypothyroidism, steroid myopathy, osteomalacia and systemic lupus erythematosus (on steroids). In all cases there were fibers characterised by small subsarcolemmal triangular aggregates or more diffuse collections extending into the interior of the muscle fiber. These were strongly reactive with oxidative enzymes, acid phosphatase, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Verhoeff-van Gieson (VVG) and also stained red with the Gomori trichrome technique. In 5 cases core-like fibers were also seen. Morphometric analysis of the NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) preparations in 11 cases showed atrophy of the lobulated fibers. Ultrastructural studies of lobulated fibers disclosed large peripheral mitochondrial aggregates and focal areas with Z-line streaming and disrupted myofibrils. We consider this structural change of the muscle fiber as a reflection of muscle cell disruption and suggest that they may progress from lobulated fibers to more atrophic core-like fibers.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2004

Alterations in enzyme histochemical characteristics of the masseter muscle caused by long-term soft diet in growing rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: Recently young people have an increasing tendency to intake an easily chewable diet and spend less time on mastication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the histochemical effects of long-term soft diet on the masseter muscle in growing rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve young male Japanese white rabbits were divided into two groups (n = 6 each) at weaning (1 month after birth) and fed a solid diet (control group) or a powder diet (soft-diet group). The duration of the experimental period was 6 months. Masseter fibers from the superficial and the deep portions were histochemically defined as type 1, 2A, 2B, or 2C fibers. RESULTS: As compared with that of the control, the deep masseter of the soft-diet group showed a significantly lower ratio of type 1 fiber cross-sectional area to total area (6.3 and 10.1% for the soft-diet and control group, respectively), significantly more type 2A fibers (74.0%vs 50.3%) and significantly fewer type 2B fibers (4.3%vs 12.5%). However, fiber size did not differ between the two groups. NADH-tetrazolium-reductase (NADH-TR) of the masseter was less reactive in the soft-diet group, reflecting a lower oxidative capacity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the alteration of the functional activities contributed to selective disuse influences on the type 1 and type 2B fibers, and a resultant increase in type 2A fibers. This study suggests that long-term alteration of jaw function induced by a soft diet can lead to adaptations of the masseter muscle.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

Distribution of myofiber types in the hip and thigh musculature of sheep.

The composition of muscles by myofiber type is associated with their locomotory or postural functions. In the present study the composition of the hip and thigh musculature of sheep by myofiber types and the differences in their distribution were examined. Myofibers were classified into type I, IIA, and IIB myofibers by differences in myosin ATPase and NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) activity. The vastus intermedius muscle consisted only of type I myofibers, which exhibit weak alkali-stable myosin ATPase and strong NADH-TR activity. The gluteus accessorius and profundus muscles had more than 50% type I myofibers. The other muscles had less than 50% type I myofibers as a whole. Type I myofibers were concentrated in the deep portions of the gluteus and quadriceps femoris muscles, which extend the hip and stifle joints, and of the pectineus muscle. They were scattered evenly in the caudally situated locomotory muscles in the thigh. Type IIA myofibers, characterized by strong alkali-stable myosin ATPase and NADH-TR activity, showed little difference in distribution in the hip and thigh muscles. Type IIB myofibers, characterized by strong alkali-stable myosin ATPase and weak NADH-TR activity, were distributed more in the cranial, caudolateral, and caudomedial portions than in the middle portions of the thigh. The distribution of type IIB myofibers is suited to powerful flexion and extension of the thigh and leg. In the hip and thigh musculature, it appears that type I myofibers are effectively distributed to maintain a standing posture without diminishing the propulsive force of the hindlimb.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of muscle cell fiber types and oxidative capacity in gracilis, rectus femoris, and triceps brachii muscles in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).

Muscle cell fiber types in gracilis, rectus femoris, and long head of triceps brachii muscles of ferrets and dogs were identified on serial sections stained for myosin ATPase after preincubation at pH values of 9.8, 4.6, and 4.3 and for NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) activity. Although fiber types I and II were identified, the ATPase stain did not demonstrate classic type IIA/IIB fiber differences in either species. However, two type II fiber subtypes could be distinguished in the ferret because they differed slightly in staining intensity with ATPase at pH 4.3 and markedly with NADH-TR. One ferret type II fiber (designated II dark or IID) was smaller, slightly darker on ATPase, more oxidative on NADH-TR, and comprised more muscle volume than the other type II fiber (designated II light IIL). The IID fibers of ferret may represent the IID/X fibers of other authors. Both ferret type II fiber subtypes stained darker at pH 4.3 than canine II fibers. The NADH-TR staining indicated high oxidative activity in canine and ferret type I fibers. In contrast, type II fibers in the dog and IIL fibers in the ferret were moderately oxidative. Canine type IIC fibers were intermediate between type I and type II, whereas in the ferret, type IIC fibers were highly oxidative, as were type IID fibers. Ferret muscles are more oxidative than canine muscles according to NADH-TR staining. Also, ferret muscles possess 40-100% higher citrate synthase activity as compared to canine muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Composition of myofiber types in the pectoral girdle musculature of sheep.

The muscles of the pectoral girdle in domestic animals attach the forelimbs to the trunk and function as the suspensory apparatus. In the present study the composition of the pectoral girdle musculature of sheep by myofiber types was examined. Myofibers showing a strong reaction for alkali-stable myosin ATPase were classified into fast-twitch/glycolytic (FG) myofibers with a weak activity for NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) and fast-twitch/oxidative/glycolytic (FOG) myofibers with a moderate and strong NADH-TR activity. Myofibers showing a weak reaction for alkali-stable myosin ATPase and a strong activity for NADH-TR were classified as slow-twitch/oxidative (SO) myofibers. The SO myofibers that showed a granular and striped pattern of diformazan deposits in NADH-TR activity were classified as SO-1 myofibers, whereas the SO myofibers characterized by a reticular pattern of diformazan deposits were classified as SO-2 myofibers. The trapezius, rhomboideus cervicis, and pectoralis descendens muscles situated superficially in the cranial regions of the back and chest had about 50% SO (SO-1 plus SO-2) myofibers. The deeply situated serratus ventralis cervicis and thoracis muscles had 37.5% SO myofibers. These five muscles included more SO-2 myofibers with large diameters than did all other muscles, and had about 50% and more cross-sectional area of SO myofibers. The other muscles had less than 32% SO myofibers and fewer SO-2 myofibers. The FOG and FG myofibers accounted for 50% or less in the muscles examined. Many muscles of the pectoral girdle had many fast-twitch (FOG plus FG) myofibers; they seem to meet locomotory requirements. In the pectoral girdle musculature, the SO myofibers were not necessarily distributed more in the deep regions than in the superficial regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗