The named nurse. Let's name names.
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Humans↗
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First name or last name: which do patients prefer?
BACKGROUND: Opinions are frequently expressed in the medical literature whether patients should be addressed by their first or last names, but few supportive data are available. Our objective was to determine the preferences of a sample of ambulatory patients to guide physicians and other professionals in addressing their patients appropriately. METHODS: Three hundred seventy-five patients in a variety of ambulatory settings were asked how they wished to be addressed by physicians in various contexts. RESULTS: When meeting a physician for the first time, 45 percent of the respondents wanted to be called by their first names, 29 percent preferred last names, and 26 percent found either approach acceptable. When being addressed by a physician with whom they were already well acquainted, 78 percent favored given names, and only 6 percent chose surnames. Preferences varied little with age of the patient or with age or sex of the physician. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that one cannot predict reliably how a new patient will prefer to be addressed but that the great majority of established patients will want to be called by their first names.
Adolescent↗
A rose by any other name... on 'naming of neurones' by Rowe and Stone.
Rowe and Stone dispose of descriptive terminologies for retinal units as 'essentialist' and argue for a 'neutral' multifactorial system redefined from previous W, X. Y nomenclatures. It is argued here that descriptive terminology need not be either essentialist or undesirable and that the W, X, Y terminology is too confused with false associations to be satisfactory. The synthetic power of the W, X, Y nomenclature was lost with the discovery of concentric W cell receptive fields, the projection of the W cells to the LGN and the suggestion of overlap between X and W conduction velocity groups. It was made methodologically unsound by its employment for the naming of Nissl stained soma classes before the identity of individual somas with the physiological entities can be demonstrated. Although now redefined, the identity of symbols in the several vintages of the W, X, Y system leads to inevitable confusion. The current tripartite division of a multidimensional quality space without cluster analysis is not neutral because it emphasises conduction velocity but represses the diversity of W receptive fields. The concise, apt and memorable descriptive receptive field terminologies are more desirable in that they are operationally based and approximate the unit's transfer function--the parameter most significant to the central nervous system in its information processing task; thus they are more suited for cross species comparison because of a probably bountiful source of functional hypotheses. The lack of taxonomic neutrality in the W, X, Y system has recently been emphasised by its failure to adequately classify rabbit retinal receptive field categories.
Animals↗
On plant names (with a note on fungal names).
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Fungi↗
Naming of neurones. Classification and naming of cat retinal ganglion cells.
Many schemes of ganglion cell classification seek to classify the cells by some particular characteristic, such as the time course of the cells' physiological responses or their dendritic morphology. It is here argued that such schemes are based on the Aristotelian concept of "essences" and raise the same difficulties as have arisen with the essentialist approach to animal taxonomy. A better approach to the classification of neurones, it is proposed, is to base the classification on as many features of the cells as possible, and to regard the classification as an hypothesis, subject to testing and modification by experience, about the "functional niches" occupied by the cell types distinguished.
Animals↗
[Prescription by common name (generic name): rational or economical?].
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Canada↗
Synergistic anti-nociceptive effect of L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and flurbiprofen in the mouse.
1. L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administered i.p. produces anti-nociception in the mouse assessed by the formalin-induced paw licking and acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction models. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), flurbiprofen, was similarly anti-nociceptive in both models. 2. Combination of a sub-threshold dose of L-NAME (10 mg kg-1) with increasing doses of flurbiprofen (25- 75 mg kg-1) or a sub-threshold dose of flurbiprofen (50 mg kg-1) with increasing doses of L-NAME (10- 100 mg kg-1) resulted in potentiated anti-nociception in the formalin model. Combined therapy with sub-threshold doses of L-NAME (10 mg kg-1) and indomethacin (10 mg kg-1) also resulted in significant anti-nociception. In addition, combining sub-threshold doses of L-NAME (12.5 mg kg-1) and flurbiprofen (2 mg kg-1) significantly reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction. 3. L-NAME (10 mg kg-1) administered i.p. caused a significant (approximately 35%) increase in MAP in the urethane-anaesthetized mouse. Flurbiprofen (50 mg kg-1) was inactive. Combination treatment with L-NAME (10 mg kg-1) and flurbiprofen (50 mg kg-1) failed to elevate MAP above that observed with L-NAME alone. Neither L-NAME (10 mg kg-1) nor flurbiprofen (50 mg kg-1) either alone or in combination significantly altered mouse locomotor activity. 4. These results suggest that L-NAME and flurbiprofen/indomethacin act synergistically in their anti-nociceptive action in the mouse. Combination therapy with L-NAME and flurbiprofen and a similar NSAID may provide an alternative to the clinical control of pain in man.
Analgesics↗
Factors influencing the response latencies of subnormal children in naming pictures.
The times taken to name 56 drawings of objects on five separate occasions were analysed for 21 ESN(M) and 21 ESN(S) children, matched for picture-naming vocabulary. The ESN(S) group not only had a higher mean response latency but also showed greater inter- and intra-subject variance. Nine objects were selected whose names have a Thorndike-Lorge language frequency of 50 words per million or greater, and nine others were selected with a frequency of less than 50 words per million. Each object was drawn in two ways, one giving a two-dimensional outline with the addition of important detail, the other drawing also incorporating cues indicating the depth of the object. An analysis of variance of the children's latencies in naming the selected 36 pictures of 18 objects over five trials indicated that the method of drawing had no effect upon naming latencies. Pictures with high-frequency names were named faster than those with lower frequency names, the ESN(S) group showing a greater rate of increase in naming latency for the lower frequency words than the ESN(M) children. Results were discussed in terms of the Oldfield and Lachman models of lexical memory storage and of the search processes required for the retrieval of names.
Adolescent↗
From Monroe to Moreau: an analysis of face naming errors.
Functional models of face recognition and speech production have developed separately. However, naming a familiar face is, of course, an act of speech production. In this paper we propose a revision of Bruce and Young's (1986) model of face processing, which incorporates two features of Levelt's (1989) model of speech production. In particular, the proposed model includes two stages of lexical access for names and monitoring of face naming based on a "perceptual loop". Two predictions were derived from the perceptual loop hypothesis of speech monitoring: (1) naming errors in which a (correct) rare surname is erroneously replaced by a common surname should occur more frequently than the reverse substitution (the error asymmetry effect); (2) naming errors in which a common surname is articulated are more likely to be repaired than errors which result in articulation of a rare surname (the error-repairing effect). Both predictions were supported by an analysis of face naming errors in a laboratory face naming task. In a further experiment we considered the possibility that the effects of surname frequency observed in face naming errors could be explained by the frequency sensitivity of lexical access in speech production. However, no effect of the frequency of the surname of the faces used in the previous experiment was found on face naming latencies. Therefore, it is concluded that the perceptual loop hypothesis provides the more parsimonious account of the entire pattern of the results.
Adult↗
Cognitive loci of impairments in picture naming by aphasic subjects.
In order to identify the process or processes responsible for impaired naming by aphasic patients, ten aphasic adults and ten normal adults performed three independent tasks--picture naming, modified Sternberg picture recognition, and modified Sternberg random shape recognition (Sternberg, 1966). Response times and error percentages were the dependent variables. Independent variables in naming were stimulus codability measured in bits of uncertainty (two levels) and number of naming trials (three trials). Independent variables in the recognition tasks were uncertainty (two levels), number of stimuli to be remembered (two or four stimuli) and response type ("yes" or "no"). The results showed that uncertainty had significant effects on naming but not on recognition performance. The aphasic group produced significantly longer naming response times regardless of uncertainty level. The differences between groups were much greater for high-uncertainty pictures (1100 msec) than for low-uncertainty pictures (270 msec). A comparison of estimates of word retrieval times showed that the two subject groups differed significantly for high-uncertainty but not for low-uncertainty items. It was concluded that (1) use of the term "word retrieval problem" rather than "loss of memory problem" was justified to describe the major component in the aphasic naming impairment for high-uncertainty items, and (2) when naming low-uncertainty items these aphasic subjects did not demonstrate a word retrieval problem. The results indicate that treatment procedures designed to improve naming should be process rather than content oriented.
Adult↗
Proper name anomia.
Following a left thalamic infarct, a patient showed a marked impairment in retrieving person proper names in response to faces and to verbal description, despite being able to provide precise information about the persons he could not name and to point to their photograph when the name was provided by the examiner. The patient was also impaired in generating proper names, but could easily retrieve common names as well as geographical names and names of monuments. It is hypothesized that the arbitrary nature of the link between proper names and their referents makes access of phonological forms from the semantic store particularly labile. In agreement with this interpretation is the patient's inability to recall telephone numbers and to learn semantically arbitrary paired associates.
Aged↗
[Colour naming deficit in aphasic and non-aphasic brain damaged patients (author's transl)].
We have examined the severity and quality of aphasic misnaming in colour naming tasks as compared to errors of patients with right-sided brain damage and to patients with posterior disconnexion syndrome. The investigation is based on 80 aphasic patients, 20 patients with right-sided brain damage and 80 normal control subjects. Differences in the performance for colour and object naming are discussed. The main results were: 1. The subtypes of aphasia did not differ quantitatively in both types of performance. All aphasics made significantly more errors on colour naming than on object naming tasks. This difference, however, was numerically too small to have practical value. 2. Unlike in the corresponding understanding tasks, both types of naming tasks differentiated between aphasic and non-aphasic patients, the aphasic group performing poorer. 3. The four subtypes of aphasia had similar error scores in the 10 colour tasks. We observed certain regularities in the type of paraphasic misnaming for the total group of aphasics. The subgroup of amnesic aphasia was characterized by a strategy of modifying the colour terms similar to the description of use encountered in the language behavior of these patients. 4. Patients with posterior disconnexion syndrome in general make 7 errors out of 10 tasks in colour naming, in contrast to 2 errors out of 10 tasks in object naming. For aphasic patients the relation is 3.5 to 2.5 errors.
Adolescent↗
Naming to picture versus description in three aphasic subgroups.
Twenty-three male aphasics, classified as Broca's, Wernicke's and anomic, were tested on their ability to name objects to either visual confrontation or oral associative description. For the Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics, naming to visual confrontation was significantly better than to oral description. Broca's aphasics tended to produce more correct names than both other groups in both conditions, although significance was reached only in oral description. Differences were not significantly affected by the comprehension deficit or severity of aphasia. With picture naming, all groups tended to name immediately or not al all. For oral description, there was a greater proportion of long latency responses for the posterior patients. When given phonemic or visual cues to assist naming, Broca's aphasics benefited the most, the anomics performing most poorly. All these results suggest qualitative differences in naming ability in aphasic subgroups.
Anomia↗
L-NAME enhances pulmonary vasoconstriction without inhibiting EDRF-dependent vasodilation.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on pulmonary vascular responses to endothelium-dependent relaxing factor- (EDRF) dependent and EDRF-independent substances in the pulmonary vascular bed of the anesthetized cat. Because pulmonary blood flow and left atrial pressure were kept constant, changes in lobar arterial pressure directly reflect changes in pulmonary vascular resistance. When pulmonary vasomotor tone was actively increased by intralobar infusion of U-46619, intralobar bolus injections of acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin, and 5-carboxyamidotryptamine (a serotonin1A receptor agonist) decreased lobar arterial pressure in a dose-related manner. The pulmonary vasodilator response to serotonin, but not to 5-carboxyamidotryptamine, acetylcholine, and bradykinin, was significantly decreased by L-NAME (100 mg/kg i.v.). Administration of ritanserin (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), but not L-arginine (1 g/kg i.v. with 60 mg.kg-1 x min-1 i.v. infusion), reversed the inhibitory effects of L-NAME on the pulmonary vasodilator response to serotonin and abolished the enhanced pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to (+-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminoproprane hydrochloride (a serotonin2 receptor agonist) after L-NAME administration. In conclusion, the present experiments suggest that L-NAME inhibits the pulmonary vasodilator response to serotonin by increasing the sensitivity of serotonin2 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and not by inhibiting EDRF formation. Because the pulmonary vasodilator responses to bolus administration of acetylcholine and bradykinin were not inhibited by L-NAME, these data suggest that L-NAME does not appear to be an adequate probe to study the role of endogenous EDRF in the adult feline pulmonary vascular bed in vivo.
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗
Identity and name changes.
The theoretical literature as well as case material presented point to the intimate relationship of name changes to identity struggles. Names have strong affective value and symbolize an important part of a person's identity. The cultural and social value of a name may be secondary to the personal meaning of that name to the individual who in changing it will reveal an inner change in his sense of identity or an inability to integrate a diffuse sense of identity. The answer to "what's in a name?" may be "Identity's in a name."
Culture↗
Role of naming in delayed matching-to-sample.
A delayed matching-to-sample task, with pictures as sample and comparison stimuli, was given to four severely retarded youths. Although they matched accurately when the sample picture was available for comparison, they performed poorly on the delayed-matching in which the sample was removed a few seconds before the comparison stimuli appeared. When dictated names rather than pictures were presented as samples, three of the four subjects could match pictures to the names even under delay conditions which caused complete breakdown of picture-picture matching. Further tests indicated that these three subjects could name the pictures. Apparently, these three subjects were not applying existing skills (naming and remembering names during a delay) to the performances of the visual delayed-matching task. The second experiment confirmed that when the subjects were instructed to name the pictures during the matching task, they could do delayed picture-picture matching accurately. These findings suggested that some retarded persons, like some young children, may fail to bring existing language skills to the performance of a new task; instructions may bring out such skills, but the effect of the instructions may be transitory.
Adolescent↗
[Recall of the proper names of persons: effect of age and the modality of access].
Aging is associated with phenomena of slowing down of cognitive processes and impairment of neuropsychological performances. Elderly people also report difficulty in the retrieval of proper names. Verbal fluency (VF) tests are particularly effective for the identification of even slight mental impairments. In this experiment we utilized the usual tests of VF for semantic categories and letters of the alphabet together with three new tests of VF for first names, differing in mode of access. The first mode was free recall, the second mode was semantic (first names beginning with a particular letter), and the third mode was autobiographical (first names of relatives). There were 3 experimental groups: young people with high education level, elderly people with high education level and elderly people with low education level. The aim of our work was to verify whether aging modifies the performance in the VF tests, particularly in the three first name VF tests. No difference was found between the groups of young and elderly people with high education level. The comparison between the two groups of elderly people, with high and low education level, showed that significant differences were present in some but not in all of the VF tests. While the two groups clearly differed in semantically oriented tests, no difference could be detected in the test oriented to episodic memory. This result seems to be inconsistent with the hypothesis that aging affects mainly episodic memory.
Adult↗
Age of acquisition, not word frequency, affects object naming, not object recognition.
Word frequency is widely believed to affect object naming speed, despite several studies in which it has been reported that frequency effects may be redundant upon age of acquisition. We report, first, a reanalysis of data from the study by Oldfield and Wingfield (1965), which is standardly cited as evidence for a word frequency effect in object naming; then we report two new experiments. The reanalysis of Oldfield and Wingfield shows that age of acquisition is the major determinant of naming speed, and that frequency plays no independent role when its correlation with other variables is taken into account. In Experiment 1, age of acquisition and phoneme length proved to be the primary determinants of object naming speed. Frequency, prototypicality, and imageability had no independent effect. In Experiment 2, subjects classified objects into two semantic categories (natural or man-made). Prototypicality and semantic category were the only variables to have a significant effect on reaction time, with no effect of age of acquisition, frequency, imageability, or word length. We conclude that age of acquisition, not word frequency, affects the retrieval and/or execution of object names, not the process of object recognition. The locus of this effect is discussed, along with the possibility that words learned in early childhood may be more resistant to the effects of brain injury in at least some adult aphasics than words learned somewhat later.
Adult↗