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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Effects of signal-to-noise ratio on the auditory brainstem response to 0.5 and 2 kHz tone bursts in broadband noise and highpass noise or notch noise.

This study investigated the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) on the latency and amplitude of th3 auditory brainstem response (Wave V) using 0.5 and 2 kHz tone bursts in highpass/notch noise and broadband noise. Normal listeners were presented with 40 and 80 dB nHL tone bursts in quiet and in noise at S/Ns of 10, 15, 20, and 25 dB. The latency data suggest that, at moderate and high intensities, highpass/notch noise or broadband noise is preferred to the quiet condition because of the improved frequency specificity provided by the masking. Highpass/notch noise appears preferable to broadband noise when testing at moderate to high levels because the former produced larger Wave V amplitudes to 0.5 and 2 kHz tone bursts at 80 dB nHL. The 80 dB nHL data also suggest that S/Ns of 15-25 dB should be selected when the highpass/notch noise is mixed with moderate to high level 0.5 and 2 kHz tone bursts. In contrast to the 80 dB nHL data, Wave V amplitudes to the 40 dB nHL tone bursts suggest that testing in quiet may be preferred to testing in noise when 0.5 and 2 kHz tone bursts are presented at low levels. This is because of the simplicity of instrumentation and because larger amplitudes were observed in quiet than in noise.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

An analysis of quasi-frequency-modulated noise and random-sideband noise as comparisons for amplitude-modulated noise.

Experiments were performed to determine under what conditions quasi-frequency-modulated (QFM) noise and random-sideband noise are suitable comparisons for AM noise in measuring a temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF). Thresholds were measured for discrimination of QFM from random-sideband noise and AM from QFM noise as a function of sideband separation. In the first experiment, the upper spectral edge of the noise stimuli was at 2400 Hz and the bandwidth was 1600 Hz. For sideband separations up to 256 Hz, at threshold sideband levels for discriminating AM from QFM noise, QFM was indiscriminable from random-sideband noise. For the largest sideband separation used (512 Hz), listeners may have used within-stimulus envelope correlation in the QFM noise to discriminate it from the random-sideband noise. Results when stimulus bandwidth was varied suggest that listeners were able to use this cue when the carrier was wider than a critical band, and the sideband separation approached the carrier bandwidth. Within-stimulus envelope correlation was also present in AM noise, and thus QFM noise was a suitable comparison because it made this cue unusable and forced listeners to use across-stimulus envelope differences. When the carrier bandwidth was less than a critical band or was wideband, QFM noise and random-sideband noise were equally suitable comparisons for AM noise. When discrimination thresholds for QFM and random-sideband noise were converted to modulation depth and modulation frequency, they were nearly identical to those for discrimination of AM from QFM noise, suggesting that listeners were using amplitude modulation cues in both cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular effects of impulse noise, road traffic noise, and intermittent pink noise at LAeq = 75 dB, as a function of sex, age, and level of anxiety: a comparative study. I. Heart rate data.

This study aimed at comparing for their cardiovascular effects: a pile-driver noise (P), a gunfire noise (G), a road traffic noise (T), an intermittent pink noise (R). All noises were presented at the same LAeq = 75 dB for 15 min each. Some 120 subjects were divided into 8 subgroups of 15 subjects each: OM (men between 40 and 50 years of age), OF (women, same age range), YM (men, between 15 and 20 years of age), YF (women, same age range), AM (typically anxious men, 20-25 years of age), AF (typically anxious women, same age range), NM (typically anxiety-free men, same age range), and NF (typically anxiety-free women, same age range). Heart rate (HR), digital pulse level, and arterial blood pressure were surveyed before, during, and after exposure to each of the four noises. As regards HR, in subjects at rest, within 5 min preceding exposure to any of the four noises, no differences in prestimulus HR was observed for conditions, age, sex, or anxiety. When the noise was on, the overall HR response was one of increase in all subjects except in OF with G and R noises. In all cases, men provided significantly more important HR responses to noise than women did, indicated by increase in HR, whatever the age. Significantly different HR responses to the different noises were produced by YM and OM. As to the importance of the HR responses induced by them (from the most important to the lesser), noises rank as follows: T, P, G, and R.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Effects of signal-to-noise ratio on the auditory brainstem response to tone bursts in notch noise and broadband noise.

This study investigated the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) on the latency and amplitude of the auditory brainstem response (Wave V) using 1 and 4 kHz tone bursts in notch noise and broadband noise. Normal listeners were presented with 40 dB and 80 dB nHL tone bursts in quiet and in noise at S/Ns of 10, 15, 20, and 25 dB. The latency data suggest that at low intensity levels tone bursts in quiet may be preferred to testing in noise. At moderate and high intensities, however, notch noise or broadband noise is preferred to the quiet condition because of the improved frequency specificity provided by the masking. When testing patients with flat or gradually sloping audiometric configurations at moderate to high intensities with 4 kHz, either notch noise or broadband noise with an S/N of 15 to 25 dB may be used. When presenting 1 kHz tone bursts at high intensities to patients having flat and gradually sloping losses, a notch noise at S/Ns of 10 to 25 dB is preferred to broadband noise. The use of a notch noise at 10 dB S/N may be the stimulus of choice when testing patients with moderately to steeply sloping audiometric configurations with 1 or 4 kHz tone bursts.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Effects of glide slope, noise intensity, and noise duration on the extrapolation of FM glides through noise.

Listeners are quite adept at maintaining integrated perceptual events in environments that are frequently noisy. Three experiments were conducted to assess the mechanisms by which listeners maintain continuity for upward sinusoidal glides that are interrupted by a period of broadband noise. The first two experiments used stimulus complexes consisting of three parts: prenoise glide, broadband noise interval, and postnoise glide. For a given prenoise glide and noise interval, the subject's task was to adjust the onset frequency of a same-slope postnoise glide so that, together with the prenoise glide and noise, the complex sounded as "smooth and continuous as possible." The slope of the glides (1.67, 3.33, 5, and 6.67 Bark/sec) as well as the duration (50, 200, and 350 msec) and relative level of the interrupting noise (0, -6, and -12 dB S/N) were varied. For all but the shallowest glides, subjects consistently adjusted the offset portion of the glide to frequencies lower than predicted by accurate interpolation of the prenoise portion. Curiously, for the shallowest glides, subjects consistently selected postnoise glide onset-frequency values higher than predicted by accurate extrapolation of the prenoise glide. There was no effect of noise level on subjects' adjustments in the first two experiments. The third experiment used a signal detection task to measure the phenomenal experience of continuity through the noise. Frequency glides were either present or absent during the noise for stimuli like those use in the first two experiments as well as for stimuli that had no prenoise or postnoise glides. Subjects were more likely to report the presence of glides in the noise when none occurred (false positives) when noise was shorter or of greater relative level and when glides were present adjacent to the noise.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular effects of impulse noise, road traffic noise, and intermittent pink noise at LAeq = 75 dB, as a function of sex, age, and level of anxiety: a comparative study. II. Digital pulse level and blood pressure data.

In a previous paper, in which the experimental conditions of the present research are fully described (Parrot et al., this issue), heart rate (HR) was studied in 60 male and in 60 female subjects in response to a pile-driver noise (P), a gunfire noise (G), a road traffic noise (T), and an intermittent pink noise (R), all noises being emitted at the same LAeq = 75 dB for 15 min. Digital pulse level (PL) responses were concomitantly surveyed by the use of pulse oximetry, allowing continuous arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) readings. An index of pulse reactivity (PRI) could be calculated. Arterial blood pressure was measured 7 times from the beginning to the end of each trial. At rest, within the last minutes preceding each exposure to any of the 4 noises, no difference for conditions or for age in prestimulus PL was observed. In all cases, sex is a highly significant source of variation: Mean resting SaO2 values are higher in women than in men. Mean SaO2 at rest was also found to be significantly higher in anxious (Am) than in anxiety-free (Nm) men. When the noise was on for 15 min, increase in PL prevailed to be in most cases in men. In contrast, decrease or near-zero changes prevailed in 1 case out of 2 in the female subgroups. In all groups, the mean PRIs are significantly higher in men. In no case did the age factor prove to be a significant source of PRI variation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Auditory brainstem response to tone bursts in quiet, notch noise, highpass noise, and broadband noise.

This study investigated the effects of tone bursts (1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 4000 Hz) in quiet, notch noise, highpass noise, and broadband noise on the identifiability, latency, and amplitude of the auditory brainstem response (wave V). Normal listeners were presented with 40 dB and 80 dB nHL tone bursts having rise-plateau-fall times of 1 msec. Wave V was observed in all subjects at 40 dB and 80 dB nHL for the quiet and noise conditions. The latency findings suggest that responses elicited by the 80 dB nHL tone bursts in quiet were, in part, mediated by regions on the basilar membrane that did not correspond to the center frequency of the tone burst. To increase frequency-specificity, high-level tone bursts (e.g., 80 dB nHL) should be mixed with notch, highpass, or broadband noise. The use of noise conditions for low intensity levels (e.g., 40 dB nHL) does not appear necessary for isolating the response because both the notch and the highpass conditions yielded latencies similar to the quiet condition. Although similar wave V amplitudes were found at all frequencies, amplitudes were smaller for the broadband noise than for the quiet, notch, and highpass conditions. Thus, the latter conditions seem preferred.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Noise, noise sensitivity and psychiatric disorder: epidemiological and psychophysiological studies.

Noise, a prototypical environmental stressor, has clear health effects in causing hearing loss but other health effects are less evident. Noise exposure may lead to minor emotional symptoms but the evidence of elevated levels of aircraft noise leading to psychiatric hospital admissions and psychiatric disorder in the community is contradictory. Despite this there are well documented associations between noise exposure and changes in performance, sleep disturbance and emotional reactions such as annoyance. Moreover, annoyance is associated with both environmental noise level and psychological and physical symptoms, psychiatric disorder and use of health services. It seems likely that existing psychiatric disorder contributes to high levels of annoyance. However, there is also the possibility that tendency to annoyance may be a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity. Although noise level explains a significant proportion of the variance in annoyance, the other major factor, confirmed in many studies, is subjective sensitivity to noise. Noise sensitivity is also related to psychiatric disorder. The evidence for noise sensitivity being a risk factor for psychiatric disorder would be greater if it were a stable personality characteristic, and preceded psychiatric morbidity. The stability of noise sensitivity and whether it is merely secondary to psychiatric disorder or is a risk factor for psychiatric disorder as well as annoyance is examined in two studies in this monograph: a six-year follow-up of a group of highly noise sensitive and low noise sensitive women; and a longitudinal study of depressed patients and matched control subjects examining changes in noise sensitivity with recovery from depression. A further dimension of noise effects concerns the impact of noise on the autonomic nervous system. Most physiological responses to noise habituate rapidly but in some people physiological responses persist. It is not clear whether this sub-sample is also subjectively sensitive to noise and whether failure to habituate to environmental noise may also represent a biological indicator of vulnerability to psychiatric disorder. In these studies noise sensitivity was found to be moderately stable and associated with current psychiatric disorder and a disposition to negative affectivity. Noise sensitivity levels did fall with recovery from depression but still remained high, suggesting an underlying high level of noise sensitivity. Noise sensitivity was related to higher tonic skin conductance and heart rate and greater defence/startle responses during noise exposure in the laboratory. Noise sensitive people attend more to noises, discriminate more between noises, find noises more threatening and out of their control, and react to, and adapt to noises more slowly than less noise sensitive people.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Noise, noise sensitivity and psychiatric disorder: epidemiological and psychophysiological studies.

Noise, a prototypical environmental stressor, has clear health effects in causing hearing loss but other health effects are less evident. Noise exposure may lead to minor emotional symptoms but the evidence of elevated levels of aircraft noise leading to psychiatric hospital admissions and psychiatric disorder in the community is contradictory. Despite this there are well documented associations between noise exposure and changes in performance, sleep disturbance and emotional reactions such as annoyance. Moreover, annoyance is associated with both environmental noise level and psychological and physical symptoms, psychiatric disorder and use of health services. It seems likely that existing psychiatric disorder contributes to high levels of annoyance. However, there is also the possibility that tendency to annoyance may be a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity. Although noise level explains a significant proportion of the variance in annoyance, the other major factor, confirmed in many studies, is subjective sensitivity to noise. Noise sensitivity is also related to psychiatric disorder. The evidence for noise sensitivity being a risk factor for psychiatric disorder would be greater if it were a stable personality characteristic, and preceded psychiatric morbidity. The stability of noise sensitivity and whether it is merely secondary to psychiatric disorder or is a risk factor for psychiatric disorder as well as annoyance is examined in two studies in this monograph: a six-year follow-up of a group of highly noise sensitive and low noise sensitive women; and a longitudinal study of depressed patients and matched control subjects examining changes in noise sensitivity with recovery from depression. A further dimension of noise effects concerns the impact of noise on the autonomic nervous system. Most physiological responses to noise habituate rapidly but in some people physiological responses persist. It is not clear whether this sub-sample is also subjectively sensitive to noise and whether failure to habituate to environmental noise may also represent a biological indicator of vulnerability to psychiatric disorder. In these studies noise sensitivity was found to be moderately stable and associated with current psychiatric disorder and a disposition to negative affectivity. Noise sensitivity levels did fall with recovery from depression but still remained high, suggesting an underlying high level of noise sensitivity. Noise sensitivity was related to higher tonic skin conductance and heart rate and greater defence/startle responses during noise exposure in the laboratory. Noise sensitive people attend more to noises, discriminate more between noises, find noises more threatening and out of their control, and react to, and adapt to noises more slowly than less noise sensitive people.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Noise frame duration, masking potency and whiteness of temporal noise.

PURPOSE: Because of the limited contrast range, increasing the duration of the noise frame is often the only option for increasing the masking potency of external, white temporal noise. This, however, reduces the high-frequency cutoff beyond which noise is no longer white. This study was conducted to determine the longest noise frame duration that produces the strongest masking effect and still mimics white noise on the detection of sinusoidal flicker. METHODS: Contrast energy thresholds (E(th)) were measured for flicker at 1.25 to 20 Hz in strong, purely temporal (spatially uniform), additive, external noise. The masking power of white external noise, characterized by its spectral density at zero frequency N0, increases with the duration of the noise frame. RESULTS: For short noise frame durations, E(th) increased in direct proportion to N0, keeping the nominal signal-to-noise ratio [SNR = (E(th)/N0)(0.5)] constant at threshold. The masking effect thus increased with the duration of the noise frame and the noise mimicked white noise. When noise frame duration and N0 increased further, the nominal SNR at threshold started to decrease, indicating that noise no longer mimicked white noise. The minimum number of noise frames per flicker cycle needed to mimic white noise decreased with increasing flicker frequency from 8.3 at 1.25 Hz to 1.6 at 20 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: The critical high-frequency cutoff of detection-limiting temporal noise in terms of noise frames per signal cycle depends on the temporal frequency of the signal. This is opposite to the situation in the spatial domain and must be taken into consideration when temporal signals are masked with temporal noise.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Low frequency noise enhances cortisol among noise sensitive subjects during work performance.

Salivary free cortisol concentration, rated stress and annoyance were determined in 32 subjects before, during and after carrying out a battery of performance tasks for 2 hours during exposure to ventilation noise, with dominant low frequencies (low frequency noise) or a flat frequency spectrum (reference noise). Both noises had a level of 40 dBA. All subjects were studied on two occasions and were exposed to both noises in strict rotation. Subjects were categorised as high- or low-sensitive to noise in general and low frequency noise in particular on the basis of questionnaires. Cortisol concentrations during the task were not significantly modulated by the noises or related to noise sensitivity alone. The normal circadian decline in cortisol concentration was however significantly attenuated in subjects high-sensitive to noise in general, when they were exposed to the low frequency noise. This noise was rated as more annoying and more disruptive to working capacity than the reference noise. The study showed physiological evidence of increased stress related to noise sensitivity and noise exposure during work. This is the first study to demonstrate an effect of moderate levels of noise on neuroendocrine activity. The impact of long-term exposure to moderate noise levels, and particularly low frequency noise, in the workplace deserves further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The concept of noise sensitivity: implications for noise control.

The term "noise sensitivity" is frequently used in many areas of noise research. However, it can be used to describe several different effects and it can be measured in different ways. In noise surveys, noise sensitivity refers to the fact that individuals differ in the annoyance produced by different sources of noise. Noise sensitivity can be viewed as an independent variable, which may be directly related to outcomes such as health status, or it can be conceptualized as a factor that modifies or mediates the effects of noise exposure on the outcome measure. Noise sensitivity is highly correlated with the general trait negative affectivity, a measure of the extent to which individuals perceive or report negative features of their environment or self. Indeed, few studies have demonstrated effects of noise sensitivity that are independent of negative affectivity. This implies that it is most appropriate to examine general indicators of reported sensitivity rather than a noise-specific measure. Noise sensitivity can also be considered in terms of physiological reactivity to noise sources. Such effects are often only weakly associated with self-reports of noise sensitivity. Habituation to noise is also an important topic to consider and again this appears to be largely independent of self-reported noise sensitivity. Overall, it would appear that it is important to distinguish between subjective reports of noise sensitivity and objective indicators. Different factors will modify these two aspects of noise sensitivity and this implies that different strategies are needed to influence them. Such effects must be taken into consideration when one considers whether control should be targeted at the community in general, or whether it should also cover the most sensitive individuals.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed1995

Masking potency and whiteness of noise at various noise check sizes.

PURPOSE: The masking effect of spatial noise can be increased by increasing either the rms contrast or check size of noise. In this study, the authors investigated the largest noise check size that still mimics the effect of white noise in grating detection and how it depends on the bandwidth and spatial frequency of a grating. METHODS: The authors measured contrast energy thresholds, E, for vertical cosine gratings at various spatial frequencies and bandwidths. Gratings were embedded in two-dimensional spatial noise. The side length of the square noise checks was varied in the experiments. The spectral density, N(0,0), of white spatial noise at zero frequency was calculated by multiplying the noise check area by the rms contrast of noise squared. RESULTS: The physical signal-to-noise ratio at threshold [E/N(0,0)]0.5 was initially constant but then started to decrease. The largest noise check that still produced a constant physical signal-to-noise ratio at threshold was directly proportional to the spatial frequency. When expressed as a fraction of grating cycle, the largest noise check size depended only on stimulus bandwidth. The smallest number of noise checks per grating cycle needed to mimic the effect of white noise decreased from 4.2 to 2.6 when the number of grating cycles increased from 1 to 64. CONCLUSION: Spatial noise can be regarded as white in grating detection if there are at least four square noise checks per grating cycle at all spatial frequencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

An investigation of the effects of impulse noise exposure on man: impulse noise with a relatively low peak level.

The effects of impulse noise of a relatively low peak level were examined to develop damage risk criteria for impulse noise. Eight to 13 normal male students (age: 20-24 years) were exposed to impulse noise. Peak levels of impulse noise were 100 dB (S.P.L.) and 105 dB (S.P.L.), B-duration of impulse noise being 10 ms, 50 ms, and 100 ms, and the repetition rates of impulse noise were 3 per 1 s and 1 per 3 s. Exposure time was 8 h in all exposure conditions. Exposure conditions of long B-duration induced greater TTS2 than those of short B-duration (P less than 0.05). Impulse noise exposure at a high peak level induced slightly larger TTS2 than that at a low peak level. TTS2 increased proportionally to the logarithm of the amount of impulse noise. Exposure to impulse noise induced smaller TTS2 than that of steady-state noise of an equal energy level. In addition, exposure to large amounts of impulse noise induced slightly greater urinary 17 OHCS levels than small amounts of impulse noise, and exposure to impulse noise induced smaller urinary 17 OHCS levels than steady-state noise of an equal energy level (P less than 0.05). The decreasing effect of the acoustic reflex on the acoustic energy of impulse noise was considered to be the reason for the results obtained. This experiment supported the modified CHABA Limit of Damage Risk Criteria of impulse noise proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1998

Effects of active noise reduction on noise levels at the tympanic membrane.

BACKGROUND: Active noise reduction (ANR) is an electronic system that works by continuous sampling of noise inside the earshell of the headset with a small microphone. This signal is inverted in phase through the headset speaker, thus reducing noise levels by destructive interference of the acoustic field. The system provides good low-frequency noise attenuation, but aircrew differ in their subjective opinion of ANR. The present study is an attempt to provide an objective assessment of the effect of ANR on noise levels at the tympanic membrane. METHODS: There were 7 subjects with normal ears who were placed in an environment of recorded noise from a BO-105 helicopter. A microphone probe was inserted to within 5 mm of the tympanic membrane of each subject's right ear. Noise levels in the ear were measured without a headset and with two different ANR headsets. Measurements were performed with and without the ANR system on, and with and without white noise through the headset communication system. The white noise was used to simulate aircraft communication noise. RESULTS: The two headsets tested had differing levels of passive and active attenuation. The ANR system produced a substantial low-frequency attenuation. However, noise levels in the mid frequencies increased somewhat when the ANR system was switched on. This effect was augmented when white noise in the communications system was introduced, particularly for one of the two headsets. Low-frequency noise attenuation of ANR systems is substantial, but an increased mid- and high-frequency noise level caused by the ANR may affect both communication and overall noise levels. Our data provide advice on what factors should be taken into account when ANR is evaluated for use in an aviation operational environment.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1988

Noise annoyance with regard to neurophysiological sensitivity, subjective noise sensitivity and personality variables.

To evaluate the relation between annoyance to environmental noise, general neurophysiological sensitivity, subjective noise sensitivity and other individual characteristics, experiments were undertaken in which 93 subjects assessed their subjective annoyance after exposure to noise under laboratory conditions. Evaluations were made of the discomfort threshold for pulsating sound, the light discomfort, and heat and cold discomfort. The heart rate and discomfort after exposure to a series of impulse noises was also determined. Subjective noise sensitivity, attitudes to noise, mood and personality characteristics of the subjects were evaluated using questionnaires. The results show that the annoyance after exposure to noise was not closely related to the general neurophysiological sensitivity, measured as discomfort threshold for noise, heat, cold and light; or to the heart rate reaction or discomfort after exposure to impulse noise. The annoyance was highly correlated with subjectively reported noise sensitivity and with the attitude to noise. There was also a relationship with neuroticism, measured with the EPI scale. It is suggested that the subjective noise sensitivity, attitude and neuroticism for the definition of noise sensitivity be defined in future studies of long term effects of noise exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Industrial noise exposure, noise annoyance, and serum lipid levels in blue-collar workers--the CORDIS Study.

Chronic noise exposure may constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the exact mechanism is unclear. The authors studied the association between industrial noise exposure, noise annoyance, and serum lipid/lipoprotein levels in male (n = 1,455) and female (n = 624) blue-collar workers. The authors found that young men (i.e., < or = 44 y of age) exposed to high noise levels (> or = 80 dB[A]) had higher total levels of cholesterol (p = .023) and triglycerides (p = .001), as well as a higher cholesterol ratio (p = .038), than men exposed to low noise levels, even after controlling for confounding variables. In women or in older (> 45 y) men, noise did not affect serum lipid/lipoprotein levels. The authors found no interaction between noise exposure level and noise annoyance (except for high-density lipoprotein in women). However, noise annoyance covaried independently with total cholesterol (p = .022) and high-density lipoprotein (p = .0039) levels in young men and with total cholesterol (p = .035), triglyceride (p = .035), and high-density lipoprotein levels in women (under high noise exposure conditions)(p = .048) levels in women. Noise annoyance and noise exposure levels had an additive effect on cholesterol levels. Young men who scored high on both variables had a 15-mg/dl higher mean cholesterol level (95 % confidence interval [CI] = 7.2, 22.8; p = .0003) than those who scored low on both variables; in women, the corresponding difference was 23 mg/dl (95% CI = 1.5, 42.9; p = .019). The authors concluded that the examination of serum lipid/lipoprotein levels may be useful in studies of the health effects of noise, and particular attention should be paid to noise-annoyed individuals.

Adult↗