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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Field trial in commercial broilers with a multivalent in ovo vaccine comprising a mixture of live viral vaccines against Marek's disease, infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease, and fowl pox.

A multivalent in ovo vaccine (MIV) was tested for safety and efficacy in a commercial broiler complex. The MIV comprised five replicating live viruses including serotypes 1, 2, and 3 of Marek's disease virus (MDV), an intermediate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and a recombinant fowl poxvirus (FPV) vector vaccine containing HN and F genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The performance of MIV-vaccinated broilers was compared with that of hatchmates that received turkey herpesvirus (HVT) alone (routinely used in ovo vaccine in the broiler complex). The chickens that hatched from the MIV-injected and HVT-injected eggs were raised under commercial conditions in six barns. Barn 1 housed 17,853 MIV-vaccinated chickens and each of the barns 2-6 housed 18,472-22,798 HVT-vaccinated chickens. The HVT-vaccinated chickens were given infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and NDV vaccines at hatch and at 2 wk of age. The MIV-vaccinated chickens received IBV vaccine at hatch and IBV + NDV at 2 wk of age. The relative values of hatchability of eggs, livability and weight gain of chickens, and condemnation rates at processing were comparable between the MIV and the HVT groups (P > 0.05). Chickens from the MIV- and the HVT-vaccinated groups were challenged with virulent viruses under laboratory conditions. The resistance of vaccinated chickens against Marek's disease could not be assessed because of high natural resistance of unvaccinated commercial broilers to virulent MDV. The relative resistances of the MIV- and the HVT-vaccinated groups, respectively, against other virulent viruses were as follows: IBDV, 100% for both groups; NDV, 81% vs. 19%; FPV, 86% vs. 0%. The successful use of MIV under field conditions expands the usefulness of the in ovo technology for poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lactose pellets--a new approach to oral vaccination of village chickens against Newcastle disease.

Newcastle disease in village chickens in developing countries can now be controlled with vaccines containing thermostable, avirulent V4 virus delivered on food. Logistical problems arise because 7 to 10 g of food vaccine must be allowed for each chicken. Lactose-based pellets have been prepared that contain an immunizing dose of V4 virus in a single pellet, even after long periods of storage. Protective levels of antibody were generated in chickens fed individual pellets, or in groups of chickens fed vaccine pellets mixed with normal food. Chickens receiving vaccine pellets developed a level of protection against challenge with virulent Newcastle disease virus similar to that achieved with vaccine added to food. This process when refined will allow the preparation of vaccine in regional laboratories and delivery without refrigeration to villages.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

[Experiments with the simultaneous or combined vaccination of chicks against Marek's disease and Newcastle disease].

Simultaneous vaccination was carried out of day-old chicks against Marek's disease (strain C3--1) and Newcastle disease (strains B1 and La Sota) which did not prove to be effective in conferring a lasting immunity to Newcastle disease though it was tolerated without any disturbances whatever. One could resort to it by way of an exception only, with an obligatory revaccination 15 days later, when the unfavourable epizootic status made it necessary. The immunity built up against Marek's disease did not seem to be affected by the simultaneous or succeeding vaccination against Newcastle disease with live lentogenic strains. Effective in conferring solid immunity against Newcastle disease proved the combined application of the two vaccines in the following order: treatment of day-old chicks with a vaccine against Marek's disease and vaccination of the same chicks at the age of 8 days with a vaccine against Newcastle disease (strain B1) at a half rate, employing the spray method, followed by revaccination 15 days later with the La Sota vaccine at a full rate, employing the aerosol method.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

The evidence for the airborne spread of Newcastle disease.

Newcastle disease virus has been shown to survive when airborne in small particles, both in the laboratory and in the open air. Field outbreaks have been studied and viable virus has been recovered from the open air short distances downwind of infected premises. Vaccination of birds leads to a great reduction in the amount of virus liberated into the air.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1975

Newcastle disease.

Newcastle Disease of chickens is of interest in comparative pathology because the causal virus has a wide range of pathogenicity and is of only one antigenic type. The virus can be grown to high titre and is easily titrated. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines give effective protection under experimental conditions. Vaccination of commercial chickens is associated with variable results, and it is now possible to investigate the factors which complicate vaccination. These include the presence of interfering respiratory infections, immunosuppressive disease of viral origin, variations in the techniques of vaccination and in the programmes of revaccination. Challenge with lethal virus given by aerosol is severe and allows an accurate assessment of the relationship between serum HI levels and the degree of protection. In the later stages of the immune process most but not all protection is associated with the IgG fraction of serum. There is also an increasing amount of evidence to show that local immunity in the respiratory tract is important in the early stages of the immune process.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid serological profiling by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. III. Simultaneous measurements of antibody titers to infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle disease viruses in a single serum dilution.

The present paper describes a method for measuring enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody titers to infectious bronchitis (IB), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses from a single serum dilution using the same assay procedures and analyses. A regression line equation generated for predicting NDV ELISA antibody titers at a single serum dilution was successfully used to predict ELISA antibody titers to IB and IBD antigen preparations at the same test sera dilutions. Duplicate samples of 46 field and control sera were transferred simultaneously, with the aid of a replica plating device, from a reservoir plate to three different test plates, which were coated separately with IB, IBD, and ND antigens. After similar indirect ELISA parameters were conducted for each antigen, raw absorbance values from duplicate tests and controls were transmitted directly from an ELISA reader to a microcomputer, which subsequently processed average corrected absorbance values directly into individual ELISA antibody titer for each test antigen. The computer output listed individual field and control sample titers to each antigen, as well as graphing the relative ELISA titer distribution of the entire test group to each antigen. In a comparative study, test sera were evaluated for ELISA antibody titer to NDV, IBV, and IBDV by this method in three separate assays. Consistent titer values were obtained in all assays, as 96% of the 414 replicate titers evaluated varied less than twofold.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genetic resistance of Egyptian chickens to infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease.

Genetic resistance of native Egyptian breeds to very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, birds from four breeds (Gimmizah, Sina, Dandrawi and Mandarah) were challenged with vvIBDV. The Mandarah chickens had the lowest mortalities (10%) compared to the Gimmizah, Sina and Dandrawi chickens (55%, 35%, and 55%, respectively). Antibody response, lymphocyte response to mitogen, and bursal lesions did not clearly correlate with the mortality rates. In the second experiment, the four chicken breeds were challenged with virulent NDV. The Mandarah chickens re-emerged as a resistant breed (20%, mortality), while the Sina, Dandrawi and Gimmizah breeds were highly susceptible (85%, 100% and 100% mortality, respectively). Further studies on the resistance mechanism are warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The immune response of chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease with live Newcastle disease V4 vaccine.

Vaccination of chickens with the commercial Newcastle Disease (ND) V4 vaccine at 21 days old or at 21 and 35 days old, stimulated satisfactory and persistent HI antibody levels. The vaccinated chickens were immune when challenged at 49 days old or 77 days old with the virulent strain of NDV administered intramuscularly, intranasally or by contact. Postmortem findings of the non-vaccinated and vaccinated chickens that died from the challenge were recorded.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Protection conferred by vaccination with Blacksburg and Komarov strains of Newcastle disease virus against Newcastle disease in Bangladesh.

An evaluation was undertaken of the efficacy of vaccination of day-old chicks with the Blacksburg (B1) strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) followed at various times by vaccination with the Komarov (K) strain. Antibody was detected by the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test one week after vaccination with B1 and titres peaked at three weeks and had declined to undetectable levels by nine weeks. After subsequent vaccination with K strain at five, seven or eight weeks of age levels of HAI antibody (titre 80 to 640) were detected after three weeks. Birds vaccinated at seven weeks were tested for antibody and resistance to challenge beyond 19 weeks of age. In this group the HAI titres remained constant (80 to 640) up to 32 weeks of age and then steadily declined to 10 to 20 at 44 weeks of age. A linear relationship between HAI titre and virus neutralising index (VNI) was demonstrated with a range of selected sera. Only birds with an HAI titre of 80 or greater resisted artificial challenge. It is recommended that, following B1 vaccination at day-old and K vaccination at seven weeks old, revaccination with K strain should be performed at intervals of not more than seven months.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the onset of protection induced by Newcastle disease virus strain B1 and a fowl poxvirus recombinant Newcastle disease vaccine to a viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus challenge.

Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free white rock chickens were immunized with either a commercial recombinant fowl poxvirus-vectored Newcastle disease vaccine (FPN) expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain B1 or live NDV B1. Vaccinates and controls were challenged by eyedrop and intranasal (E/I) route with a viscerotropic velogenic NDV at 14 days postvaccination to determine the time of clearance of challenge virus. In a subsequent experiment, chickens were challenged at 3, 6, or 10 days postvaccination to determine the onset of immunity. Chickens that received a recommended field dose (1x) or a 0.01x dose of FP-N subcutaneously (s.c.) and were seropositive by hemagglutination-inhibition test at 14 days postvaccination cleared the challenge virus by 14 days postchallenge. Clinical Newcastle disease and high challenge virus titers in tissues were seen only in seronegative FP-N 0.01x dose vaccinates and controls. In a comparison of vaccination with FP-N (1x, 10(4,9) median tissue culture infective dose) s.c., B1 (10(6) median egg infective dose [EID50]) s.c., or B1 (10(6) EID50) E/I, chickens vaccinated at 6 or 10 days before challenge with all vaccines were protected against clinical disease, but only those vaccinated with B1 E/I 10 days before challenge were protected against infection with the challenge virus. Vaccination at 3 days before challenge with B1 E/I provided early protection, but severe nervous signs developed later and reduced overall protection to 60%, whereas disease in chickens vaccinated with B1 s.c. and FP-N s.c. 3 days before challenge was similar to the challenge controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease with live and inactivated Newcastle disease virus.

Chickens were vaccinated and revaccinated with inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines from 2 different sources and also with LaSota strain, live Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Both inactivated vaccines induced higher virus neutralizing (VN) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers than the LaSota virus. One of the inactivated preparations was found superior to the other by both the VN and HI tests. However, poor protection from apparent virus replication, virus shed, and transmission occurred after challenge with a velogenic NDV strain in those vaccinated with each of the inactivated vaccines. In contrast, LaSota virus, given by the eye drop route, produced excellent protection by the same criteria. In one of the groups of chickens, gross lesions of airsacculitis were seen after vaccination with an inactivated vaccine and subsequent challenge. Revaccination with inactivated vaccines did not enhance the protection of the respiratory tract but did result in an anamnestic serological response (VN and HI). In the post-challenge period, the use of tracheal swabs proved more sensitive as an indicator of virus shed than did cloacal swabs with the velogenic NDV strain used. The practical implications of observations made from the trials are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The pathogenesis of Newcastle disease: a comparison of selected Newcastle disease virus wild-type strains and their infectious clones.

The effect of mutations of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion (F) gene, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, and phosphoprotein (P) gene and HN chimeras between the virulent Beaudette C and low virulence LaSota strains on pathogenesis and pathogenicity was examined in fully susceptible chickens. A virulent F cleavage site motif within a LaSota backbone increased pathogenicity and severity of clinical disease. A LaSota HN within a Beaudette C backbone decreased pathogenicity indices and disease severity. A Beaudette C HN within a LaSota backbone did not change either pathogenicity indices or severity of disease in chickens. Loss of glycosylation at site 4 of the HN or modified P gene of Beaudette C decreased pathogenicity indices and caused no overt clinicopathologic disease in chickens. Both pathogenicity indices and clinicopathologic examination demonstrated that the F, HN, and P genes of NDV collectively or individually can contribute to viral virulence.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: isolation of Newcastle disease virus from tracheal and cecal tonsil organ cultures.

Tracheal and cecal-tonsil organ cultures were made from vaccinated turkeys that had survived challenge of immunity with viscerotropic velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Culture fluids were tested to show that latent infections did exist in the vaccinated and challenged turkeys, thus indicating a possible carrier state. NDV was recovered from 6 of 159 turkeys examined. Preliminary tests indicate that 4 isolants are velogenic and 2 are lentogenic.

Administration, Oral↗