TWO organizations in the new structure.
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American Nurses' Association↗
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"Together we stand". Ruth Sleeper and the early years.
On June 16, 1952, the National League of Nursing Education (NLNE), an organization that since 1912 had been instrumental in the crusade to advance nursing education in America, convened autonomously for the last time. Later that month, in a landmark incorporation, it would cease to function as an independent agency and would, instead, become the nucleus of the new, broad-based organization known as the National League for Nursing (1). During the final convention, a bittersweet "Hail and Farewell" luncheon was held, in which members reflected on the history of the NLNE and the future tasks of the new NLN. In a paper entitled "Nursing Moves Forward," chairman Pearl McIver asked the simple question that was on everyone's lips: "What then lies ahead for nursing?" (2, p. 184).
Accreditation↗
Determinants of tenure in allied health and nursing education.
AIM: This paper presents a prospective cross-sectional study that investigated the tenure rate and the primary criterion use in granting tenure in nursing and allied health education in the United States of America. BACKGROUND: Given the recent trend by highly skilled professionals to seek employment in other countries, a clear understanding of the conditions of service in higher education is important to educators contemplating the relocating to another country. The preponderance of the published literature on academic tenure is from the United States of America, where educators continue to debate the value of the tenure system and the criteria to be used in tenure decisions. METHOD: We surveyed the deans of National League for Nursing accredited programmes (n = 187) and deans of allied health programmes belonging to the association of schools of allied health professions (n = 75) in the United States of America. The questionnaire sought demographic and institution-related information, tenure rate and weightings attached to teaching, scholarship and service in tenure decision. The data were collected in 2002. FINDINGS: Allied health and nursing educators had 47% and 35% tenure rates, respectively. The overwhelming majority of the deans in our study, 77%, ranked teaching as the primary criterion used in tenure decisions in their institutions. On the other hand, fewer than 25% rated scholarship and fewer than 5% rated service as the most important criterion used for tenure in their institution. The responses of the deans were modulated by the type and ownership of the institution in which they were employed and the characteristics of the educators. CONCLUSION: The implications for preparing future educators in the United States of America for long-term careers in allied health and nursing professions are that: (1) teaching is less highly valued in research-oriented universities; and (2) heavy teaching workloads may be detrimental to the chances of obtaining tenure. Replication of the study in other countries would have the potential to facilitate the employment mobility and educator exchange.
Allied Health Occupations↗
Nursing professorate in America: projected retirements and replacements.
New paradigms are emerging in higher education, and institutions are facing financial shortfalls. Faculty retirements and resignations may have an impact on the quality of education across disciplines. Will adequate numbers of doctorally prepared replacements be entering nursing education to meet projected retirements and resignations? A national study was conducted of National League for Nursing-accredited baccalaureate and higher degree nursing programs with 296 (58%) responding. The purpose was to determine faculty profiles, policies related to retirement, and projected replacements. Projected retirements and resignations over the years 1992 to 2006 are estimated to be approximately one third of the current faculty work force. Numbers of anticipated graduates at the master's level seem to be adequate. However, doctorally prepared candidates will most certainly not fill all the gaps that will exist in nursing education. Implications call for an examination of clinical teaching practices to ensure continued quality nursing education. An examination of faculty retirement policies and plans is warranted.
Adult↗
Epilepsy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a survey on needs and resources.
A survey was done on the needs and resources available to control epilepsy in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Responses came from ministries of health, prominent neurologists, and epilepsy advocacy organizations. A mailed questionnaire was used, and the response rate was excellent, 89%. The survey results showed that the private sector is better equipped to deal with epilepsy than is the public sector, in terms of both specialized personnel and access to a variety of drugs. Public policies are lacking, and linkages between medical personnel and social workers are almost nonexistent. Primary care doctors and nurses are somewhat able to diagnose some types of epilepsy but do less well with other types of the disorder. There is a strong justification for the new "Out of the Shadows" initiative, in which the International League Against Epilepsy, the International Bureau for Epilepsy, the World Health Organization, and the Pan American Health Organization are working to improve epilepsy health-care services, treatment, and social acceptance.
Caribbean Region↗
[Epidemiological aspects of epilepsy in São Paulo: a prevalence study].
Several studies on epidemiology of epilepsy were carried out in different parts of the world. However, the majority of their data was collected from hospitals, clinics, individual physicians and or small communities. Although these studies have contributed to our knowledge as to the risk factors of epilepsy, some of them have prevented us from further generalization, since the prevalence rates of the phenomena were not known for the entire population where from they were derived. Latin America has remained without epidemiological data, specially prevalence rates, for many years. A house-to-house survey was programmed by the Brazilian League of Epilepsy in the urban area of S. Paulo City the third largest cosmopolitan city in the world: 13 million inhabitants in 1980. A significant sample of 2011 houses was chosen by statistical means. A total of 7603 interviews were performed by 50 senior medical students and nurses, and 388 persons were considered suspect and further referred to our University Hospital for other studies; 348 of these were examined, and in 91 the diagnosis of epilepsy was confirmed, thus producing a prevalence rate 11.9 per 1000.
Brazil↗
[Mental and behavior disorders in children placed in long term care institutions in Hunedoara, Cluj and Timis, Romania].
This article originated from a descriptive study done in 1992-1993 in Romania. The study was initiated and coordinated by the French NGO "Médecins du Monde", was directed by three health organizations (the "Observatoire régional de la santé de Languedoc-Roussillon", the "Unité 265 INSERM", the Romanian League for Mental Health) and was granted by the Romanian government and the European Community Commission. There are many publications about children's mental and behavioural disorders. But there are few epidemiological studies concerning the prevalence of these disorders among children suffering from social difficulties. This article explores the prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders among Romanian children institutionalized and examines specifically the prevalence among children in homes for children ("Casa de Copii") to compare it with similar data published in other countries. First, this article explores the prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders among a population of 4.692 children institutionalized in three Romanian districts in 1992. Second, this article examines the prevalence of these disorders among a population of 1.610 children institutionalized in homes for children ("Casa de Copii"), i.e. 1,610 children ages ranging from 4 to 18 years and suffering from social difficulties. Homes for children are out of home care institutions which are specialised neither in physical deficiencies nor in mental disorders. From this population, a randomized sample of 508 children has been screened by physicians and psychologists based on an evaluation protocol. Then each disorder has been coded as a diagnosis, according to the Tenth International Disease Classification (WHO). Fifty-four percent (54%) of the children institutionalized in homes for children in three Romanian districts in 1992 had a main diagnosis of mental or behavioural disorder. Third, this article compares our results to the prevalence found in other studies. Only three studies could be selected for comparison because they were the only ones with the three following criteria: 1) a focus on a population of children or a randomized sample of children ages ranging from 4 to 18 years, 2) a focus on children suffering from social difficulties and living in out of home care, 3) disorders evaluated by health professionals or a validated methodology. Our results lies within the range of prevalence found in the literature (41-70%). A discussion follows regarding methodological matters and critiques that may be launched from such a comparative designs. Finally, the high frequency of institutionalization in Romania in 1992 illustrates how few solutions there were to social difficulties and how exaggerated institutionalization was. This was a very different situation compared to Western Europe and Northern America. This should not hide, however, the actual modifications that took place in Romania. This article concludes with a brief description of the modifications which have been generated by the evaluation protocol used here.
Adolescent↗