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Results for “NASA Experiment Number AP002”

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5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Immune changes during short-duration missions.

Spaceflight materially influences the immune mechanism of humans and animals. Effects resulting from missions of less than 1 month are examined. Effects from longer missions are discussed in the companion paper by Konstantinova et al. Most immunology studies have involved analyses of subjects and samples from subjects obtained after flight, with the data being compared with similar data obtained before flight. These studies have demonstrated that short-duration missions can result in a postflight depression in blast cell transformation, major changes in cytokine function, and alterations in the relative numbers of immune cell populations. In addition to these post- vs. preflight studies, some data have been produced in flight. However, these in vitro analyses have been less than satisfactory because of differences between in-flight and ground-control conditions. Recently, both the U.S. and Russian space programs have started collecting in-flight, in vivo, cell-mediated immunity data. These studies have confirmed that the human cell-mediated immune system is blunted during spaceflight.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Space flight micro-fungi after 27 years storage in water and in continuous culture.

Four species of micro-fungi were selected for study in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Apollo Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED) mycology experiments. Trichophyton terrestre, Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chaetomium globosum were selected from a series of preflight test fungi for the MEED mycology studies during the 2 years prior to the actual flight (Volz, 1971a, 1972b). Conidia of T. terrestre, ascospores of C. globosum and yeast cells of R. rubra and S. cerevisiae were suspended in sterile distilled water and loaded into wet and dry cuvettes for exposure to specific space flight parameters according to the filters built into the space flight hardware (Volz, 1971b). Living cells were found in the original inocula and phenotype water storage after 27 years. Colony cells were also examined after 27 years of continuous culture.

Chaetomium↗
PubMed1975

Physical dosimetric evaluations in the Apollo 16 microbial response experiment.

Nine biological species, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, were exposed to various combinations of space vacuum, galactic radiation, and solar UV light during the Apollo 16 space flight. No major changes in number of surviving cells occurred, permitting detailed genetic and somatic studies of returned test subjects. To enable dose-response studies, solar UV was employed as a mutagenic source with cells exposed to full sunlight or to components of the UV spectrum at peak wavelengths of 254, 280, and 300 nanometers over a range of energy levels. Proper in-flight UV irradiation monitoring required the development of a potassium ferrioxalate actinometer and an anaerobic photographic emulsion dosimeter which were tested for the first time in space. Studies of the mutagenic activity of cosmic-ray particulate radiation environment required measurement of its components with several lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters and a package of passive nuclear-track detectors capable of recording high-energy multicharge particles. These detectors included cellulose nitrate, Lexan, Ilford G5, and silver chloride crystals. The nuclear track detectors measured the incident heavy particles with the recorded spherical fluences with LET350,H2O>100 keV x micrometers-1 to be 19.3 +/- 1.8 particles cm-2. This value was found to be lower than that recorded by detectors located in the Biostack and the passive personnel dosimeters worn by the astronauts, suggesting a somewhat greater average shielding.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of solar ultraviolet radiations on Bacillus subtilis spores and T7 bacteriophage.

Spores of Bacillus subtilis HA 101 and the DNA polymerase I-defective mutant HA 101 (59) F were exposed to selected wavelengths of solar ultraviolet light and space vacuum during the return of Apollo 16. In addition, coliphage T7 suspensions were exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation as part of the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment. Optical filters were employed to provide different energy levels at wavelengths 254 nm and 280 nm. Dose-response curves for lethal and mutagenic effects were compared with ground-based data. A close parallel was observed between the results of solar radiation and ground tests with spores of the two strains. However, significantly greater inactivation of T7 bacteriophage was observed after exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation.

Bacillus subtilis↗