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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Fucosidosis in a native-born Briton.

This investigation reports the biochemical findings in a native-born Briton suffering from the adult form of fucosidosis. Alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-L-iduronidase, and beta-D-galactosidase were studied in cultured fibroblast and leucocytes from the patient with fucosidosis, her maternal grandfather, and several normal controls. A complete lack of alpha-L-fucosidase activity was found in the patient's fibroblasts and leucocytes while the grandfather exhibited a heterozygous level of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in his leucocytes. Excessive excretion of what is very likely to be a fucose-containing sphingolipid was demonstrated in the patient's urine by thin-layer chromatography. Compared with five isoenzyme forms of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in normal leucocytes, cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the patient's leucocytes produced evidence of a single band of slight activity associated with one of the isoenzymes. This residual activity probably accounts for the survival of such patients into adolescence and beyond.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in native-born and immigrant Israelis.

A survey of HBsAg among Jerusalem blood donors revealed a prevalence of 0.89% and a predominance of subtype ay (85%) compared with ad (15%). A simultaneous survey of patients with HBsAg-positive viral hepatitis revealed a similar predominance of ay (85%) compared with ad (15%). The uniform distribution of the dominant ay subtype among both carriers and patients, representing a diversity of ethnic and national origins, supports the premise that ad and ay subtypes are preferentially correlated with regional epidermiologic, rather than host or disease-related factors.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1978

Cardiorespiratory disease mortality among British and Norwegian migrants to the United States.

Mortality rates for coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD), and lung cancer for ages 45-74 years were studied for British and Norwegian migrants to the U.S. and for sample of U.S. native-born. The observed order for CHD and lung cancer was as anticipated, with native-born experiencing the highest CHD rate, British migrants the highest lung cancer rate, and, in each instance, Norwegian migrants experiencing the lowest rates. For CNSLD, contrary to national comparisons, the British migrant rates were about equal to the U.S. native-born although Norwegian migrant rates were lowest, as expected. Migrants who were younger than 15 years of age at migration experienced the highest CHD mortality levels, but a decreasing gradient in mortality level with increasing age at migration did not materialize. Due to inherent limitations in the data, results for CNSLD and lung cancer mortality levels with respect to age at migration remain uncertain. Data on cigarette smoking status indicated substantial excess mortality for cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers and occasional smokers for all groups studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Place of birth and ethnic status: factors associated with smoking prevalence among Canadians.

The prevalence of smoking is lower among foreign-born (16%) than among native-born Canadians (25%). In addition, foreign-born smokers smoke fewer cigarettes a day than the native-born. Foreign-born Canadians also tend to smoke cigarettes with a lower tar yield. The differences in the smoking behaviour of foreign-born and native-born Canadians suggest that the foreign-born may be at lower risk from smoking related morbidity and mortality. National smoking rates conceal wide variations in smoking prevalence by ethnic group. The highest smoking rates in Canada are found among Canadian Aboriginals. About 59% of Aboriginal Canadians smoke on a regular basis. In contrast, only 11% of Asian Canadians smoke regularly. These marked differences in smoking rates among ethnic groups are an argument for addressing the unique behaviour of each ethnic group within existing health promotion programs. Four out of ten smokers (42%) attempts to quit smoking during the course of a year. This percentage does not vary much by gender or by foreign-born/native-born status. The high percentage of smokers who attempt to quit during a year probably reflects the combined impacts of smoking prevention programs, increased taxation on cigarettes, and smoking restrictions on smoking in the workplace and in public settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Differences in the prevalence of hypertension by ethnic origin and age at immigration in a cohort of 5,146 Israelis.

Marked ethnic differences in hypertension prevalence have been described in Jewish immigrants to Israel. The extent to which this phenomenon has persisted after a long period of living in the same country, and whether native-born descendants exhibit similar patterns, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension in immigrants to Israel and native-born Israelis by region of origin and age at immigration. Complete data were available for 5,146 subjects (3,607 men and 1,539 women) aged 20-64 years who were employed in Israeli industries and were examined during 1985-1987. In both sexes, Jews originating in the West (Europe and the Americas) had higher blood pressures and a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension than those from northern Africa or Asia, particularly in the age group 20-44 years (17% vs. 9% and 8% in men, respectively, and 9% vs. 3% and 5% in women). There was a significant positive association between the prevalence of hypertension and age at immigration (p less than 0.001) in both sexes, and this finding was present in all ethnic groups. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the associations of hypertension with ethnic origin and age at immigration were only partly explained by variations in body mass index, after controlling for other potentially confounding variables. These findings suggest that despite these subjects' having shared a relatively similar physical environment for many years, ethnic differences in the prevalence of hypertension persist. Immigration at an older age was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension for both subjects originating in industrialized countries and those originating in nonindustrialized countries, suggesting that the process of immigration itself may adversely affect blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immigrants, visible minorities, and self-employment.

Historically, self-employment was perceived as a mechanism whereby immigrants could circumvent discriminatory practices in wage labor. More recent research by Borjas in the United States, however, suggests that this view is incorrect. Immigrants, particularly members of visible minorities, are disadvantaged in both the wage labor and the self-employed markets. This pattern has not been replicated in Canada, however; after controlling for several socioeconomic attributes, it is found that foreign-born, self-employed visible minority-group members are not at a disadvantage in relation to the majority population. Foreign-born visible minority group members earn less, however, in the wage labor force. In contrast, it was found that there is no statistically significant difference between native-born visible minority group members and others in the wage labor force, and that native-born, self-employed minority-group members may earn more than others in that market segment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands: I. Clinical and epidemiological features.

Intensive search over the past five years for all cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the Faroe Island since about 1920 has revealed 25 cases among native-born resident Faroese up to 1977. All but 1 patient had clinical onset of MS between 1943 and 1960; 1 case began in 1970. Four cases of MS in Faroese with prolonged foreign residence and 5 among Danish-born Faroese were excluded. The 24 included cases with onset between 1943 and 1960 meet all criteria for a point-source epidemic. The median year of onset was 1949. The cumulative risk of MS for Faroese in 1940 was 8.7 per 10,000. All 14 early-onset cases (1943 to 1949) were in patients 11 to 45 years old in 1940; all but 2 late-onset cases (1952 to 1960) were in persons aged up to 10 years old in 1940. British troops occupied the Faroese in large numbers for five years beginning in April, 1940. During the war, all but 3 patients resided in locations where the troops were stationed, and these 3 also had direct contact with the British. We conclude that there was an epidemic of MS on the Faroes and that the disease was probably introduced by the British troops (or their baggage). If so, then MS on the Faroes is a transmissible disease, most likely infectious; but only about 1 in 500 of the exposed individuals were clinically affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population study.

A country-wide study of the frequency of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was undertaken in Israel for the period 1960-1970. Israel was chosen for this study because of its excellent medical facilities and detailed demographic information. Moreover, the population includes representative groups from all parts of the world for comparison of frequency. A wide variety of motor system disease was screened in all hospitals, clinics, and chronic care facilities in the country, death certificates were reviewed and physicians with a neurological practice were contacted to derive a tentative list of cases. Only those who fit strict clinical diagnostic criteria or had autopsy confirmation were included in estimates of prevalence and incidence. On January 1, 1965, the mid-point of the study, 62 patients with ALS were living in Israel. The age-adjusted prevalence of ALS on that date was 3 per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence for the period 1960-1970 was 0.78 per 100000 population )0.86 in males, 0.46 in females; ratio 1.9:1). There was no appreciable change in trend of incidence over the study interval. Age-specific incidence rates were similar in native-born inhabitants of Israel, immigrants from Europe and immigrants from Afro-Asian countries. The range in age-adjusted incidence among subgroups of immigrants to Israel from various countries was 0.25 to 1.20 per 100000 population but small numbers precluded testing the statistical significance of these rather narrow differences. Mean age at onset was 55.4 years for males and 52.4 years for females. The mean age at death was 60.2 for males and 58.0 for females. The average annual mortality from ALS was 0.58 per 100000 population. There were no familial aggregates of ALS in Israel and autopsy data showed no neurofibrillary changes, granulovacuolar or inclusion bodies. There are only a few other population studies of ALS in different regions of the world. The average annual incidence in these other studies ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 per 100000 population. Thus, the incidence in Israel falls within this narrow range. The present study lends further support to the impression that ALS has a remarkably uniform geographic distribution with Guam and the Kii peninsula of Japan being the only known areas with significantly high rates. If an environmental factor contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS, the factor must also have a uniform geographic distribution.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A comparative and correlational study of the cranial base in North American blacks.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the cranial bases of blacks and whites in regard to length, angulation, and flexure, and to determine what proportion of the differences in facial measurements can be explained by the variability seen in the cranial base. Standardized cephalograms of 100 native-born North American black adults were traced, analyzed, and compared with white values. The measurements selected depicted dependency and independency from the cranial base. Mean differences between the races and the sexes were assessed with the Student's t test. Models of linear regression between the cranial base measurements and all other parameters were computed for both sexes and correlation coefficient values calculated. This study established that the length of the cranial base in North American blacks is significantly shorter from that of whites. A strong biologic relationship was demonstrated between the length of the cranial base of blacks and their denture bases, the palatal, and occlusal planes. The data suggest that most of the cephalometric differences between blacks and whites are not simply anatomic for measurements using sella nasion as their reference plane.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Predicting success in psychiatric training for foreign medical graduates: II. Patterns in course.

Faculty ratings of 22 foreign medical graduates ('FMGs'), all of whom entered psychiatric residency training at the University of Missouri-Columbia from 1966 through 1973, were compared with those of a similar group of North American medical graduates ('AMGs'). An on-going evaluation programme provided data for a variety of parameters ranging from 'theoretical knowledge' to 'clinical skills'. Results indicated that in most of performance the median FMG started at a level substantially lower than that of the median AMG and very slowly caught up. When achievement criteria were utilized it became apparent that, at least by the third year of training, 'superior' FMGs could equal or surpass the median performance of 'superior' AMGs, whereas 'marginal' residents, whether foreign or native-born, seldom attained even competence in most major spheres of functioning. Implications of these findings and those in related studies are discussed.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1977

Epidemiology of cancer of the testis in upstate New York.

We collected data on the 434 individuals reported with cancer of the testis to the New York State Tumor Registry, 1960-64, from upstate New York. We compared these with the 410 members of a random sample of the upstate population interviewed from 1959 to 1962. A high risk of developing cancer of the testis was associated with professional occupations, native-born parentage, rural residence, and having been married, especially while young. These findings paralleled some other studies, as well as our earlier inquiry. Each of these factors carried a higher risk even when considered in the context of the other traits, and risk increased with an increase in the number of characteristics possessed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Histocompatibility determinants in Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis.

The distribution of 24 HLA antigens of the A and B loci was investigated in 197 Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) from various Jewish ethnic origins including central and eastern Europe, countries bordering the Mediterranean, the Middle East and from native-born Israelis. The results were compared with the HLA antigen frequencies in a control sample of 455 unrelated individuals representing the general Jewish population. The frequency of HLA-Bw40 among all MS patients (15%) was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than among the controls (7%). In contrast to the findings in MS patients from other populations, there was no increased frequency of A3 and B7 and Dw2 was present in only one out of 28 patients. The study showed a similar distribution of HLA-A and -B locus antigens, especially of Bw40, in Jews of diverse ethnic origins represented in the control group.

Epitopes↗
PubMed1978

Tuberculosis among immigrants in Britain. Memorandum from the Joint Tuberculosis Committee.

Tuberculosis is much commoner among immigrants to Britain than among the native-born. In 1971, 5% of the population were immigrants yet they accounted for 32% of tuberculosis cases. The notification rate among immigrants is falling in some areas but rising in others, and many immigrants are still arriving in Britain. Most immigrants arrive at London Airport, and as many as possible are x=rayed there with the resources available; Many cases escape detection, however, and it is therefore important that accurate information about all immigrants is sent to the medical officer for environmental health at their destination. New arrivals should then be sought out, tuberculin-tested, and positive reactors x-rayed. All those who are tuberculin-negative should be vaccinated with BCG whatever their age. Positive reactors should undergo annual radiography and be encouraged to report symptoms early. For both new and established immigrants with strongly positive tuberculin reactions chemoprophylaxis is suggested. All children of immigrants should be given BCG at birth and tuberculin-tested when they start school so that omissions can be rectified. Implementation of these recommendations could contribute considerably to the control of tuberculosis in Britain.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk of low birthweight and prematurity among foreign-born mothers.

Data collected during postnatal visits were used to study the risk of low birthweight (LBW) and prematurity among foreign-born mothers and mothers born in Canada. 2,913 singleton live births were included in the analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LBW and prematurity were estimated using a logistic regression model. Foreign-born mothers did not have a higher risk of LBW or prematurity as compared to native-born mothers (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.8-1.5; OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.7-1.4, respectively). For both LBW and prematurity, women in the intermediate category of length of stay (1-3 years) had a somewhat lower risk and women with the shortest length of stay (less than one year) had a slightly higher risk than women with the longest length of stay (more than 3 years). However, none of these results was statistically significant. Results of this study suggest that foreign-born mothers do not have a higher risk than Canadian-born mothers of bearing a LBW or premature infant. This finding differs from the widespread perception that immigrant mothers are at high risk for adverse birth outcomes.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1978

Recent net alien immigration to the United States: its impact on population growth and native fertility.

Estimates of the size and structure of recent alien immigration to the United States are made. Substituting these revised estimates in the Series II projections of the U.S. Bureau of the Census implies a future U.S. population smaller than that implied by the Census Bureau's estimates of immigration. The analysis of Coale (1972)--which calculates the decline in native-born fertility required to accommodate immigration and, at the same time, maintain a stationary population--is replicated, using both the Census Bureau's estimates and the revised estimates reported here. The revised estimates indicate a smaller reduction in native fertility and a smaller ultimate size of the stationary population than are implied by the Census Bureau's immigration estimates. The importance of age structure in all of these calculations is demonstrated.

Adolescent↗