PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Neoplasm Staging”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Seminoma.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

[Systemic treatment of breast cancer: professional guideline].

Over the years since the 4th Breast Cancer Consensus Conference, a substantial body of new evidence based on clinical trial results has been published, necessitating an update of the 2020 recommendations. This professional guideline primarily reflects the current ESMO, NCCN, ABC, and St. Gallen Consensus Conference statements and recommendations. From a didactic perspective, the text first addresses early-stage breast cancer, followed by locally advanced, locoregionally recurrent, and metastatic breast cancer. At the beginning of both the early-stage and metastatic breast cancer sections, we provide a summary of general principles relevant to the respective field, which apply to the subsequent subsections. Within these subsections, therapeutic options are discussed according to genomic subgroups. At the end of the recommendations, considerations for the management of certain rare clinical scenarios are summarized. The appendices cover, among other topics, multidisciplinary team (tumor board) requirements, recommended chemotherapy protocols, and the definition of menopause.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Local xenogeneic graft-vs-host reaction: a practical assessment of T cell function among cancer patients.

The local xenogeneic graft-vs-host reaction (XGVHR) was used as a practical bioassay to assess T lymphocyte function and immunocompetence among cancer patients. Positive XGVHR was found in 99.5% of normal donors, 70% of cancer patients with early stage disease, and 30% of cancer patients with metastatic disease (p less than 0.001). A minimum of 4.5 x 10(6) immunocompetent T lymphocytes are necessary in order to elicit a positive XGVHR. Negative reactions among cancer patients are characterized by the lack of edema fluid accumulation and the appearance of the most basophils at the test site. This suggests that insufficient amounts of lymphokines are being released by the incompetent T lymphocytes, whereas the host is capable of mounting a rejection reaction as evidenced by the appearance of the basophils. Preliminary evidence suggests that the immunologic defect detected by the XGVHR cannot be corrected by monocyte depletion. The identification of putative suppressor T cell subsets may bear immunotherapeutic implications in the future.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

There has been remarkable improvement in the early diagnosis of cervical carcinoma in recent years. There is, however, disagreement regarding the definition and treatment of microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. This review analyzes a large number of reports representing current opinion about the definition, diagnosis and appropriate management of early cervical carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early identification, differentiation and treatment of ovarian neoplasia.

Among 3205 patients who needed major gynecologic operations, only 250 (7.8%) had significant ovarian cysts or tumors (170 benign, 38 "low malignant potential," 42 gross cancers). Contrary to prior reports, this study show that most patients with ovarian neoplasia had had some symptoms (duration ranged from two weeks to ten years), or a palpable adnexal mass or both. Associated symptoms have been itemized in categories. Procrastination by patients, after occurrence of the first symptoms, resulted in the growth of later-stage cancers and lower survival rates. It may be inferred from age-incidence graphs that some benign cystadenomas may be present in ovaries for long intervals of time and then may become malignant. The importance of (a) careful recording of histories, (b) periodic pelvic examinations, (c) the use of preoperative methods of differential diagnosis and (d) the differentiation between gross tumor characteristics during operations are discussed. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of ovarian neoplasia are possible and will yield better long-term results.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibitors in early-stage breast cancer: Clinical evidence and considerations for risk stratification and treatment selection.

Hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer is the most common biologic subtype and carries a persistent risk of recurrence, particularly in patients with high-risk, early-stage disease. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors, initially established as a standard component of first-line therapy in the metastatic setting based on improvements in progression-free and overall survival, have since been evaluated in the adjuvant setting. While adjuvant palbociclib did not improve invasive disease-free survival, the monarchE and NATALEE trials demonstrated that abemaciclib and ribociclib, respectively, reduce recurrence risk in patients with high-risk, early-stage disease, with emerging overall survival data further supporting their use. However, the absolute magnitude of benefit varies substantially with baseline risk, and treatment-related toxicity and adherence challenges must be considered, as approximately 20% to 25% of patients discontinue therapy before completion. The integration of these agents into clinical practice also intersects with ongoing efforts to deescalate axillary surgery, as treatment eligibility has been largely defined by anatomic staging, particularly nodal status. Available data suggest that the incremental impact of axillary surgery on identifying candidates for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibition is modest, especially among the favorable-risk populations now eligible for surgical deescalation. As the field evolves, advances in molecular risk stratification, genomic profiling, and dynamic biomarkers are poised to shift treatment selection from anatomic staging toward biologically driven approaches. Multidisciplinary decision-making that integrates tumor biology, anticipated absolute benefit, toxicity, patient preferences, and surgical considerations will be essential to ensure individualized care.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

primary analysis of the RANDOMIZED eortc-2139/columbus-ad trial: Adjuvant encorafenib and binimetinib versus placebo in high-risk stage II BRAF-V600E/K melanoma.

PURPOSE: Stage IIB/IIC melanoma has a high risk of recurrence after resection. Combined BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy showed benefit in resected high-risk stage III and advanced melanoma. The objective of this study was to investigate its role in stage IIB/IIC. METHODS: Adult patients with resected stage IIB/IIC cutaneous melanoma which had a BRAF V600E/K mutation were randomized 1:1 to receive encorafenib (enco) 450 mg QD + binimetinib (bini) 45 mg BID orally for one year or placebo. The study planned to randomize 815 patients and was designed to demonstrate superiority regarding recurrence-free survival (RFS). Following a premature termination of accrual, the study was amended with safety as the primary endpoint and RFS as secondary endpoint. RESULTS: Between June 9, 2022, and October 9, 2023, 339 patients were screened for a BRAF mutation and 110 randomized. Data cutoff was 19 Nov. 2024, after the last patient discontinued study participation. Among randomized patients, 87 (79%) had a BRAF V600E mutation, and 39 (35%) AJCC8 stage IIC. Median follow-up was 12 and 7 months for enco/bini and placebo arms, respectively. Among 54 patients who initiated enco + bini, grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events (AE) occurred in 13 (24%) patients, and 18 (33%) patients had an AE leading to permanent treatment discontinuation. RFS at 12 months was 86% (95% CI: 65-95%) in the enco + bini and 70% (95% CI: 46-85%) in the placebo arm, distant metastasis-free survival at 12 months was 92% (95% CI: 77-97%) for enco + bini and 82% (95% CI: 55-93%) for placebo. CONCLUSION: EORTC 2139 - Columbus-AD demonstrated a consistent and manageable safety profile and encouraging efficacy results for the combination of enco and bini in resected stage IIB/C BRAF V600E/K-mutated cutaneous melanomas.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer: current evidence, controversies, and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) remains controversial in the management of prostate cancer. Although it provides the most accurate pathological staging, its therapeutic value beyond staging has long been debated due to conflicting evidence and concerns regarding procedure-related morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To critically evaluate the contemporary role of PLND, particularly extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND), in prostate cancer management in the context of modern imaging, risk stratification tools, and evolving oncologic endpoints. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A narrative review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on high-level evidence including randomized trials, observational studies, and contemporary guideline recommendations addressing the indications, extent, oncologic outcomes, and complications of PLND. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Recent randomized and observational studies suggest that ePLND improves nodal staging accuracy and may be associated with modest improvements in metastasis-free survival (MFS) in selected patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer, although the absolute benefit remains limited and causality is not definitively established. Advances in molecular imaging, particularly prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT, together with multiparametric MRI, validated nomograms, and emerging genomic classifiers, now allow more precise identification of patients most likely to benefit from ePLND. The integration of these tools supports a more individualized surgical strategy, including image-guided and sentinel lymph node approaches designed to maximize staging accuracy while minimizing unnecessary dissection. CONCLUSIONS: In the contemporary PSMA imaging era, ePLND continues to play an important role in nodal staging and may contribute to improved oncologic outcomes in carefully selected patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

The Proteomic Landscape of CTNNB1 Mutated Low-Grade Early-Stage Endometrial Carcinomas.

Endometrial carcinoma is the most frequent gynecologic malignancy in western countries. In recent years, mutations in CTNNB1 have been associated with worse prognosis in low-risk carcinomas. However, there is a lack of understanding of the proteomic implications of CTNNB1 mutations in this type of tumor. In this study, we performed shotgun proteomics using Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of CTNNB1 mutated and wild-type low-risk endometrial carcinomas. A publicly available proteomic and transcriptomic database was used to validate results. Differential protein expression and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed dysregulation of pathways associated with cell keratinization, immune response modulation, and intracellular calcium regulation. CTNNB1 mutated tumors showed immune dysregulation at multiple levels including cytokine secretion, cell adhesion, and lymphocyte activation. These results were supported by tissue multiplex immunofluorescence analysis, demonstrating reduced CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and different immune spatial interaction patterns. Intracellular calcium dysfunction was associated with key transcript dysregulation. We found an increased expression of CAMK2A and ROR2, suggesting a potential role for non-canonical Wnt pathway activation in CTNNB1 mutated tumors.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Incidence of retropharyngeal lymph node involvement in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Retropharyngeal lymph node (RPN) involvement in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) may influence prognosis, staging, radiotherapy target volumes, and treatment strategy. However, its true prevalence and association with clinicopathological factors remain incompletely defined. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to 15 June 2026. Studies reporting radiological or pathological assessment of retropharyngeal lymph node (RPN) involvement in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) were included. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, with subgroup analyses according to tumour stage, nodal status, HPV status, and primary tumour subsite. RESULTS: Fourteen studies comprising 8,887 patients were included. The pooled prevalence of RPN involvement was (95% CI 11-16%; 95% PI 6-24%), with substantial heterogeneity. HPV-negative tumours demonstrated higher prevalence than HPV-positive tumours (21% vs 11%). Prevalence increased with advancing T stage, from 2% in T1 to 18% in T4 disease, and was higher in node-positive than node-negative disease (16% vs 1%). Tonsillar primaries showed higher prevalence than base of tongue tumours (14% vs 8%). Among patients with RPN involvement, the pooled distant metastasis rate was 16%. CONCLUSION: RPN metastases were identified in approximately one in eight patients with OPSCC and were more frequent in HPV-negative disease, advanced stage, and tonsillar primaries. These findings support careful evaluation of the retropharyngeal space during staging and may assist risk stratification in selected higher-risk patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Genomic profiling of aggressive pathologic features in lung adenocarcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Pathologic features involving LVI (lympho-vascular invasion), PNI (perineural invasion), STAS (spread through air spaces), and Grade 3 pattern (from the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer grading system) are related to having an aggressive phenotype and linked to poor prognosis. However, few studies have conducted in-depth analyses of these features simultaneously with genomic profiling. METHODS: A total of 1559 sequencing of adenocarcinoma samples were included in the common driver mutations analysis, 1306 samples were brought into genomic mapping analysis. OncoSG's East Asian ancestry dataset was implemented for Tumor-Node-Metastasis-Biomarker (TNMB) classification and prognostic assessment. RESULTS: EGFR was more significantly prevalent in LVI negativity (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.021), STAS negativity (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.002), and moderate grade (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). ALK was significantly interrelated with LVI (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.028), STAS (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), and poor grade (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001); ROS1 and STAS positivity (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.031), poor grade (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.016) were significantly related. KRAS (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.003) and BRAF-V600E (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.002) were only significantly intertwined with poor grade. Apart from common driver mutations, TP53, CHEK2, KEAP1, PTEN, RB1, NF1 were significantly enriched in LVI samples (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). TP53, PTEN, CTNNB1, HGF, NF1 were more prominent in STAS (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01). TP53, LRP1B, NF1 were significantly more prevalent in Grade 3 pattern (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). The mixture of STK11, PTEN, and TOP2A generated by exclusive mutations may be a potential predictor of TNMB categorization towards survival. The HR of stage II compared I of TNMB was 2.28 (95&#xa0;% CI 1.36-3.86, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), while stage III compared II was 1.95 (95&#xa0;% CI 1.04-3.21, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.031). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrated the correlation of pathologic features with common driver mutations, key mutations and canonical oncogenic signaling pathways. The data highlighted the similarities and differences among these features horizontally, and provide new insights in TNMB classification and prognostic assessment.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

[Aggressive B-cell lymphomas with MYC gene cluster amplification: a clinicopathological analysis of eight cases].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, molecular genetics, treatments and prognosis of aggressive B-cell lymphomas (ABCL) with MYC gene cluster amplification. Methods: Eight cases of ABCL with MYC gene cluster amplification were collected, including 6 cases from the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China and 2 consultation cases from outside hospitals. The histomorphology, immunohistochemical profiles, and molecular genetic characteristics were analyzed. Clinical follow-up and literature review were also conducted. Results: Among the eight patients, six were male and two were female, with an age 71.5 (61.7, 74.2) years. All six in-house patients presented with abdominal pain at onset, without B symptoms. Most cases were classified as Ann Arbor stage &#x2162;-&#x2163;. Extranodal involvement occurred in 5 of the 6 in-house cases, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract (4/5). All initial bone marrow biopsies showed no evidence of lymphoma. One patient had a history of immunosuppression following renal transplantation. Two cases exhibited diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) morphology. The other six showed high-grade features, while three of them showed Burkitt lymphoma-like morphology. Except for one case of blastoid variant mantle cell lymphoma, the remaining six cases (6/7) displayed a germinal center B-cell phenotype. None of the in-house cases harbored bcl-2 or bcl-6 rearrangements as shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 11q alterations were identified in all but one consultation case, including gain/loss type in five cases and 11q gain in two. 11q telomere loss of heterozygosity by chromosomal microarray analysis was not detected in one of the two cases with 11q gain that was subject to the test. The duration of follow-up ranged from 5.9 to 55.5 months, with 5 patients alive at the end of the study. Conclusions: ABCL with MYC gene cluster amplification often presents high-grade morphology and gastrointestinal involvement, which strongly suggests the alteration of 11q. It seems to have a favorable prognosis.

Humans↗