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Results for “Neuromuscular adaptability”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Adaptation of neuromuscular junction to transmission of impulses after inactivation of acetylcholinesterase.

Adaptation of neuromuscular junction to transmission of impulses after inactivation of acetylcholinesterase. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 23-30. Isolated preparation of rat diaphragm with phrenic nerve was incubated in paraoxon solutions which caused complete inactivation of acetylcholinesterase. This inactivation was associated with disturbances of neuromuscular transmission in the form of blockade of the tetanic response, post-tetanic inhibition of twitch responses and a decreased amplitude of the second response after the first one when two stimuli at a short interval were used. These disturbances were withdrawn somewhat during further incubation of the preparation, although it was kept in paraoxon solution which maintained complete inactivation of acetylcholinesterase. It is suggested that the observed recession of transmission disturbances may be caused by partial adaptation of blockade of the tetanic response, post-tetanic inhibition of twitch blockade of enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2026

Comparative effects of 12-week resistance training on unstable and stable surfaces on muscle stiffness, muscle co-activation, and balance in older patients with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized trial compared the effects of unstable resistance training (URT), involving resistance exercises on unstable surfaces, and stable resistance training (SRT), performed on stable surfaces, on muscle stiffness, co-activation, and balance in older adults with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). We hypothesized that URT would yield greater improvements by enhancing neuromuscular adaptability. METHODS: Fifty patients with KOA were randomly assigned to the URT group (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;25) or the SRT group (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;25). After attrition, 46 participants (URT: n&#x202f;=&#x202f;23; SRT: n&#x202f;=&#x202f;23) completed the intervention and were included in the final analysis. Both groups completed a 12-week supervised lower-limb resistance training program (3 sessions/week) consisting of 10 exercises performed under either unstable or stable support conditions. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of intervention, both groups showed significant reductions in pain intensity (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001). However, compared with the SRT group, the URT group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in quadriceps stiffness (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05), selected hamstring stiffness outcomes (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05), and quadriceps-hamstring co-activation (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001), alongside superior improvements in both dynamic balance and static balance (all p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). CONCLUSION: While both training modalities are effective for pain relief, URT elicited greater improvements in balance-related performance and neuromuscular-mechanical outcomes than SRT in older adults with KOA. These findings suggest that incorporating unstable support conditions into resistance training may provide additional rehabilitation benefits for this population.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Myoelectric frequency changes in children during static force production.

Neuromuscular adaptations to a submaximal static contraction for a period of 2 min were investigated using children as subjects to detect changes in the contributing frequency components of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from surface electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the similarity between EMG response patterns of children and published data for adult subjects under similar conditions. Spectral analysis of the EMG signal revealed a shift to lower frequency components and a concurrent increase in total variance of the signal as a response to fatigue. The frequency shift and increase amplitude for the EMG signal were discussed in light of evidence for recruitment and synchronization of motor units and changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity as possible mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation of molting in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis): A transcriptomic analysis based on eyestalk ablation model.

Molting disability severely restricts the sustainable aquaculture of the Chinese mitten crab, yet the neuroendocrine mechanisms coordinating physiological responses remain poorly understood. Using unilateral eyestalk ablation to remove the primary source of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), we performed time-resolved transcriptomic profiling of the thoracic ganglion at 24&#xa0;h (early premolt) and 48&#xa0;h (ecdysis) post-ablation. We identified 2825 differentially expressed genes and uncovered a biphasic molecular response. At 24&#xa0;h, the thoracic ganglion activates pathways associated with neuromuscular adaptation, oxidative stress, and cardiac muscle contraction. Notably, the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway is selectively rewired: cytochrome P450 &#x3c9;-hydroxylases (CYP2J2, CYP4V2) are upregulated, while competing branches (epoxide hydrolase, cyclooxygenase) are suppressed, promoting local synthesis of the potent vasoconstrictor 20-HETE within the thoracic ganglion. This enzymatic switch provides a mechanistic link between MIH withdrawal and the local generation of elevated hemolymph pressure required for molting. By 48&#xa0;h, the transcriptional program shifts toward chitin-based extracellular matrix remodeling, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, and synaptic reorganization. Collectively, our findings redefine the thoracic ganglion as an active neuroendocrine integrator that translates reduced MIH signaling into phased physiological outputs, revealing a "neuro-endocrine-hemolymph pressure" regulatory axis. This study provides novel molecular targets (e.g., CYP2J2, CHS1, UGCG) for mitigating molting disability in E. sinensis aquaculture.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Craniofacial adaptations after total maxillary osteotomy in Macaca irus: a cephalometric and histologic study.

Five Macaca irus monkeys were used in this study to determine cephalometric and histologic changes after total maxillary impactions. In the three experimental animals, the maxilla was impacted 5 to 7 mm. and lateral cephalograms were taken over a 150-day period. By superimposing on craniofacial implants, osseous and dental changes were measured. Excellent skeletal stability was demonstrated during the postoperative period. Histologically, there was normal osseous healing of the osteotomized maxillas. Accompanying the counterclockwise rotation (overclosure) of the mandible, there was extensive change in the temporomandibular joint. In the experimental monkeys, the fibrous articular covering of the temporal fossa was thin and irregular. The condylar cartilage appeared atrophic and showed considerable aging; also, the articular disc was much thicker in the experimental animals. The study showed the superiorly repositioned total maxillary osteotomy to be a stable procedure after 150 days of postoperative observation. However, further studies are needed to investigate the neuromuscular and adaptive response of temporomandibular articulation and mandibular rest position after maxillary surgical procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Fine structure of synaptic vesicles in two types of nerve terminals in crayfish stretch receptor organs: influence of fixation methods.

Crayfish stretch receptor organs were used. The standard procedure consisted of primary fixation with a 1.6% glutaraldehyde solution containing either buffer which was 60% hyposmotic or buffer which was isosmotic with the physiological solution (440 milliosmols), washing with isosmotic buffer, and postfixation with an isosmotic 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Under these conditions, we encountered two types of nerve terminals; small-vesicle terminals (SVTs) containing small elongated vesicles (300 approximately 330 A) and large-vesicle terminals (LVTs) containing larger round vesicles (430 A). Their location and physiological evidence suggest that SVTs and LVTs are inhibitory and excitatory, respectively. A hyperosmotic primary fixation solution due to increased glutaraldehyde concentration gave results similar to the standard procedures, while a hyperosmotic primary fixation solution due to increased buffer concentration caused shrinkage of the nerve terminal. A hyperosmotic buffer wash produced elongation of vesicles in SVTs and LVTs, while washing with hypoosmotic buffer rendered vesicles in both types round. Direct fixation with isosmotic osmium tetroxide yielded less elongated vesicles in SVTs and irregularly round vesicles in LVTs. However, under all conditions, vesicles in SVTs were smaller than those in LVTs. These results suggest that the consistent morphological difference in vesicles between SVTs and LVTs is size rather than shape, and it is important to standardize the osmolarity of primary fixation and washing solutions when discussing the differences of vesicle shape in various kinds of synapses.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

Mg++-sensitivity of neuromuscular transmission in two crustaceans: correlation with blood Mg++ levels.

Neuromuscular transmission was measured in muscles of spider crabs (Hyas areneus) and lobsters (Homarus americanus). Solutions containing 40 and 10 mM/1 Mg++, which were approximately the same as those measured in the blood of Hyas and Homarus, respectively, were used to soak the preparations prior to testing. In Homarus, neuromuscular transmission was severely depressed by 40 mM Mg++. In spider crabs, neuromuscular transmission was not severely depressed. Although the amount of transmitter released by nerve impulses was reduced, total membrane depolarization during trains of impulses was not reduced because a compensating increase in muscle fiber membrane resistance occurred in Hyas preparations exposed to M Mg++. Hyas, but not Homarus, is physiologically adapted to function at relatively high blood Mg++ concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Electrodiagnostic procedures: special problems in infants and children (author's transl)].

Electrodiagnostic procedures like elektromyography, studies of nerve conduction velocity, neuromuscular transmission and special reflexes may be performed from the first day of life. The diagnostic value of these investigations in childhood depends especially on the consideration of technical, psychological and developmental particularities. The choice of suitable electrodes according to the age, control of temperature, a rapid and child-adapted course of examination as well as a founded differential diagnosis before starting special procedures are as important as the knowledge of normal values in different age groups. Results of electrodiagnostic studies may be limited not only by lack of cooperation of young patients but also by the state and localization of a disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Architectonics of the capillary bed in the zone of myoneural synapses].

Architectonics of the microcirculatory bed of the motor nerve terminals was studied in the white rat skeletal muscles. The vessels were injected with emulsion of Paris blue combined with impregnation method after Bielschowsky--Gross. Motor nerve terminals were stated to have specialized microvessel bed which ensures hemocirculation and transendothelial metabolism in the zone of their localization. In this zone capillaries form open and closed loops. The open loops, as a rule, are of fork-,horseshoe- and S-like forms. Oval, ring-like and rectangular forms are typical for closed microvessel loops. Interrelations described for the microvessels and the motor nerve terminals determine peculiarities of blood supply in the myoneural synapses at the transition of stimulation from the nerve to the muscle and create certain conditions for adaptation of the terminal sections of microcirculatory bed for changes in metabolic requirements of the myoneural synapses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recovery of muscle functions in rats following prolonged movement restraint].

Experiments were carried out to measure time and force parameters of isometric contractions and structural parameters of muscles of hind limbs of rats which were exposed to hypokinesia for 130 days and then were kept under surveillance for 3 months. During recovery certain functions of the contractile system returned to the normal. At the same time M. soleus displayed persistent changes that were indicative of atrophic developments. Unlike M. soleus where delayed contraction (due to an increase in the time of relaxation) was followed by losses in force, fast muscles (M. ext. digit. longus and M. plantaris) showed recovery of force parameters. They also exhibited delayed contraction due to an increase in the time of tension development and half-relaxation. These differences are associated with dissimilar function and structure of muscular fibers. On the whole, the pattern of recovery of the motor functions reflects responses to an increased load of the neuromuscular system of animals which are kept in large cages after prolonged hypokinesia.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2026

Six weeks of isometric resistance training led to evidence of corticospinal but not reticulospinal adaptation in previously untrained adult males.

The latest hypothesis regarding the source of enhanced neural activation from resistance training is the reticulospinal rather than the corticospinal tract, based on invasive animal and emerging human data. The present study employed a six-week isometric resistance training intervention in a randomized controlled design to address this knowledge gap. Thirty-nine healthy, untrained males (age ~23 y, sustained contraction group n = 13, explosive contraction group n = 9, control group n = 17) underwent neuromuscular and electrophysiological testing and completed all study requirements. Maximal isometric torque (MVC) and rate of torque development (RTD) were measured during a familiarization session as well as before and after the six-week period. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess motor-evoked potential (MEP) area and silent period duration while subjects contracted to 10% of MVC. Loud sound (120&#xa0;dB) was used to modulate MEP area and reaction time to visual stimuli during the StartReact test. Only the intervention groups demonstrated significant improvements in MVC (27%) and RTD (60%) (both P < 0.01), along with reduced MEP area (-&#xa0;21%) and silent period duration (-&#xa0;23%) (both P < 0.01). The sustained contraction group showed reduced modulation of reaction time and increased MEP suppression due to loud sound. Short-term resistance training seemed to reduce cortical inhibition and corticospinal excitability in both training groups. The study showed conflicting changes in measures purported to evaluate reticulospinal functioning. It is recommended to examine different forms of resistance training and longer training exposure in future.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

289th ENMC international workshop: assessing and managing emerging AAV related toxicities after gene therapy for neuromuscular disorders, 26 - 28 September 2025, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated gene therapies has emerged as a potentially transformative treatment approaches for neuromuscular disorders, with two FDA-approved products now in widespread clinical use: onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma) for spinal muscular atrophy and delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl (Elevidys) for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. However, severe and occasionally fatal adverse events affecting vital organs, including the blood, liver, muscle, and heart, have emerged in both clinical trials and real-world post marketing settings. The 289th European NeuroMuscular Centre (ENMC) workshop convened 38 participants from patient advocacy groups, industry, and preclinical and clinical research groups to collaboratively review these toxicities, their underlying mechanisms, and potential mitigation and monitoring strategies. Discussions addressed the clinical spectrum and biological drivers of these events, the respective roles of innate and adaptive immunity, the contribution of specific vector characteristics as well as of the specific disease and recipient. The application of risk stratification and immunosuppressive regimens for prevention, monitoring, and management were considered. Emerging toxicities, including capillary leak syndrome, endothelial and dorsal root ganglia injuries, were reviewed alongside corresponding preclinical data from non-human primates. Participants agreed on the need to harmonize standard operating procedures, clinical guidelines, and data-sharing practices, and endorsed collaborative initiatives to proactively address critical gaps and unresolved key questions through a patient-centered framework.

Adaptive immune response↗
PubMed1978

A self-administered questionnaire--an aid in managing complete denture patients.

A written self-administered questionnaire aids in treating edentulous patients and greatly reduces the possibility of patient dissatisfaction and medicolegal complications. Twenty-two questions have been presented which are to be answered in writing by the edentulous patient prior to the interview and examination. Such a questionnaire has several advantages31: (1) It saves time for the dentist and reduces the cost of treatment. (2) It quickly identifies problem areas. (3) It provides background information on the patient which is useful during the oral interview. (4) It identifies patients who write more intelligently and openly than they speak. (5) It evaluates neuromuscular coordination through handwriting review. (6) It serves as a reference for postinsertion problems. (7) It has legal merit when properly dated and signed and indicates that maximum diagnostic and therapeutic efforts are intended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Clinical and biochemical footprints of inherited disorders of autophagy.

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal recycling system that integrates nutrient sensing, organelle quality control, proteostasis, cellular stress responses and metabolic adaptation. Autophagy is particularly relevant for post-mitotic tissue such as neurons, skin, and immune cells. Monogenic disorders disrupting autophagy or closely coupled endolysosomal trafficking pathways have recently emerged as a recognizable group of inherited metabolic diseases. These conditions are individually rare inborn errors of metabolism and collectively important because they bridge neurodevelopmental, neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders, including hereditary forms of Parkinson's disease, spastic paraplegias and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Multisystem involvement is common but variable. The prototypic disorder is EPG5-related Vici syndrome, in which defective autophagosome-lysosome fusion causes severe neurodevelopmental and multisystem disease. Other disorders may affect any step of the pathway, from phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector biology and ATG conjugation/lipidation to autophagosome maturation, ATG9 trafficking, HOPS/CORVET-related vesicle trafficking (including VPS16 and VPS33A), autophagosome-lysosome fusion, autolysosome reformation and lysosome-mTOR signaling. Clinically, affected individuals commonly present with global developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, epilepsy, movement disorders including dystonia, parkinsonism, ataxia and spasticity, and both neuropathic and myopathic neuromuscular manifestations. A biphasic course with progressive neurodegeneration and variable multisystem (including ocular, cardiac, immunological, cutaneous and growth) involvement are important clinical clues. Diagnosis relies on careful phenotyping, brain MRI, targeted metabolic exclusion of mimics, genomic sequencing and functional assays in patient-derived cells as required. Supportive multidisciplinary management is essential. No disease-modifying therapy is currently established in humans, but pathway-based cellular assays, model systems and small-molecule or gene-replacement strategies are creating a rational therapeutic pipeline. Importantly, IEMbase dyadic nomenclature with system-level clinical annotations provides a standardized framework for quantifying shared phenotypic signatures across these ultra-rare conditions. This review summarizes pathobiochemistry, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment prospects for inherited disorders of autophagy.

Autophagosome↗
PubMed2026

Effects of different training modalities on lower-limb explosive power, acceleration, 20-m sprint performance, and change-of-direction ability in youth soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Youth soccer players repeatedly perform explosive actions, short accelerations, linear sprints, decelerations, and multidirectional movements. However, the comparative effects of different structured physical-conditioning programmes remain uncertain. METHODS: Seven databases were searched from inception to 3 July 2026 using a final expanded search strategy encompassing plyometric, strength or resistance, sprint, acceleration, speed, change-of-direction, neuromuscular, multicomponent, and combined training. Randomised controlled trials involving healthy youth soccer players were eligible. Intervention arms were classified using operational, content-based node definitions. Construct-restricted primary networks and expanded sensitivity networks were analysed using frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis. Hedges' adjusted g was preferentially calculated from post-intervention or final-follow-up means, standard deviations, and sample sizes. Estimates were presented so that positive values indicated better performance. P-scores were treated as descriptive ranking summaries. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted study-level application of the five-domain RoB 2 framework, and confidence in the evidence was assessed using CINeMA. A post hoc strict-age sensitivity analysis excluded two age-boundary studies. RESULTS: Eighty-nine studies were included in the expanded quantitative analysis, of which 74 contributed to at least one construct-restricted primary network. The primary lower-limb explosive-power, acceleration, 20-m sprint, and planned change-of-direction networks included 55, 20, 25, and 38 studies, respectively. Compared with usual soccer training, plyometric training combined with sprint and/or change-of-direction training showed favourable estimates for lower-limb explosive power (SMD 0.79, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.03), acceleration (1.19, 0.90 to 1.49), 20-m sprint performance (0.80, 0.33 to 1.28), and planned change-of-direction ability (1.46, 1.13 to 1.80). Corresponding I&#xb2; values were 34.6%, 21.8%, 65.0%, and 41.0%. Between-design inconsistency was detected in the 20-m sprint (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0036) and change-of-direction (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0007) networks. CINeMA confidence for these four comparisons was low, low, very low, and low, respectively. Expanded sensitivity networks showed substantially greater heterogeneity. The highest-ranked intervention differed across outcome domains but remained consistent within each outcome across the three analysis sets. Excluding the two age-boundary studies did not materially alter the principal estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Plyometric training combined with sprint and/or planned change-of-direction training produced favourable comparative estimates across the four performance outcomes. However, evidence for several nodes and active-versus-active comparisons was sparse, heterogeneity in programmes and outcomes was present, inconsistency was detected in some networks, and confidence in the evidence was low or very low. These limitations do not support a conclusion that any training category is universally superior. The findings should be interpreted as provisional category-level signals rather than definitive training prescriptions. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD420261347297, registered on 21 March 2026, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261347297 .

Change-of-direction ability↗