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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Legal determinations concerning narcotics which are important for the veterinarian].

In January 1998 the German legislation of narcotic drugs was subject of important changes also concerning the use of narcotic drugs in veterinary practice. The annexes I-III of the law of narcotic drugs (BtMG) containing all substances classified as narcotics were reorganized. Furthermore, the directive on the prescription of narcotic drugs (BtMVV) was changed with the aim to facilitate the prescription as well as the supply of narcotic drugs by veterinarians in their home dispensary. The directive on inland trade of narcotics (BtMBinHV) regulating the distribution of narcotic drugs from wholesalers to veterinarians remained unchanged. The following regulations of prescription or distribution of narcotic drugs by veterinarians for treated animals are described in detail: notification of participation on supply of narcotic drugs, general principles of the use of narcotic drugs, safety measurements, inactivation of narcotics, prescription for patients or for use in veterinary practice/clinics, details of prescription, supply to animal owners by the veterinarian home-dispensary, book-keeping, purchase of narcotic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Social and economic impact of violence in the Americas].

Violence is a social and a public health problem that has grown in the Americas in recent decades that has negative effects on social, health, and the economy of countries, communities, families, and individuals. More than 115,000 people are murdered every year, the majority of them are men; other 55,000 commit suicide. In 20 to 60% of households some form of domestic violence against girls, boys, women, and the elderly occurs; juvenile gangs, involved in violent and criminal activities, increases at alarming rate. Other forms of violence are wars and internal or international conflicts, political violence, abductions, lynching, multinational violence by organized crime units involved in narcotic trafficking, sexual trade or smuggling of weapons. The public health approach is based on a methodology of work, as follows: 1. Characterization of the problem in its basic variables of person, place, time, circumstances, and related situations; 2. Identification of causes, associations, or risk factors; 3. Proposal of interventions and their evaluation; 4. Extension of the evaluated interventions. Violence is an intentional act of multicausal origin. Various factors are interconnected showing the relations among them. Those which have been primarily studied or that have shown greater evidence are discussed. A historical look is proposed, that integrates the repression and control, the prevention and the recovery of the social fabric. Violence demands an expenditure of money that represents a significant proportion of the GDP that was estimated in $168 billion dollars for Latin America. Violence can be prevented. Primary prevention projects are driven to avoid the occurrence of a violent act, but if it has already occurred it is necessary to avoid its repetition, through secondary prevention projects. Tertiary prevention is applied in order to avoid major damages; it aims at improving the quality of life of those already traumatized. The programs should be comprehensive and sustained in the medium and long terms. Finally, comments have been made on PAHO and WHO policies, in particular the recently launched World Report on Violence and Health, a working tool for violence prevention.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of war on the Colombian population.

In the last decade, more than 1.5 million children have died as victims of war and 2000 over 300,000 children were being used as combatants. Colombia, the fourth largest country in Latin America in terms of population and second in area, has been the site of conflict between the government and guerrilla groups, which has created over 200,000 victims and has worsened in the last five years. There is severe poverty and illegal trading in arms and narcotics is closely linked to the conflict. Kidnapping, both individual and mass and often of children, has been a particular feature. Colombia urgently needs programmes to eradicate poverty and violence and must be fully supported by international organizations. Research to suggest effective interventions is an essential part of such programmes.

Colombia↗
PubMed1997

Incidence and prevalence of illegal drug use in Switzerland in the 1980s and early 1990s: an analytical study.

The Swiss registry of charges concerning illegal trade and consumption of narcotics offers the possibility of monitoring the incidence and prevalence of illegal drug use in Switzerland. Of course, the relation between the number of charges against users of illegal drugs and the number of users is unknown and may vary in time and space. This makes it difficult to estimate the prevalence of consumption from law enforcement data, but it does not hinder the estimation of incidence if the numbers of first and subsequent charges are known. This is demonstrated by employing a dynamic model with two compartments which represent the not yet charged and the charged users. In contrast to methods which rely on treatment admission data, the new method can detect changes of incidence without time lag. Prevalence estimates can be obtained if the charge frequency distribution is known, as it is for Switzerland from 1990 to 1994. A theoretical distribution is fitted to the data which are available for all illegal drugs as well as for heroin and/or cocaine. This leads to estimates of the populations of users of illegal drugs in general and of heroin and/or cocaine.

Cocaine↗
PubMed1999

The heroin/cocaine epidemic in Switzerland 1979-1997: a mathematical analysis of law enforcement data.

The Swiss registry of charges concerning illegal trade and consumption of narcotics makes a distinction between first and subsequent charges as well as between several types of illegal drugs. It has been previously shown by using a mathematical model that changes in incidence of illegal drug use can be inferred from the time series of two indicators which are calculated from the numbers of first and subsequent charges. This method of data analysis is now refined in order to monitor the incidence of heroin/cocaine use. The conclusion is that 2,500 persons per year may have entered the population of habitual heroin/cocaine users in the early 1980s, and about 10,000 each year in 1991-93. After 1993, however, the incidence of heroin/cocaine use declined rapidly.

Cocaine-Related Disorders↗
PubMed1999

[Rohypnol should be classified as a narcotic].

Flunitrazepam, widely known by its trade names (e.g. Rohypnol), may cause severe violence, especially in combination with alcohol. Flunitrazepam abusers become cold-blooded, ruthless and violent, and do not remember their violence. Reputedly it is supplied to professional hit-men and enforcers by their bosses to promote ruthless efficacy. One case report describes how a young man, intoxicated with flunitrazepam and involved in causing serious knife and gunshot wounds and taking hostages, felt so invincible that he openly challenged the police, threatening them with an assault rifle, but was himself shot. Flunitrazepam may exert pharmacological effects on GABA-ergic systems, thus lowering serotonin levels. The impulsive execution of violent crimes and suicide attempts in which a violent method (hanging, shooting, self-stabbing) has been used are associated with the presence of low serotonin levels. It is therefore recommended that flunitrazepam should be classified as a controlled substance in Sweden as it is elsewhere.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ratification of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 and its transposition into national legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany.

The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 have been implemented in the Federal Republic of Germany as follows: (a) No distinction is made between narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; all substances which are controlled and non-exempted preparations containing such substances fall under the legal designation of "narcotic drugs"; (b) The same control measures as for narcotic drugs apply to all substances in Schedules II, III and IV of the 1971 Convention, i.e. control of manufacture, trade, import and distribution; (c) Under the new Narcotics Act of the Federal Republic of Germany, which entered into force on 1 January 1982, preparations containing substances listed in Schedules II and III of the 1971 Convention are subject to the same full control measures, including mandatory special prescriptions, with the exception of approximately 50 preparations from substances in Schedule III of the 1971 Convention. These 50 preparations are also subject to import, export and transit controls under the Narcotics Act; (d) The approximately 50 preparations containing substances in Schedule III of the 1971 Convention, as well as all preparations containing substances in Schedule IV of this Convention (about 340), are treated as "exempted preparations" under the Narcotics Act. These preparations, however, may only be dispensed under medical prescription which is in conformity with the provisions of article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2 of the 1971 Convention; (e) Within the meaning of the Narcotics Act, the term "exempted preparations" denotes that no mandatory special prescriptions are required for these preparations but only the normal medical prescriptions. A number of regulations of the Narcotics Act apply to these exempted preparations, including: (i) Licence of manufacture; (ii) Records of dispensing of exempted preparations by the manufacturer to the first acquirer; (iii) Import, export and transit regulations for the exempted preparations containing substances listed in Schedule III (Schedule III B in the Narcotics Act); (iv) Export bans for countries which have prohibited import.

Drug Prescriptions↗