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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Malignant ovarian tumours in childhood in Britain, 1962-78.

The files of the Childhood Cancer Research Group and of the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were scrutinized for all the ovarian neoplasms registered in England, Scotland and Wales in children under age 15 years throughout the period 1962-78. Among 172 cases confirmed as malignant ovarian tumours, 145 (84%) were tumours of germ cell origin (54 dysgerminomas, 36 malignant teratomas, 26 endodermal sinus tumours, 4 embryonal carcinomas, 2 pure choriocarcinomas, 20 mixed germ cell neoplasms, 3 gonadoblastomas), 13 (8%) were epithelial carcinomas (3 serous or undifferentiated, 10 mucinous), 9 (5%) were sex-cord stromal tumours (3 granulosa cell, 3 Sertoli-Leydig, 3 unclassified) and 5 (3%) were other miscellaneous tumour types. Less than 10% of the neoplasms occurred at age less than 5 years, approximately 20% from 5-9, and greater than 70% from 10-14 years. Germ cell neoplasms of greater malignancy (immature teratomas, endodermal sinus tumours) occurred in a significantly higher proportion at younger age (less than 10 years) than dysgerminomas (P = 0.01). The overall incidence (approximately 1.7 cases per 10(6) per annum) did not show any noticeable trend over the 17-year period considered. The clustering of two confined cases and, possibly, a third case, of germ cell neoplasms in three generations of the same family pointed to a genetic component in the aetiology of some of these neoplasms. A large number of sex related and mental or neurological abnormalities was also reported in case children. The 10-year survival rates, determined by the life-table method were: epithelial carcinomas 73%, sex-cord stromal tumours 44%, dysgerminomas 73%, malignant teratomas 33%, endodermal sinus tumours 39%, embryonal carcinomas 25%, other germ cell neoplasms 30% and gonadoblastomas 100%. Apart from cell-type, factors associated with prognosis were clinical stage (in all types), size and degree of histological differentiation (in malignant teratomas, but only when stage was not allowed for). The adoption of efficacious polychemotherapy regimens completely changed the prognosis of germ cell tumours other than dysgerminomas (from 29% to greater than 85% disease-free survivors in the present series).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exfoliative cytology of nonlymphoreticular neoplasms in children.

During the last 11 years, 144 nonlymphoreticular neoplasms were diagnosed in exfoliative cytology specimens obtained from patients younger than 17 years of age. Neuroblastoma was the single most common neoplasm (30 cases). Other categories of malignant neoplasms were primary bone tumors (30 cases), soft-tissue sarcomas (25 cases), brain tumors (25 cases) and epithelial neoplasms (7 cases). Of the 780 cytologic specimens, 335 were positive for malignant cells. Serous effusions provided most of the positive specimens from patients with neuroblastoma, germ-cell tumors and bone sarcomas. Exfoliated cells of metastatic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and primary brain tumors were detected most often in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. A most unusual presentation of an immature teratoma of the ovary is described in some detail. Despite the rarity of pediatric neoplasms, certain specific or suggestive cytologic features were recognized, including rosette formation of neuroblasts, nuclear notching of myoblasts, pleomorphism of osteoblasts and fibrillar processes of glial elements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Metachronous germ cell and Leydig cell tumors of the testis. Do testicular germ cell tumors and Leydig cell tumors share common etiologic factors?

BACKGROUND: Testicular germ cell neoplasms occur bilaterally in approximately 2-5% of patients. Bilateral testicular tumors of different histogenesis are extremely rare, and the study of such cases may offer clues to the pathogenesis of both tumor entities. METHODS: A report of a case and review of the literature are presented. RESULTS: A 33-year-old man had a right-sided testicular neoplasm consisting of teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor. Retroperitoneal lymph node metastases were excised, and, subsequently, adjuvant abdominal radiation therapy was administered. The patient later received six cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for pulmonary relapse. When he was 40 years of age, a contralateral Leydig cell tumor (LCT) was treated by testis-sparing excision. This is the first observation of testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) and contralateral LCT. Three cases of germ cell neoplasm and concurrent ipsilateral LCT have been reported previously. CONCLUSIONS: The association of GCT and LCT in one patient is quite unusual because both entities are rare. Sharing of common etiologic factors by both entities is a possible explanation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Recent developments in the pathology of germ cell tumors.

This article describes some of the recent developments in the pathology of germ cell tumors of the testis. Many germ cell tumors show different types of differentiation. Two different explanations for this phenomenon include the differentiation of other germ cell elements from totipotential embryonal carcinoma cells or the direct differentiation of neoplasms from a malignant intratubular germ cell. Although the concept that there is a subset of seminomas having a poorer prognosis still exists, the histologic identification of such "anaplastic seminoma" remains an unachieved goal, and we, therefore, do not recommend the use of the term anaplastic seminoma at present. A recent analysis of spermatocytic seminomas has failed to demonstrate that they are capable of meiotic division. They are composed of cells differentiating in the direction of spermatocytes, but they have not achieved that stage. The prognosis, in general, remains excellent, although recently sarcomas have been reported in association with spermatocytic seminomas with metastasis of the sarcomatous elements. The presence of human chorionic gonadotropin-producing syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells in otherwise pure seminomas does not appear to adversely affect the prognosis. Yolk sac tumors have a varied histology that many pathologists do not recognize. The presence of intercellular basement membrane (parietal differentiation) is useful in the recognition of yolk sac tumor. Sometimes solid foci of yolk sac tumor may be mistaken for seminoma, and alpha-fetoprotein and cytokeratin stains may be useful in this situation, although the presence of basement membrane, hyaline globules, and focal microcysts by light microscopy may obviate the need to use them. Hepatic and enteric (or endometrioid) differentiation may occur in yolk sac tumors and cause diagnostic confusion. The development most "non-germ" cell malignancies in patients with germ cell tumors appears to occur by transformation of aneuploid teratomatous elements at the primary or metastatic site. The identification of such malignancies depends on the recognition of invasion by the elements rather than on high-grade cytologic atypia. Unusual patterns of choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor may be encountered following chemotherapy, and there is circumstantial evidence that some sarcomas and carcinomas occurring in patients with testis cancer may develop directly from yolk sac tumor.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1979

Mutagenesis and embryonal carcinogenesis.

The embryonal tumors of children occur in dominantly heritable and nonhereditary forms, which indicates that a dominant mutation can be on the carcinogenic pathway. A model which fits age-specific incidence hypothesizes that both forms arise as a consequence of two mutations. The background incidences of these tumors then reflect spontaneous mutation rates in germinal and somatic cells and may be increased by mutagens. The gene for one tumor (retinoblastoma) seems to be located on chromosome 13. Clues to the pathophysiology of these tumor genes come from consideration of their tissue specificity, origin from embryonal cells, and developmental effects. Childhood cancers may be manifestations of the homozygous states of a series of genes concerned with differentiation in specific embryonal tissues.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Mixed dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and ganglioglioma.

We report a case of a 15-year-old girl with new onset seizures, who had a mixed dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) and ganglioglioma of the right parieto-occipital lobe. The tumor appeared well demarcated and exhibited a low T1 and a high T2 signal on magnetic resonance imaging. Architecturally it was in large part intracortical and multinodular, but also featured a leptomeningeal component. The former corresponded to DNT, a proliferation of oligodendroglia-like cells (OLCs) arranged in nodules, as well as comprising a diffuse internodular element featuring "floating neurons" in a mucoid matrix. The leptomeningeal portion of the lesion was a ganglioglioma consisting of large neurons and astrocytes in association with marked desmoplasia. Spatially, the two components abutted one another but appeared distinct. Immunohistochemistry showed the neurons of the ganglioglioma to be positive for class III beta-tubulin, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A, whereas the astrocytic cells stained only for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Most OLCs in the DNT were positive for S-100 protein. This apparently mixed lesion suggests that a close histogenetic relationship exists between DNT and ganglioglioma. We postulate that the pluripotential progenitor cells residing in the subpial granular layer may have given rise to the cortical DNT and to the leptomeningeal ganglioglioma. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed histological, immunochemical and ultrastructural report of a mixed DNT and ganglioglioma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Sarcomatous change in a teratoma after treatment of testicular carcinoma.

Treatment can transform the metastases of nonseminomatous germ cell carcinoma into histologically mature teratoma. These lesions typically have a benign clinical course. The authors present a case of leiomyosarcoma occurring within such a lesion. It arose 18 years after therapy for metastatic embryonal carcinoma of the testis and appears to have been radiation induced.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Dysplastic nevi and germ cell tumors of the testis--a possible further tumor in the spectrum of associated malignancies in dysplastic nevus syndrome.

Even though the exact spectrum of tumors is not yet defined in the dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS), the increasing frequency of associated cancers is remarkable. The observation of 4 patients with sporadic form of DNS suffering from seminoma or embryonal carcinoma of the testicle suggests that germ cell tumors of the testis represent another form of associated cancer in DNS.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical studies of bilateral germ cell tumor of the testis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature].

Three cases of bilateral germ cell tumor of testis were presented. Of these three, one showed similar histological features of seminoma in both tumors and two had different histological features of embryonal Ca.+teratoma, and embryonal Ca.+seminoma in the respective cases. We reviewed 78 cases of such tumors in the Japanese literature. Of these, 54 showed similar histological features, while twenty four did not. The review showed that the incidence of seminoma was highest in bilateral tumors. Bilateral tumors with different histology had a longer interval than those with similar histology. Seminoma occurred only in adults.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Embryonal hemangioma and adenoma of the pituitary gland in a patient. Case report].

The authors describe a 54-year-old woman treated surgically 28 years earlier for embryonal haemangioma of the cerebellum and admitted with signs of hypophyseal tumour. Radiological examinations confirmed this suspicion and the patient was treated surgically from the approach through the nose and sphenoidal bone. The previous disease and intraoperative observation suggested the possibility of embryonal angioma in the sella but histological examination demonstrated that the tumour was a chromophobe adenoma.

Adenoma, Chromophobe↗
PubMed1997

CA19-9: a possible serum marker for embryonal carcinoma.

We determined whether a carbohydrate antigen in serum, CA19-9, serves as a marker for embryonal carcinoma. Serum CA19-9 was serially measured in 18 male patients with a germ cell tumor. Five of 8 patients with an embryonal carcinoma had an elevated serum CA19-9. The elevated serum CA19-9 returned to normal in parallel to the clinical response to the treatment. Patients with a seminoma had a normal serum CA19-9 irrespective of their tumor size. Paraffin-embedded specimens of germ cell tumors from 9 of the 18 patients and 10 other patients were stained with the monoclonal antibody against CA19-9. These immunohistochemical stainings showed that embryonal carcinomas and mature teratomas were consistently positive and seminomas were often faintly positive for CA19-9, whereas choriocarcinomas, yolk sac tumors and immature teratomas were negative for CA19-9. These results indicate that serum CA19-9 may be a useful serum marker for embryonal carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The association of embryonal tumors originating in the kidney and in the brain. A report of seven cases.

This report documents, in seven infants younger than 2 years of age, a previously unrecognized association of a renal embryonal neoplasm (malignant rhabdoid tumor in six patients and a Wilms' tumor in one) with an embryonal primary tumor originating in the central nervous system. The neuroepithelial tumors included three cerebellar medulloblastomas, one pineoblastoma, one primitive neuroepithelial tumor (probably cerebral neuroblastoma), one malignant subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and one cerebellar medulloepithelioma with divergent glial and neuronal differentiation. There is no evidence that this association is based on the selective neoplastic transformation of embryonal cells of similar histogenetic or cytogenetic origin. The relationship between these dissimilar, embryologically unrelated tumors remains enigmatic.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed1989

[A case of bilateral testicular tumor].

A case of bilateral germ cell tumor of the testis is reported. In 1988, a 36-year-old male presented with painless swelling of left scrotal contents. Right orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for embryonal carcinoma had been performed 5 years earlier. Left orchiectomy was performed and its histological finding was seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. Evaluations including CT scan and Ga scintigraphy revealed no metastasis. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with PVB therapy. Previous reports of bilateral germ cell testicular tumor were reviewed, and the age distribution, interval, and histological classification of these cases are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Bilateral synchronous testis tumors of different histology in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related complex.

The incidence of bilateral testis tumors is approximately 1.5%. Of these cases the majority have the same histological status and few occur synchronously. Recently, an increased number of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors have been reported in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome population. We describe a rare case of bilateral synchronous testis tumors of different histological status (seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma) in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related complex. The patient was managed with bilateral orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Pathological stage was B1. The treatment was complicated by the fact that the patient is on azidothymidine, a drug that causes bone marrow suppression as a side effect. Because of persistent neutropenia no chemotherapy was given. The patient had no evidence of disease almost 1 year after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

AIDS-Related Complex↗